LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Unit
2
Module 2 – Laplace Transform

“From the intrinsic evidence of His

creation, the Great Architect of the
universe now begins to appear as a pure
mathematician.”

Sir James Hopwood Jeans

Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations
John Bartlett, Justin Kaplan
16th Ed, p. 632

PHOTOGRAPH BY NASA VIA AP

Learning After finishing this module, you are expected to:

Objectives 1. Evaluate the Laplace transform of elementary
functions.
2. Obtain Laplace transforms of derivatives
3. Employ Laplace transforms to solve linear differential
equations.
4. Verify the initial and final value

Topics 1. Definition of the Laplace transform.

2. Linearity property of the Laplace transform.
3. Laplace transforms of elementary functions
4. Standard of Laplace transforms
5. Properties of Laplace Transforms
6. Derivatives of Laplace functions
7. The initial and final value theorems

HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, 6TH ED. John Bird, Elsevier Ltd. Copyright 2010

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 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
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2.0 Introduction

Laplace Transforms offer a more convenient alternative tool in solving problems in

differential equations. One important application is problems in electric circuits.

2.1 Definition of Laplace Transform

Definition: The Laplace Transform of the f(t) is defined by the integral

∞
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡, where s is a parameter assumed to be a real number.

ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} is the commonly used notations for the Laplace transforms of f(t).
Thus
∞
ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 (𝑠) (2.1)
0

2.2 Linearity Property of Laplace Transform

2.2.1 Multiplication

If k is any constant, then from equation (2.1),

∞
ℒ{𝑘𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑘 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

∞
ℒ{𝑘𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝐹 (𝑠) (2.2)
0

2.2.2 Addition of Laplace transforms

∞
ℒ {𝑘1 𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑘2 𝑔(𝑡) } = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 {𝑘1 𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑘2 𝑔(𝑡) }𝑑𝑡
0

∞ ∞
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑘1 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑘2 𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

∞ ∞
= 𝑘1 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑘2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑘2 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

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 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
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That is,
= 𝑘1 ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} + 𝑘2 ℒ{𝑔(𝑡) }} 2.3

where 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are any real constants.

Because of the properties shown in equations (2.2) and (2.3), Laplace transform is
termed a linear operator.

2.2.3 Laplace Transforms of Elementary Functions

The Laplace transform of elementary functions can be derived using the definition of
Laplace transform, equation (2.1).

Example 1: Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 1.

Solution : From equation (2.1):

∞
ℒ{1)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (1)𝑑𝑡
0
−1 ∞ −𝑠𝑡
= ∫ 𝑒 (−𝑠)𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0

−1 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ −1 −𝑠(∞)
= [𝑒 ]0 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 0)
𝑠 𝑠
−1 1
= (0 − 1) = 𝐹 (𝑠) = (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑠 > 0) (2.4)
𝑠 𝑠

Example 2: Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑘.

Solution : From equation (2.1):

∞
ℒ{𝑘)} = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

but from the result of example 1:

∞
1
ℒ {∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡} =
0 𝑠

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Hence,
∞
1 𝑘
𝑘 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝑘 = (2.5)
0 𝑠 𝑠

where k is any constant.

Example 3: Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 .

Solution : From equation (2.1):

∞ ∞
𝑎𝑡
ℒ { 𝑒 )} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑡
0 0

∞
−1
= ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 (−)(𝑠 − 𝑎) 𝑑𝑡
𝑠−𝑎 0

−1 ∞ −1
= [𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 ]0 = [𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)(∞) − 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)(0) ]
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑎
−1
= [0 − 1]
𝑠−𝑎

−1 1
𝐹 (𝑠 ) = [0 − 1] = (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 (𝑠 − 𝑎) > 0) (2.6)
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑎

Example 4: Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = cos 𝑎𝑡.

Solution : From equation (2.1):

∞
ℒ{cos 𝑎𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

Employing integration by parts and using the formula directly:

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑏𝑥 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑏 2

∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥) + ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑛2 𝑏 2 𝑎2 + 𝑛2 𝑏 2

The above formula is a function of x. Here 𝑎 = −𝑠 , 𝑛 = 1, 𝑏 = 𝑎.

Hence,
∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑡
𝑒𝑎𝑡 1
∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [ 2 (−𝑠 cos 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑡) ] = 0 − ( ) (−𝑠(1) + 0)
0 (−𝑠) + 𝑎2 0
𝑠2 + 𝑎2

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𝑠
𝐹 (𝑠 ) = ( 2 ) (2.7)
𝑠 + 𝑎2

Example 5: Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝑎𝑡.

Solution : From equation (2.1):

∞
ℒ{sin 𝑎𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

Employing integration by parts and using the formula directly:

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑏𝑥 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑏 2

∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑛𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥) + ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑛2 𝑏 2 𝑎2 + 𝑛2 𝑏 2

The above formula is a function of x. Here, 𝑎 = −𝑠 , 𝑛 = 1, 𝑏 = 𝑎.

Hence,

∞ ∞
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 1
∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [ 2 2 (−𝑠 sin 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑡) + 0 ] = 0 − ( 2 ) (−𝑠(0) − 𝑎)
0 (−𝑠) + 𝑎 0
𝑠 + 𝑎2

1
=0− ( ) (−𝑠(0) − 𝑎)
𝑠2 + 𝑎2
𝑎
𝐹 (𝑠 ) = ( 2 ) (2.8)
𝑠 + 𝑎2

Example 6: Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡.

Solution : From equation (2.1):

∞
ℒ{𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡
0

Employing integration by parts and using the formula directly:

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 1
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − )
𝑎 𝑎

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∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1
ℒ{𝑡} = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = [ (𝑡 − )]
0 −𝑠 −𝑠 0

𝑒 −𝑠(∞) 1 𝑒 −𝑠(0) 1
= [ (∞ − )] − [ (0 − )]
−𝑠 −𝑠 −𝑠 −𝑠

1 1
= 0− [ (0 − )]
−𝑠 −𝑠

1
𝐹 (𝑠 ) = (2.9)
𝑠2

Example 7: Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 .

Solution : From equation (2.1):

∞
ℒ{𝑡 2 )} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
0

Employing integration by parts and using the formula directly:

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2𝑥 2
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − + 2)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

∞ ∞
2} −𝑠𝑡 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 2𝑡 2
{
ℒ 𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [ (𝑡 − + )]
0 −𝑠 −𝑠 (−𝑠)2 0

𝑒 −𝑠(∞) 2(∞) 2 𝑒 −𝑠(0) 2 2(0) 2

= [ (∞2 − + 2 )] − [ (0 − + )]
−𝑠 −𝑠 (−𝑠) −𝑠 −𝑠 (−𝑠)2

1 2
= 0− [ (0 − 0 + 2 )]
−𝑠 𝑠

2
𝐹 (𝑠 ) = (2.10)
𝑠3

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In general,
𝑛!
ℒ{𝑡 𝑛 } = (2.11)
𝑠 𝑛+1

Thus,

(3)(2) 6
ℒ {𝑡 3 } = 3+1
= 4
𝑠 𝑠

(4)(3)(2) 24
ℒ {𝑡 4 } = 4+1
= 5
𝑠 𝑠

and so on.

Example 8: Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = sinh 𝑎𝑡.

Solution :

1 𝑎𝑡
sinh 𝑎𝑡 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )
2
1 1 1
ℒ{sinh 𝑎𝑡} = ℒ { (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )} = ℒ {𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } − ℒ {𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 }
2 2 2

Applying the result of Example 3:

1 1 1 1
= ( )− ( )
2 𝑠−𝑎 2 𝑠+𝑎

1 1 1
= ( − )
2 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠+𝑎
𝑎
𝐹 (𝑠 ) = (2.12)
𝑠 2 − 𝑎2

Summary of the List of Standard Laplace transforms is given in Table 2.1.

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Table 2.1: Standard Laplace transforms

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Example 8: Using the standard Laplace transforms determine the following:

1 5
(𝑎) ℒ {2 + 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡 } (𝑏) ℒ {3𝑒 2𝑡 − 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 }
2

Solution :
(a)
1 5 1
ℒ {2 + 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡 } = ℒ{2} + ℒ{5𝑡 2 } − ℒ { 𝑡 5 }
2 2

From entries ii and vi of Table 2.1:

2 2 1 5!
= +5 3−
𝑠 𝑠 2 𝑠6
2 10 60
𝐹(𝑠) = + − 6
𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠

(b)
ℒ{3𝑒 2𝑡 − 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 } = 3ℒ {𝑒 2𝑡 } − 2ℒ{ 𝑒 −3𝑡 }

From entry iii:

1 1
=3 −2
𝑠−2 𝑠+3

3 2
𝐹(𝑠) = −
𝑠−2 𝑠+3

Example 9: Using the standard Laplace transforms determine the following:

(𝑎) ℒ {3 cos 5𝑡 − 2 sin 2𝑡 } (𝑏) ℒ{4 sinh 8𝑡 − 5 cosh 4𝑡}

Solution :

(a)

ℒ{3 cos 5𝑡 − 2 sin 2𝑡} = 3ℒ {cos 5𝑡} − 2ℒ {sin 2𝑡}

From entries iv and v:

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𝑠 2
=3 − 2
𝑠 2 + 52 𝑠 2 + 22
3𝑠 4
𝐹(𝑠) = 2 −
𝑠2 + 5 𝑠2 + 22

(b)

ℒ{4 sinh 8𝑡 − 5 cosh 4𝑡} = 4ℒ{sinh 8𝑡} − 5 ℒ{cosh 4𝑡}

From entries ix and x:

8 𝑠
=4 −5 2
𝑠2 − 82 𝑠 − 42
32 5𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = 2
−
𝑠2 − 64 𝑠2 − 162

In some cases, the following identities are more convenient to use in determining the Laplace
transform of some transcendental functions.

Table 2.2. Identities of Some Special Transcendental Functions

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = (1 − cos 2𝐴)
2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = (1 + cos 2𝐴)
2

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝐴 = (cosh 2𝐴 − 1)
2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝐴 = (cosh 2𝐴 + 1)
2

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Example 10: Determine the Laplace transforms of the following:

2
(𝑎) ℒ {2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 5𝑡} (𝑏) ℒ{6 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 √5𝑡 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑡}
3

Solution :

(a)

2 2
ℒ {2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 5𝑡} = 2ℒ {𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑡} − ℒ {𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 5𝑡}
3 3

Using the identities of Table 2.2, we have

1 2 1
= 2ℒ { (1 + cos 6𝑡 )} − ℒ { (1 − cos 10𝑡 )}
2 3 2
1 1
= ℒ {1} + ℒ {cos 6𝑡} − ℒ {1} + ℒ {cos 10𝑡 1}
3 3
1 𝑠 1 𝑠
= + 2 − + 2
𝑠 𝑠 + 36 3𝑠 3(𝑠 + 100)

(b)

ℒ{6 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 √5𝑡 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑡} = 6ℒ {𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 √5𝑡} + 5ℒ {𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 5𝑡 }

Using the identities of Table 2.2, we have

1 1
= 6ℒ { (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2√5𝑡 + 1)} + 5ℒ { (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 10𝑡 − 1)}
2 2

5 5
= 3ℒ {𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2√5𝑡} + 3ℒ {1} + ℒ {𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 10𝑡 } − ℒ {1}
2 2

3𝑠 3 5𝑠 5
= + + +
𝑠2 − 100 𝑠 2
2(𝑠 − 100) 2𝑠

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Unit
2

Do It
DDDDD Yourself
Page 1

Worksheet No. 3
STANDARD LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solutions and answer on the space provided for. You may not simplify.
Determine the Laplace Transform of elementary functions,
1 3
1. ℒ { 𝑡 5 + 3𝑡 4 − 𝑡 3 + 6𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 3}
3 5

Ans. _______________________________________
1 4𝑡
2. ℒ {2 𝑒 −5𝑡 + 4𝑒 −3𝑡 − 𝑒 }
2

Ans. _______________________________________
2
3. ℒ {2 sin 3𝑡 + cos 5𝑡}
3

Ans. _______________________________________

12
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 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
2

Page 2

Worksheet No. 3
STANDARD LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solutions and answer on the space provided for.
Determine the Laplace Transform of elementary functions,
2
4. ℒ {3 cosh 4𝑡 − sinh 2𝑡}
3

Ans. _______________________________________

5. ℒ{3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑡 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 √2𝑡}

Ans. _______________________________________
6. ℒ{2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑡 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 6𝑡}

Ans. _______________________________________

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2.3 Properties of Laplace Transform

So far, what we have considered are Laplace transform of elementary functions. In this
section, we will extend our study on Laplace transforms of product of two functions.

2.3.1 Laplace Transform of the form 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)

If
ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠)

and Example 3 showed that

1
ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } =
𝑠−𝑎

Hence

ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠−𝑎) (2.13)

Definition: Shift Theorem. The substitution of (s – a) for s in the transform of

𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐹𝑠 corresponds to the multiplication of 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 to the original function
𝑓 (𝑡). ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠−𝑎) is called Shift Theorem.

Example 11: Find the Laplace transform of {𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡}.

Solution :

1
ℒ{𝑡} = 𝐹𝑠 =
𝑠2

By Shifting Theorem:

1
ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡} = 𝐹𝑠 −𝑎 = (2.14)
(𝑠 − 𝑎 ) 2

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Example 12: Find the Laplace transform of (a) {𝑒 4𝑡 𝑡} and (b) {𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 3 }

Solution :

(a) From equation (2,14), where a = 4:

1
ℒ{𝑒 4𝑡 𝑡} = 𝐹𝑠 −4 =
(𝑠 − 4)2

(b)

3! 6
ℒ{𝑡 3 } = 4
= 4
𝑠 𝑠
6
𝐹𝑠 =
𝑠4

By Shifting theorem, where 𝑎 = −2

6
ℒ{𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 3 } = 𝐹𝑠 −(−2) =
(𝑠 + 2)4

Example 13: Find the Laplace transform of (a) {𝑒 5𝑡 cos 3𝑡 } (b) {𝑒 −3𝑡 sinh 10𝑡}

Solution :

(a)
𝑠
ℒ{cos 3𝑡} =
𝑠2 + 32
𝑠
𝐹𝑠 =
𝑠2 + 9

By Shifting theorem, where 𝑎 = 5

𝑠
ℒ{𝑒 5𝑡 cos 3𝑡 } = 𝐹𝑠− 5 =
(𝑠 − 5)2 + 9

𝑠−5
=
𝑠2 − 10𝑠 + 34

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(b)

10
ℒ{sinh 10𝑡} =
𝑠2 − 102

10
𝐹𝑠 =
𝑠2 − 100

By Shifting theorem, where 𝑎 = 5

10
ℒ{𝑒 −3𝑡 sinh 10𝑡 } = 𝐹𝑠 +3 =
(𝑠 + 3)2 − 100

10
=
𝑠2 + 6𝑠 − 91

The summary of Laplace transform in the form of 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) is listed in Table 2.3

Table 2.3 Laplace transform of the form 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)

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Example 14 : Using directly the Table 2.3, determine (a) ℒ{𝑒 6𝑡 sin √3𝑡} (b) ℒ {𝑒 𝑡 cosh 9𝑡 }

Solution :

(a) Applying entry ii of Table 2.3 where 𝑎 = 6 and 𝜔 = √3

√3
ℒ{𝑒 6𝑡 sin √3𝑡} = 2
(𝑠 − 6)2 − (√3)

√3
=
𝑠 2 − 12𝑠 + 27

(b) Applying entry v of Table 2.3 where 𝑎 = 1 and 𝜔 = 9

𝑠−1
ℒ {𝑒 𝑡 cosh 9𝑡} =
(𝑠 − 1)2 − (9)2

𝑠−1
=
𝑠2 − 2𝑠 − 80

2.3.2 Laplace Transform of the form 𝒕𝒏 𝒇(𝒕)

Definition
Complex Differentiation Theorem. The differentiation of a function
𝐹(𝑠) in t domain corresponds to a multiplication with t.

𝑑 𝑛 𝐹𝑠
ℒ {𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)𝑛
𝑑𝑠 𝑛
is called Complex Differentiation Theorem.

Proof:

By definition
∞
ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
0

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So differentiating under the integral sign with respect to s gives

∞ ( −𝑠𝑡 )
𝑑𝐹(𝑠) 𝜕 𝑒
= ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡,
𝑑𝑠 0 𝜕𝑠

and so
∞ ∞
𝑑𝐹(𝑠)
= ∫ (−𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 0 0

Table 2.4 are the Laplace transforms of the form 𝑡𝑓 (𝑡).

Table 2.4 Laplace transform of the form 𝑡𝑓(𝑡)

Function 𝑡𝑓(𝑡) Laplace Transform ℒ {𝑡𝑓(𝑡)}

i 𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑡 1
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2

ii 𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 2𝑎𝑠
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

iii 𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑠2 − 𝑎2
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

Example 14 : Using directly the entries of Table 2.4, find (a) ℒ{𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 } (b) ℒ {𝑡 sin 4𝑡 }
and (c) ℒ {𝑡 cosh 3𝑡 }

Solutions :

(a) From entry i of Table 2.4, where 𝑎 = −2;

1
ℒ{𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 } =
(𝑠 + 2)2

Take note that the result is the same if we use the entry i of Table 2.3, that is

𝑛!
ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 } =
(𝑠 − 𝑎)𝑛+1

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Thus,
1! 1
ℒ {𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡} = 1+1
=
(𝑠 + 2) (𝑠 + 2)2

An alternate solution is using the Complex Differentiation Theorem.

For ℒ {𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 }, let us put 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 .

1
𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℒ{𝑒 −2𝑡 } = 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠+2

But
𝑛
𝑑 𝑛 𝐹𝑠
ℒ{𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1 )𝑛
𝑑𝑠 𝑛

Then
𝑑 1
ℒ {𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 } = (−1) [ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 2

(𝑠 + 2)(0) − 1(1)
= (−1) [ ]
(𝑠 + 2)2
1
=
(𝑠 + 2)2

(b) From entry ii of Table 2.4, where 𝑎 = 4;

2(4)𝑠
ℒ{𝑡 sin 4𝑡 } =
(𝑠 2 + 42 )2

8𝑠
=
(𝑠 2 + 162 )2

Using the Complex Differentiation Theorem:

4
𝑓 (𝑡) = sin 4𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℒ{sin 4𝑡 } = 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠2 + 16

𝑑 4
ℒ{𝑡 sin 4𝑡} = (−1) [ 2 ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 16

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𝑑 4
= (−1) [ 2 ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 16

(𝑠 2 + 16)(0) − 4(2𝑠)
( )
= −1 [ ]
(𝑠 2 + 16)2

86
=
(𝑠 2 + 16)2

(c) For ℒ{𝑡 cosh 3𝑡 }, we put 𝑓 (𝑡) = cosh 3𝑡

From entry xi of Table 2.1, where 𝑎 = 3;

𝑠
ℒ{cosh 3𝑡 } =
𝑠2 −9

Then
𝑑 𝑠
ℒ{𝑡 cosh 3𝑡 } = (−1) [ 2 ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 − 9

(𝑠 2 − 9)(1) − 𝑠(2𝑠)
( )
= −1 [ ]
(𝑠 2 − 9)2

−𝑠 2 − 9
= (−1) [ 2 ]
(𝑠 − 9)2

𝑠2 + 9
=
(𝑠 2 − 9)2

Example 15 : Evaluate ℒ{𝑡 2 sin 5𝑡 }

Solution :

Here,

5
𝑓 (𝑡) = sin 5𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠2 + 25

then

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2
𝑑2
2
5
ℒ{𝑡 sin 5𝑡} = (−1) [ 2 ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 25

𝑑 (𝑠 2 + 25)(0) − 5(2𝑠)
= (−1)2 [ ]
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 2 + 25)2

(𝑠 2 + 25)2 (− 10) − (−10𝑠)[2(𝑠 2 + 25)(2𝑠)]

= (−1)2 [ ]
(𝑠 2 + 25)4

−10𝑠 4 − 460𝑠 2 − 6250

=
(𝑠 2 + 25)3

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DDDDD
Do It Yourself

Page 1

Worksheet No. 4
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS PAIR

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solutions and answer on the space provided for. You may not simplify.
1 – 3: Determine the Laplace transform of the following pair of functions using Shift Theorem.

1. ℒ{𝑒 4𝑡 𝑡 3 }

Ans. _______________________________________
2. ℒ{ 𝑒 −5𝑡 cosh 4𝑡}

Ans. _______________________________________

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Unit
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Page 2

Worksheet No. 4
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS PAIR

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

=====================================================

3. ℒ{𝑒 4𝑡 sin 6𝑡}

Ans. _______________________________________
4 – 6: Determine the Laplace transform of the following pair of functions using Complex
Differentiation theorem.

4. ℒ{ 𝑡 sinh 4𝑡 }

Ans. _______________________________________

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Page 3

Worksheet No. 4
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS PAIR

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

=====================================================

5. ℒ{ 𝑡 cos 3𝑡 }

Ans. _______________________________________
6: ℒ{𝑡 2 𝑒 − 3𝑡 }

Ans. _______________________________________

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2.4 Laplace Transform of the Derivatives

One important application of Laplace transforms is in problems involving derivatives.

This tool makes even those equations of higher derivatives simpler to solve, thus this is
commonly used for initial value problems.

Let the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑡) be 𝑓′(𝑡) then, from equation (2,1),
∞
ℒ {𝑓 ’(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

Integrating the improper integral by method of integration by parts, which is

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
Applying this integration formula to ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 and 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓′(𝑡)

from which,

𝑑𝑢
= −𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

Hence

∞ ∞
∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝑓 ′(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝑓 (𝑡)]∞
0 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)(−𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
0 0

∞
= [0 − 𝑓(0)] + 𝑠 ∫ (𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0

= − 𝑓(0) + 𝑠ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} or

ℒ {𝑓 ′(𝑡)} = 𝑠ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑓 (0) (2.15)

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Definition:
The Laplace Transform of 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) is ℒ{𝑓 ’(𝑡)} = 𝑠ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡) − 𝑓(0)} or
ℒ{𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 } = 𝑠ℒ{𝑦} − 𝑦(0) , where 𝑦(0) is the value of 𝑦 at 𝑥 = 0 .

For the second derivative, equation (2.15) becomes

ℒ{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 ′(0) (2.16)

and for the third derivative:

ℒ {𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 3 ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑠 2 𝑓(0) − 𝑠𝑓 ′ (0) − 𝑓 ′′ (0) (2.17)

In general, for nth derivative:

ℒ {𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)} = 𝑠 (𝑛) ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑠 (𝑛−1) 𝑓(0) − 𝑠 (𝑛−2)𝑓 ′(0) − . .. 𝑓 (𝑛−1) (0) (2.18)

𝑘
Example 16: Using the Laplace transform of the derivatives, prove a) ℒ {𝑘 } =
𝑠
6 1
b) ℒ{3𝑡 2 } = and c) ℒ {𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } =
𝑠3 𝑠+𝑎

Solution :

(a) From equation (2.15), ℒ{𝑓 ′(𝑡)} = 𝑠ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑓 (0).

Let 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑘, then 𝑓 ′(𝑡) = 0 and 𝑓 (0) = 𝑘.

Substituting into equation (2.15) gives:

ℒ{0} = 𝑠ℒ{𝑘 } − 𝑘

𝑠ℒ{𝑘 } = 𝑘
Hence
𝑘
ℒ {𝑘 } =
𝑠

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(b) From equation (2.16), ℒ{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 ′(0)

Let 𝑓 (𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 , then 𝑓 (0) = 0 , 𝑓 ′(𝑡) = 6𝑡 , 𝑓 ′(0) = 0, 𝑓 ′′(𝑡) = 6 and

𝑓 ′′ (0) = 6

Substituting into equation (2.16) gives:

6 = 𝑠 2 ℒ{3𝑡 2 } − 𝑠(0) − 0

6
= 𝑠 2 ℒ{3𝑡 2 }
𝑠

6
ℒ {3𝑡 2 } =
𝑠3

(c) From equation (2.15), ℒ{𝑓 ′(𝑡)} = 𝑠ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑓 (0)

Let 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 , then 𝑓 (0) = 1 , 𝑓 ′(𝑡) = −𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 , 𝑓 ′ (0) = −𝑎,

Substituting into equation (2.16) gives:

ℒ{−𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } = 𝑠ℒ{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } − 1

−𝑎
= 𝑠ℒ{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } − 1
𝑠+𝑎
𝑎
𝑠ℒ{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } = 1 −
𝑠+𝑎

(𝑠 + 𝑎 ) − 𝑎
𝑠ℒ{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } =
𝑠+𝑎
𝑠
=
𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎)

1
ℒ{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 } =
𝑠+𝑎

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Example 17: Solve the initial value problem 𝑦" + 4𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦′(0) = 2.

Solution:
Taking the Laplace transforms, we have

ℒ{𝑦"} + 4ℒ {𝑦} = 0

Then using equations (2.15) and (2.16) with 𝑦(0) = 2, and 𝑦′(0) = 2, we obtain

[𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 2𝑠 − 2] + 4𝑌(𝑠) = 0
or
𝑌 (𝑠)[𝑠 2 + 4] = 2𝑠 + 2

2𝑠 + 2 2𝑠 2
𝑌 (𝑠 ) = 2
= 2 + 2
[𝑠 + 4] [𝑠 + 4] [𝑠 + 4]

Example 18: Solve the initial value problem 𝑦" − 2𝑦′ + 3𝑦 = 4𝑡 2 ; 𝑦(0) = 4, 𝑦′(0) = 1.

Solution:
Taking the Laplace transforms, we have

ℒ{𝑦"} − 2ℒ {𝑦 ′} + 3ℒ {𝑦} = 4ℒ{𝑡 2 }

Then using equations (2.15) and (2.16) with 𝑦(0) = 4, and 𝑦′(0) = 1, we obtain

4(2!)
[𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 4𝑠 − 1] − 2[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 4] + 3𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠3

4(2!)
𝑌(𝑠)[𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 3] = 4𝑠 + 1 − 8 +
𝑠3

4𝑠 4 − 7𝑠 3 + 8
𝑌 (𝑠 ) =
𝑠 3 [𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 3]

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2.5 Laplace Transforms of Integrals

Previous section deals on the Laplace transform of derivatives. In similar manner, this
section provides activities on Laplace transforms of definite integrals.

Definition: For the general integral, if [∫ 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡]𝑡=0 is the value of the integral when

𝑡 = 0 , then:
𝑡 𝐹(𝑠) 1
ℒ {∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} = + [∫ 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡]
0 𝑠 𝑠 𝑡=0

If 𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} , then

𝑡 𝐹(𝑠)
ℒ {∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} = (2.19)
0 𝑠

𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
Example 17: Determine a) ℒ {∫0 cos 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡} b) ℒ {∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡} c) ℒ {∫0 𝑒 −4𝑡 cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡}
𝑡
and d) ℒ {∫0 sin 5𝑡 cos 5𝑡 𝑑𝑡}

Solutions :

a) Let 𝑓(𝑡) = cos 3𝑡, therefore

𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠2 +9
From equation 2.19, we obtain
𝑡
1 𝑠
ℒ {∫ cos 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡} = [ 2 ]
0 𝑠 𝑠 +9
𝑠
= 2
𝑠 +9

b) Let 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡, therefore, using equation (2.13):

1
𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 2)2
From equation 2.19, we obtain
𝑡
1 1
ℒ {∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡} = [ ]
0 𝑠 (𝑠 + 2)2

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1
=
𝑠(𝑠 + 2)2

c) Let 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −4𝑡 cos 2𝑡, then, using entry iii of Table 2.3

𝑠+4
𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 4)2 + 4
From equation 2.19, we obtain
𝑡
1 𝑠+4
ℒ {∫ 𝑒 −4𝑡 cos 2𝑡} = [ ]
0 𝑠 (𝑠 + 4)2 + 4

𝑠+4
=
𝑠[(𝑠 + 4)2 + 4]

d) The Laplace transform of pair of functions sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 is not a basic formula, we first
1
use transformation using the identity sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 2 sin 2𝐵. Then

𝑡
1 𝑡
∫ sin 5𝑡 cos 5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ sin 10𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 2 0

Let 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin 10𝑡, then

10
𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠2 + 100
From equation 2.19, we obtain

1 𝑡 1 1 10
ℒ { ∫ sin 10𝑡 𝑑𝑡 } = [ ( 2 )]
2 0 𝑠 2 𝑠 + 100

1 10
= ( 2 )
2𝑠 𝑠 + 100

2.6 Table of Laplace Transforms

Table 2.5 gives us the general formula of most possible combinations of two or more
functions. The derivations of each is beyond the scope of our material but is obtained by
applying the definition of Laplace transform and all the its properties and theorems.

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Table 2.5 Laplace transform General Formula

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Example 18: Using the entries of Table 2.5 determine a) ℒ{√𝑡}, b) ℒ{sin 3𝑡 − 3𝑡 cos 3𝑡} ,
𝑡
c) ℒ {2𝑒 − 4 } d) ℒ{sin 4𝑡 sinh 4𝑡 } and e) ℒ{cos √3𝑡 sinh √3𝑡 }.

Solutions :

a) Using entry #4,

1
ℒ{√𝑡} = √𝜋𝑠 −3/2
2

b) Using entry # 17,

2(3)2
ℒ {sin 3𝑡 − 3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 } =
(𝑠 2 + 32 )2

18
=
(𝑠 2 + 9)2

c) Using entry #18

𝑡 4 𝑡 1 𝑡
ℒ {2𝑒 − 4 } = ℒ {2𝑒 − 4 } = 8ℒ { 𝑒 − 4 }
4 4
1 8
= 8[ ]=
1 + 4𝑠 1 + 4𝑠

d) Using entry #39

2(4)2 𝑠
ℒ {sin 4𝑡 sinh 4𝑡} =
𝑠 4 + 4(4)4

32𝑠
=
𝑠4 + 1,024

e) Using entry #40

2
√3 (𝑠 2 − 2(√3) )
ℒ{cos √3𝑡 sinh √3𝑡} = 4
𝑠 4 + 4(√3)
√3(𝑠 2 − 6)
=
𝑠 4 + 36

37
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
2

DDDDD
Do It Yourself

Page 1

Worksheet No. 5
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES, INTEGRALS
AND SPECIAL FORMULAS

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solutions and answer on the space provided for. You may not simplify.
1 – 3: Determine the Laplace transform of the following differential equations:
1. ℒ{𝑦" + 4𝑦′ + 8𝑦 = 0} ; when 𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1

Ans. _______________________________________
2. ℒ{ 2y'' + 𝑦 ′ − 5𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑡 }; when 𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦 ′(0) = 1

Ans. _______________________________________

38
Ans. Engr.
_______________________________________
Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
2

Page 2

Worksheet No. 5
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES, INTEGRALS
AND SPECIAL FORMULAS

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
3. ℒ{𝑦′′′ + 𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = sin 3𝑡} ; when 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′′(0) = 0

Ans. _______________________________________
4-6: Determine the Laplace transform of the following integrals
𝑡
4. ℒ { ∫ sin 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 }
0

Ans. _______________________________________

Ans. _______________________________________
39
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
2

Page 3
Worksheet No. 5
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES, INTEGRALS
AND SPECIAL FORMULAS

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
𝑡
5. ℒ {∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡}
0

Ans. _______________________________________
𝑡
6. ℒ { ∫ 𝑒 2𝑡 cosh 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 }
0

Ans. _______________________________________

Ans. _______________________________________

40
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
2

Page 4
Worksheet No. 5
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES, INTEGRALS
AND SPECIAL FORMULAS

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
==================================================
7-10: Evaluate applying directly the formulas:

𝑒 6𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡
7. ℒ{ } (𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 #22)
4

Ans. _______________________________________
4𝑒 4𝑡 − 2𝑒 2𝑡
8. ℒ { } (𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 # 26)
2

Ans. _______________________________________
𝑡
9. ℒ { sinh 3𝑡 } (𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 # 46)
2

Ans. _______________________________________
10. ℒ{ cos (8𝑡 + 2) } (𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 # 71)

Ans. _______________________________________

41
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
2

2.7 The Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function)

In engineering applications, we frequently encounter functions whose values change

abruptly at specified values of time t. One common example is when a voltage is switched on
or off in an electrical circuit at a specified value of time t.
The value of 𝑡 = 0 is usually taken as a convenient time to switch on or off the given
voltage.
The switching process can be described mathematically by the function called the
Unit Step Function (Heaviside function) after Oliver Heaviside.

Definition: The unit step function, 𝑢(𝑡), is defined as

0 𝑡<0
𝑢 (𝑡 ) = { (Figure 1)
1 𝑡>0
0 𝑡<0
or 𝑢 (𝑡 ) = { (Figure 2)
1 𝑡≥0

Figure 1: Graph of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) Figure 2: Graph of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡), with 𝑓(0) = 1

Figures 1 and 2 show the graph of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡). Sometimes 𝑡 can also be non-zero nor 1.

42
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Unit
2

2.7 Shifted Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function)

In many circuits, waveforms are applied at specified intervals other than 𝑡 = 0. Such a
function may be described using the shifted (or delayed) unit step function.

Definition:
A function which has value 0 up to the time 𝑡 = 𝑎 and thereafter has value 1. Is
written
0 𝑡<𝑎
𝑢 (𝑡 − 𝑎 ) = {
1 𝑡>𝑎

43
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges