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Part- 3 Well Logging

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Part- 3 Well Logging

Uploaded by

m141221990
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NEW ERA

Part 3
Well Logging
 Known as borehole logging.

 Making a detailed record (a well log) of the geologic formations penetrated by a


borehole.

 Geological Well logging is the practice of making a detailed record (a well log) of the
geologic formations penetrated by a borehole depending on visual inspection of samples
brought to the surface.

 The mud logging unit is considered as the information center of the rig site as the unit
participates in the monitoring of each and every rig operation. It serves both
exploration & drilling.

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 Collection, description & examination of the rock cuttings & then
packing it according to the exploration company requirements.
 Detection & Analysis of the Hydrocarbon gas.
 Detection of the Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas while drilling which is
very dangerous if it is not detected in the very early stage.
 Monitoring the drill fluid volume second by second and to immediately
inform the personnel in charge about any change in that volume
(Loss/Gain).
 Generation of mud logs and graphs during the drilling of the well.
 Monitoring of the drilling parameters such as: WOB, RPM, TRQ...etc.
 Confirming with the driller about any drilling breaks.
 Trip monitoring & preparing the trip sheet. The trip sheet includes the calculated hole fill-
up or string displacement along with remarks on string over pull, tight spots and running
speed.
 Detection and evaluation of the formation pressure.

 MUD LOGGING UNIT TEAM:-


 SAMPLE CATCHER
 COLLECT AND PREPARE SAMPLE FOR MUD LOGGING GEOLOGIST
 MUD LOGGING GEOLOGIST
 CUTTING & CORE DESCRIPTION, HYDROCARBON SHOW.
 PRESSURE ENGINEER & DATA
 RECORD, MONITOR & ANALYSE THE DRILLINGPARAMETERSSUCH AS ROP, RPM,
WOB, TORQUE, MUD DATA: MUD TANK LEVEL (MUD LOOS & GAIN), MUD
WEIGHT IN/OUT, TEMPERATURE IN/OUT, MUD PUMP DATA: CAPACITY,
EFICIENCY, VOLUME IN.

 MUD LOGGING UNIT COMPONENTS:-


THE QUANTITATIVE GAS
MEASUREMENT Q.G.M:-

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%

Methan Ethan Propan Butan Pentan


CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12

 The flame ionization detector (FID) is the most sensitive gas


chromatographic detector for hydrocarbons.
 When many organic compounds are burned in a hydrogen flame,
charged particles or ions are given off.
 The released ions are forced to travel as a small current into an
amplifier called the electrometer.
 The current flow is extremely small on the order of 10-9to 10-12
amperes and the electrometer produces a voltage proportional to
this current. In this way the voltage generated is proportional to
the amount of hydrocarbons present in the sample.

 Cuttings gas (formation gas):-


It is the gas liberated from the drilled cuttings enters the wellbore mud.
Factors affecting the size of the gas show:-
 Rate of penetration (ROP)
 Differential pressure & Porosity
 Hole size.
 Depth.
 Background Gas,
Can originate from a previously drilled section, which bleeds a small amount of gas into the
mud.
 Connection Gas,
A brief influx of gas that is introduced into the drilling fluid when a pipe connection is made.
Before making a connection, the driller stops the mud pumps, thereby allowing gas to enter
the wellbore at depth.
 Trip Gas,
Gas entrained in the drilling fluid during a pipe trip, which typically results in a significant
increase in gas that is circulated to surface.

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 Important test to check the efficiency of the total
gas & chromatograph instruments by using standard gas
cylinders & sometimes by using carbide.

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 Types of samples:-
 Wet samples.
 Dry samples.
 Geochemical Samples.
 Coring.
 Several reasons for sample collection and shipping are:-
 Paleontological analysis.
 Geochemical analysis.
 Oil company partners.
 Governmental requirements.
 Future reference/library samples.
 The sampling interval is usually set by the client, and is normally:-
 every 10 feet (3 meters) OR
 every 30 feet (10 meters)

 Collected at the shale shaker.


 Normally the drilling fluid is not
rinsed off.
 This is bulk sample material used
mainly for paleontology.

 Obtained from the washed samples collected from


the 80-mesh sieve.
 A heat source is used for drying purposes.
 Do not oven dry oil-based mud samples.
 Do not over-dry samples, because they will burn
(the burning can be mistaken for oil staining).
 Clay samples should not be oven dried -only air
dried.

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 Taken over larger intervals and are composites of unwashed
wet samples.
 When collected in a metal or plastic container, fresh water
and the bacteriocide are added, leaving approximately 3 cm of
air-space for gases to collect.
 Once sealed, they are best stored up side down in their
shipping containers. Fast transport to town is indicated
 The geochemist in town will first punch a small hole in the cans to take the headspace gas
for chromatographic analysis.
 The cutting material is used to extract organic compounds for chromatography and kerogen
determination.

 A core sample is a piece of rock that is carved, using a piece of equipment that works a lot
like an apple-corer.
 Primarily a core allows quantitative measurements of the following:-
 Porosity-The volume of voids within a unit volume of rock.
 Permeability-The quality of the connections between the voids.
 Saturation-The composition of the fluids filling the voids.
 Secondary importance is the additional information relating
to formation boundaries, sedimentary structures,
undisturbed paleontological data, and uncontaminated geochemical sampling.

 An assembly called a "core barrel" is


made up on the drill string with a special
type of bits called "Core Head” and run
to the bottom of the hole. As the core
barrel is rotated, it cuts a cylindrical
core a few inches in diameter that is
received in a tube above the core cutting bit.

 The lithology, thickness & dip of major lithologic units


 The size and dip of bedding, sedimentary and diagenetic structures

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 Type, amount and distribution of secondary porosity
 Surface condition of natural fracture surfaces
 Any hydrocarbon staining or odor
 An estimation of permeability
 Excellent: The core will be poorly consolidated and may fall apart during recovery
 Very Good: Fluid will be bubbling from the core.
 Good: It will be impossible to wipe the core dry. Any fluid wiped off will be replaced from
within.
 Fair: The core can be wiped dry, but after a period of time it will become wet again.
 Tight: The drilling fluid on the surface will dry in air without wiping.

 A core taken from the side of the borehole by a wireline


tool.
 Advantages:
 Lithology and mineralogy of sections are readily obtained,
and
 Oil shows from cuttings analysis can be confirmed.
 Disadvantages:
 Detonation often induces fractures in the sample and strata,
 The small volume of rock is not highly representative of the strata, unless multiple shots
are taken, and
 Sidewall cores are easily broken when handled after collection.

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