Structural Analysis & Design I

Approximate Analysis
For performing quicker analysis of
indeterminate structure, additional approximations
(assumptions) are necessary. Methods of analysis
involving such approximations are known as
approximate method of analysis.
Exact Analysis
Analysis using the usual assumptions that underline
structural theory are called exact

Purposes of Approximate Analysis

➢ Accurate analysis is time consuming
➢ Preliminary design and analysis.
➢ Checking result obtained from computer software
➢ To enable calculation by hand by reducing the
degree of indeterminacy
 Structural Analysis & Design I

On the left-hand face

of the cut member
the normal force N
acts to the right,
the internal shear
force V acts
downward, and the
moment M acts
counterclockwise.
 Structural Analysis & Design I

D of I = (3m + r) – (3J +c )
D of i of portal frames shown in (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are
1, 3, 2 and 1
 Structural Analysis & Design I

Approximate Analysis Method

▪ Portal method
▪ Cantilever method
▪ Braced trusses
▪ Vertical load
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Portal Frame
Portal frames, used in several Civil Engineering structures like
buildings, factories, bridges have the primary purpose of
transferring horizontal loads applied at their tops to their
foundations. Structural requirements usually necessitate the use
of statically indeterminate layout for portal frames, and
approximate solutions are often used in their analyses.

Assumptions
The assumptions used in the approximate analysis of portal
frames can be extended for the lateral load analysis of multi-
storied structures. The Portal Method thus formulated is based on
three assumptions :
1. The shear force in an interior column is twice the shear force in
an exterior column.
2. There is a point of inflection at the center of each column.
3. There is a point of inflection at the center of each beam.
Structural Analysis & Design I
Structural Analysis & Design I
Structural Analysis & Design I
 Structural Analysis & Design I
b
P
Find the following : C D
a) AFD
b) SFD
c) BMD
d) Deflected shape h

A B
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Portal frames

b
DOI = (3m+r)-(3j+c)
P C D =( 3x3+4)-(3x4+0)
= 13 -12 = 1°

h + MB= -RAY × b + P×h=0

(P × h)
RAY=
b

B Similarly,
P/2 P/2
A (P × h)
RBY=
RAY RBY b
Mc
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Mc MD

C (P × h) D (P × h)
b b
+ ∑ Mc= 0
Mc MD
P =>Mc– P/2× h=0
(P × h)
=>Mc=
2

h + ∑ MD= 0
=>MD– P/2× h=0
(P × h)
=>MD=
P/2 2
P/2

(P × h) (P × h) B
A
b b
 Structural Analysis & Design I
(-)

(+) (-)

AFD

(+) P
(-) (-)
(+)
(+)
(+) (+)
Deflected
SFD BMD shape
 Structural Analysis & Design I

Find the following :

40’
a) AFD 100 kip
b) SFD C
c) BMD B
d) Deflected shape 20’

A D
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Solution : Assumption 2
40’
100 B C
50 50 DI = (3×3+6)-(3×4+0) = 3°
E F 20’
50 50

A D + ∑ME =100 × 10 –VF × 40 = 0

50 50 VF= 25 kips
Column SF
44 Similarly ,
40’
44 VE = -25 kips
0
100 B C

10’

50 50
E F
VE VF
 Structural Analysis & Design I
25k
E 50k MB
+ ∑MA= 0 B 100 k ∑MB= 0
=>50×10 –MA =0 =>50×10 –MB =0
=> MA =500 k’ => MB =500 k’
MA 50 k
A 50k E
25k
Column BM 25 k
Determination
25k
25k
F 50k
Mc 50k
+ ∑MD= 0 C ∑MC= 0
=>50×10 –MD =0
=>50×10 –MC =0
MD => MD =500 k’
D => MC =500 k’
50k
F 50k
25k
25k
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Member BC :
500 k’ 500 k’
50
50
B C
25 kip 25 kip

50 kip
Beam (-) AFD

25 kip

(-) SFD

500 k’
(+)
BMD
(-)
500 k’
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Column
Member AB :
25 kip 25 kip 50 kip 500 k’
B
500 k’ (+)
100 kip
100

(+) (+)

50 kip
500 k’ (-)
A 25 kip
AFD SFD BMD
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Column
Member CD:
25 kip 25 kip 50 kip 500 k’
C
500 k’ (+)
100 kip
100

(+) (+)

50 kip
500 k’ (-)
D 25 kip
AFD SFD BMD
 Structural Analysis & Design I
500 k’
25 k 50 k 25 k 50 k 25 k 50 k
500 k’ (+) 500 k’
(-) (-) (+) (-),
(+), 500 k’

(+) (-) (+) (-)

AFD SFD (-) BMD (-),

500 k’ 500 k’

Deflected shape
Structural Analysis & Design I
Structural Analysis & Design I

3 6 6 3

5 10 10 5

6 12 12 6
Structural Analysis & Design I
Structural Analysis & Design I

AE=6x12/2=36k’
BF=12x12/2=72k’
CG=12x12/2=72k’
DH=6x12/2=36k’
Structural Analysis & Design I

30 15
15 30
15 30
30 15

25 50 50 25
25 50 50 25

72
36 72 36
36 72 72

36
Structural Analysis & Design I
9
15 99 3
9

10 6 2

3 1
5

AFD Beam
 Structural Analysis & Design I

➢Girder moment opposite in sense to column

moments.
➢Start at an exterior end of a girder and work along its
length
Mc2
Mg1
Mc1+Mc2=Mg1+Mg2

Mg2

Mc1
 Structural Analysis & Design I
15 15 15

15 15 15
40 40 40

40 40 40
61 61 61

61 61 61

Column BM
Girder BM
Structural Analysis & Design I

➢Girder moment opposite in

sense to column moments.
➢Start at an exterior end of a
girder and work along its length
Structural Analysis & Design I

L/2

S X L/S - M=0
S = 2M/L
= 2x15/15 = 2 kip (MN)
S = 2x15/10 = 3 kip (NO)
S = 2 kip (OP)
 Structural Analysis & Design I

2 2 3 3 2 2

5.33 8 8 5.33 5.33

5.33

8.13 8.13 12.2 12.2 8.13 8.13

SF in Girder
S = 2M/L = 2x40/15 = 5.33 kip
S = 2x40/10 = 8 kip
S = 8.13 kip
Structural Analysis & Design I

Girder SFD
 Structural Analysis & Design I

2 2 3
1

5.33 5.33 8 2.67

4.07
8.13 8.13 12.2

Column AF
Tension
N = 3-2=1
J = 8-5.33= 2.67
F = 12.2-8.13= 4.07
Structural Analysis & Design I

2 1
3 2

38 5.33 2.67 5.33

4.07
12.2 8.13 8.13

Compression
Structural Analysis & Design I

Column A.F.
Structural Analysis & Design I
Deflected Shape
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Assignment
Structural Analysis & Design I
Order of analysis

Column S.F.

Column BMD

Beam A.F.

Beam BMD

Beam S.F.

Column A.F.
Structural Analysis & Design I

Deflected Shape
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Assignment (Portal)-1

Also, Column SFD, BMD and Beam A.F. , BMD and SFD
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Assignment (Portal)-2
Example , Section 7.10 Norris and Wilber
Assignment (Portal)-3 Given, Wind velocity
2.8 V=120 mph
10’ P=0.00256V^2 (psf)
=37 Psf
5.6 W=0.037x15=0.56k/’ of Ht
10’
5.6
10’
7
15’

20’ 10’ 10’

15’ C/C spacing

Find Col S.F, B.M.,A.F.
Beam A.F., B.M., A.F.
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Assignment (Portal)-2
Example , Section 7.10 Norris and Wilber
Assignment (Portal)-3

10’

10’

10’

15’

20’ 10’ 10’

15’ C/C spacing

Find Col S.F, B.M.,A.F.

Beam A.F., B.M., A.F.
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Problem:
20ft
20 kip 10 kip
B C
Solution:

DI= (3*3+6)-(3*4+0)
E F 40ft =3°
2 k/ft

D
A
 Structural Analysis & Design I
20k 10k
B C + ∑ME = 20*20+2*20*10-10*20-VF*20 =0
=> VF= 30 kip
2k/ft
Similarly ,VE=-30 kip

25 k 25 k
F
E VE VF

30 k
30 k
E MB
25 k + ∑MB=0
+ ∑MA=0 B 15 k =>25*20-
2k/ft =>2*20*10+25*20-MA=0
2k/ft 2*20*10-MB=0
=>MA= 900 kip-ft
=>MB=100kft
65 k
MA 25 k
A 30 k
E 30 k
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Assignment

30 kip 30 kip
F C
25 kip 25 kip

+ ∑MD=0
=>25*20-MD=0 + ∑MC=0
=>MD=500 kft =>25*20-MC=0
=>MC=500 kft

MD 25 kip 25 kip
D 30 kip F 30 kip
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Assignment

Member BC:

100 kft
500 kft
35 kip
35 kip
B 30 kip C 30 kip

35 kip (-ve) AFD

30 kip (-ve) SFD

100 kft +ve

-ve BMD
500 kft
Structural Analysis & Design I
Structural Analysis & Design I
Structural Analysis & Design I