Hindawi

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Volume 2024, Article ID 1861253, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1861253

Research Article
On Design and Verification of an Efficient Microwave Wireless
Power Transmission System

Baoxian Zheng,1 Kunding Ma,2 Yuanyuan Liu,2 Tong Jiang,2 Tingyi Liu,3 Qishuai Ma,3
Yi Liu,4 Lin Yang,5 and Xi Li 5
1
Aerospace Times FeiHong Technology Company Limited, Beijing 100094, China
2
China Academy of Space Technology (Xi’an), Xi’an 710100, Shaanxi, China
3
Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 710071, Shaanxi, China
4
Te 39th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Beijing, China
5
Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, Shaanxi, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Xi Li; [email protected]

Received 15 December 2023; Revised 23 January 2024; Accepted 31 March 2024; Published 23 April 2024

Academic Editor: Giuseppina Monti

Copyright © 2024 Baoxian Zheng et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We report on the theoretical design and experimental verifcation of a high efciency microwave wireless power transmission
(MWPT) system operating in the Fresnel region. To achieve high conversion efciency over a transmit distance of 11 meters, the
transmit refector antenna was optimized to locate the focal point at 11 m. Te size of the receive antenna was decided by
calculating the feld distribution and the received power at diferent positions in the receive antenna aperture. Furthermore, an
accurate model of the diode is presented, which was imported into the ADS software for high-precision rectifying circuit design.
As a result, an overall DC-DC conversion efciency of 20% was achieved, as measured in an anechoic chamber at a given distance
of 11 m. Te experimental results validated the proposed method.

1. Introduction efciency since power is transferred between resonant cir-

cuits via magneto-inductive coupling. However, their ef-
Microwave wireless power transmission (MWPT) has ciency decrease as 1 � d6 [6], where d is the distance between
attracted increasing attention, owing to its capability of transmit and receive antennas. In the Fresnel region, the
charging mobile phones and laptops, electric vehicles, and Friis transmission equation is invalid since the FF pattern is
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) [1]. Moreover, it is one of not formed. In this case, the power transmission efciency
the key technologies to realize space solar power satellites can be improved by focusing the feld intensity from the
(SSPS). MWPT technologies can be broadly divided into source, and therefore, increasing the amount of power re-
radiative and nonradiative power transfer methods. As for ceived by a receive antenna aperture placed at the focal point
the former, if the distance between transmit and receive power received by a receiving antenna aperture placed at the
antenna satisfying far-feld (FF) condition long range focal point.
MWPT can be achieved by means of microwave or laser It is worth noting that in many applications, such as
sources [2, 3]. However, the achievable radiative power mobile devices, Internet of things, and sensors, do not re-
transmission efciency in the FF region is often un- quire a long power transfer distance, but only a few meters,
acceptably low, mainly because of the size limitation of typically around 10 m [7]. In this case, to increase the power
transmit and receive antennas. Nonradiative power transfer transmission efciency, the aperture of the transmit antenna
methods mainly include near-feld magneto-inductive should be enlarged in order to narrow the beamwidth. Te
coupling [4] and Fresnel felds [5]. Systems operating in receive antenna is placed in the Fresnel zone rather than in
the reactive near-feld zone can achieve high conversion the far-feld region, at a mid-range of several meters. In
2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

recent years, MWPT systems and methods operating in the our designed system, a GaN power amplifer is introduced to
Fresnel feld have gained much attention due to their good achieve high output power, as illustrated in Figure 2. Te
conversion efciency, medium-range distance, and accept- maximum DC-RF conversion efciency is 59.3% when the
able antenna size [8–12]. In [8], the infuence of the beam input power is 88 W.
focus, and the taper distribution of the radiating feld in the
Fresnel zone have been discussed. In [9, 10], the designs of
2.2. Transmit Antenna Design. Since high DC-DC conver-
Fresnel MWPT systems which can achieve 66.5% and 33.2%
sion efciency is a primary objective for our MWPT system,
RF-DC efciency, respectively, have been reported. How-
a narrow beam width of the transmit antenna is expected. It
ever, in both cases, the operating distance is only about 10λ,
is known that antenna array can be employed for this
and the feeding network is complicated and easy to make
purpose. However, in our design, a refector antenna was
systems defocus for a larger array. In [11], an MWPT system
selected because of its low cost and no feeding network. In
equipped with an optimal number of rectenna array ele-
our design, the distance between the transmit antenna and
ments for mid-range application and a parallel DC combing
the receive antenna is fxed at 11 meters.
circuit is designed to improve conversion efciency. Nev-
Since the position of the focus is dependent on the
ertheless, only a 5.01% RF-DC efciency can be achieved at
antenna dimension, the size of the refector antenna should
a distance of 1 m. Based on Bezier curves [12], a method for
be determined. To this end, we frst give the power density
antenna aperture illumination design for MWPT in the
S(ρ) of the refector antenna as
Fresnel zone is reported in [13]. As a result, a larger aperture
power coefcient can be achieved, with a slight reduction of 1
S(ρ) � · |E(ρ)|2 , (1)
the beam collection efciency [14]. Publication [15] reports η
a compact, polarization-insensitive rectenna based on
metasurface at a frequency of 5.8 GHz, it can reach the where η is the wave impedance and in free space we have
maximum conversion efciency measured 66% under η � 120π, ρ indicates the distance between the feld point
a 500 Ω load. Article [16] proposes a highly integrated and the center in the transmit antenna aperture, and |
multipolarization wideband rectenna for simultaneous E(ρ)| means the electric feld strength. Figure 3 shows
wireless information and power transfer, the wireless power a diagrammatic sketch relevant to these parameters. Te
receiving port has conversion efciency up to 76.5%. total energy within the antenna aperture can be expressed
In this paper, a new design of MWPTsystem operating in as
the Fresnel zone is presented. Te main features of the D/2 2π
proposed MWTP system can be summarized as follows: (i) 􏽚 􏽚 S(ρ)ρdρdφ � Pt · ηa , (2)
0 0
a refector antenna is deployed as the transmit antenna,
which can enjoy advantages of low cost and no feeding where D denotes the diameter of the refector antenna, Pt is
network; (ii) an air-supported microstrip antenna is used as the transmit power, and ηa is the antenna efciency ex-
the receive antenna to reduce substrate loss; (iii) two- cluding leakage. In our design, a −10 dB aperture feld
element series fed and four-element cascaded arrays are distribution of the refector is assumed. Letting η � 120π and
introduced such that diferent power densities can be substituting (1) into (2), one obtains
adapted; (ii) and (iii) have been introduced in article [17]; D/2
(iv) a diode model is implemented to get its optimal 􏽚 |E(ρ)|2 ρdρ � 60 · Pt · ηa . (3)
characteristic and parameters, and a high-precision recti- 0

fying circuit model is designed accordingly; and (v) a parallel Te feld in the axial direction E(z) can be obtained by
DC combing circuit is designed. By means of the proposed integrating the |E(ρ)| feld distribution at z position
design, the resulting experimental conversion efciency is according to the following equation (5):
20%, as measured in an anechoic chamber at a distance of √���
2
�2
11 m. 2π D/2 e−jk z +ρ
E(z) � A0 􏽚 􏽚 |E(ρ)| 􏽱������ ρdρdφ, (4)
0 0 z 2 + ρ2
2. MWPT System Design
where z is the distance from the refector antenna in the axial
Figure 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of the MWPT direction. Figure 4 displays the distribution of the nor-
system. It mainly includes microwave transmitter, transmit malized electric feld along z, for diferent refector antenna
antenna, the receive antenna, rectifying, and the DC com- diameters D � 2.0 m, D � 2.4 m, and D � 2.8 m. As it can be
biner circuits. It is known that the overall efciency of the observed in the fgure, the electric feld focuses at 11 m when
system relates to each of the aforementioned components. D � 2.4 m. Te transmit antenna size is therefore selected as
Tus, each component of the MWPT system should be 2.4 m in the designed WPT system.
carefully designed, and we shall discuss this in the sequal.

2.3. Design of the Receiving Antenna. A low profle air-

2.1. Te Microwave Transmitter. In the MWPT system, the supported microstrip antenna is chosen as the re-
DC energy should be frst converted to RF power, which is ceiving antenna element in order to reduce substrate loss
then radiated to the free space by the transmit antenna. In and withstand high power. Moreover, two-element
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

Transmiting Rectenna
antenna 214 RF Ports

5 DC power
2.4 meter

synthesis circuit
2.45 GHz

2.4 meter
Microwave
transmitter
DC load
Carrier

Locking tray
54 rectifying
circuit

11 meter
Power supply
4 meter

1.6 meter

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the demonstrating MWPT system.

DC energy

RF power
Signal source (GaN) Amplifier Antenna

Microwave transmitter

Figure 2: Sketch of the basic structure of the microwave transmitter.

y 1.0
Normalized electric field (v/m)

r P (x,y,z) 0.8

ρ
Reflector
0.6

D 0.4
φ o
z

0.2
-x
0.0
0 5 10 15 20
Distance z (m)

Transmitting Receiving D=2.0 m

antenna aperture antenna aperture D=2.4 m
D=2.8 m
Figure 3: Diagrammatic sketch of proposed parameters relevant to
the calculation of transmitting antenna size. Figure 4: Te normalized electric feld along the axial direction z
for diferent refector antenna diameters.

series-fed and four-element cascaded arrays are in- Te comparative results among antenna element, two-
troduced in order to adapt diferent power densities. Tis element series-fed array, and four-element cascaded ar-
section was also introduced in the previous article [17]. ray are presented in Table 1.
4 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Table 1: Comparison among antenna parameters for the evaluated receiving antenna designs.
E/H beamwidth at 2.45 GHz Gain
Receiving antenna S11 (<−10 dB) (%)
(°) at 2.45 GHz (dBi)
Element 4.1 53/63 8.6
Two-element 3.7 31/62 11.6
Four-element 4 31/39 13.5

2.4. Calculation of Received Power. Te Friis transmission r is the distance between the source point and the feld point.
equations are not suitable for computing the RF power cap- According to equation (10), if the transmitted power Pt , the
tured by the receiving antenna because the distance between normalized relative power density distribution at a fxed
the transmitting and the receiving antenna does not satisfy the distance from the transmitting antenna a(x, y), and the
FF condition. Te received RF power can be computed by efective receiving area Ae (x, y) at position (x, y) are given,
the received power can be computed. Figure 5 shows the
Pr (x, y) � Ae (x, y) · p(x, y), (5)
normalized near feld amplitude distribution at center row
where Pr (x, y) denotes the power received by the antenna, and at center column, at a distance of 11 m (z � 11 m in
whose efective receiving area is Ae (x, y) at position (x, y), equation (12)) from the transmitting antenna. Te size of the
and p(x, y) is the power density at position (x, y). p(x, y) can plotted near feld area is 3 m × 3 m. A −10 dB aperture feld
be expressed as follows: distribution of the refector is assumed for computations. As
it can be seen from the plots, the feld strength at a distance
p(x, y) � pm · a(x, y), (6) of 1.2 m from the center is about −10 dB, so the size of the
receiving antenna is selected as 2.4 m.
where pm is the maximum power density, and a(x, y) is the It is worth to point out that since the rectifying efciency
normalized relative power density distribution. Finally, the is related to the input power to the rectifying circuit, input
following equation can be formulated: power should be kept as stable as possible. Te gain of the
Pr (x, y) � Ae (x, y) · pm · a(x, y). (7) antenna element can be related to the efective receiving area
Ae by the following equation:
According to equation (3), we can write 4π
∞ ∞ G� · Ae . (13)
Pt · ηtr � 􏽚 􏽚 p(x, y)dxdy λ2
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞ (8) Te computed gain of the simulated antenna element is
� pm · 􏽚 􏽚 a(x, y)dxdy, 8.6 dBi, as obtained by HFSS software, so Ae can be cal-
−∞ −∞
culated as 0.0086 m2 according to equation (13). Substituting
where ηtr is the transmission efciency between the trans- Ae � 0.0086 m2, Pt � 50 W, and ηtr � 0.5 into equation (10),
mitting antenna and the receiving antenna, including cable the distribution of Pr can be obtained (see Figure 6). Te
loss, coaxial connector loss, space transmission loss, po- maximum received power by the antenna element is
larization mismatch, feld mismatch, and so on. Terefore, 22.6 dBm. Within the receiving area, a single antenna ele-
pm can be expressed as ment is conveniently adopted where Pr is between 20 dBm
and 22.6 dBm; two-element series-fed antenna array is
Pt · ηtr
pm � ∞ ∞ . (9) a better choice where Pr is between 17 dBm and 20 dBm;
􏽒−∞ 􏽒−∞ a(x, y)dxdy four-element cascaded array is adopted where Pr is between
10 dBm and 17 dBm; the place is vacant where Pr is less than
Pr (x, y) can be reformulated as 10 dBm. According to this idea, the schematic view of the
Pt · ηtr resulting antenna placement is shown in Figure 7. Green,
Pr (x, y) � ∞ ∞ · Ae (x, y) · a(x, y), red, and blue portions, respectively, indicate the single
􏽒−∞ 􏽒−∞ a(x, y)dxdy
antenna elements, the two-element series-fed antenna ar-
(10) rays, and the four-element cascaded antenna arrays, each of
and a(x, y) can be computed by them being connected to a single rectifying circuit. As
a result, there are a total of 214 RF ports.
2π ρ
􏽒0 􏽒0 |E(ρ)|􏼐e−jkr /r􏼑dρdφ
a(x, y) � 2π ρ
, (11)
􏼒􏽒0 􏽒0 |E(ρ)| e−jkr /r􏼁dρdφ􏼓 2.5. Rectifying Circuit Design. In a MWPT system, the rec-
max tifying circuit is one of the crucial components since the
􏽱���������������������������� overall system efciency mainly depends on the character-
r � (ρ cos φ − x)2 +(ρ sin φ − y)2 + z2 , (12) istics of the rectifying circuit [18]. An accurate model of the
rectifying circuit is therefore mandatory. Te accuracy of the
where ρ is the distance between the feld point and the center model is mainly determined by the parameter acquisition of
in the transmitting antenna aperture (see equation (1)), (x, y, the diode, since other passive parts of the circuit can be easily
z) means the position in the receiving antenna aperture, and modeled and simulated. Terefore, the diode model is of
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 5

0 0

-5 -5

-10 -10

Amplitude [dB]
Amplitude [dB]

-15 -15

-20 -20

-25 -25

-30 -30

-35 -35

-40 -40
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
X [mm] Y [mm]
(a) (b)

Figure 5: Te computed amplitude distribution at center row and at center column. (a) Te computed near feld amplitude distribution at
center row. (b) Te computed near feld amplitude distribution at center column.

primary importance in the rectifying circuit design, and its

20 inaccurate model would lead to a deviation of measurements
18
from simulated results.
Figure 8 shows schematic and photographs of the diode
16 measurement setup, which include straight calibration, re-
14 fection calibration, transmission calibration, and diode
measurement circuit. Te diode parameters can be obtained
12
using the method introduced in Ref. [19]. Measured junction
10 current Ij and junction capacitance Cj were ftted according
8 to this model. Te best ft curves and the measured data are
shown in Figure 9. Te fnal equivalent circuit model of the
6 HSMS-282b diode is displayed in Figure 10. Terefore, the
4 calculated diode parameters can be imported into the ADS
software for the rectifying circuit design.
2
According to the received power analysis reported in
Section 2.4, the input power to the rectifying circuit is
Figure 6: Received power (Pr) by the antenna element. approximately between 20 dBm and 22.6 dBm. Terefore,
the expected input power to the rectifying circuit is around
21 dBm. Te conversion efciency of the rectifying circuit
(ηr ) is defned as
V2DC
ηr � × 100%. (14)
Pin RL
Te detailed design has been presented in the previous
article [17]. Figure 11 shows the fnal rectifying circuit.

2.6. DC Combiner Circuit Design. In order to improve the

power transfer efciency, the receiver must collect as much
wireless power as possible from the transmitter. Te con-
ventional method consists in RF-power combing by means
of a power divider, but this technique results efective on
condition that the RF power waves follow into the power
divider in-phase condition. However, in the Fresnel region
the received phase of the power changes at each point of the
receiver because of the diferent path lengths from the
transmitter to the receiver. Indeed, a DC combiner circuit
Figure 7: Schematic view of the antenna placement. must be designed if there is more than one rectifying circuit.
6 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Vector

Bias Tee Circuit Bias Tee

Voltage
Source

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 8: Schematic diagram and photographs of the diode measurement setup. (a) Schematic diagram. (b) Test circuit. (c) Photo of the
test bench.

0.020 0.020

0.015 0.015
Y11
Y11

0.010 0.010

0.005 0.005

0.000 0.000
1 2 3 4 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Frequency [GHz] Frequency [GHz]

Real Real
Imag Imag
(a) (b)
Figure 9: Continued.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 7

×104
6 100
90
5
80
70
4
60
Ij (mA)

Cj (pF)
3 50
40
2
30
20
1
10
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Vj (V) Vj (V)
Measured Data measured data
Fit Curve fit curve
(c) (d)

Figure 9: Results from diode measurements and ftting procedure. (a) Y-parameters of remaining voltage-dependent components when
when bias voltage is −0.4 V. (b) Y-parameters of remaining voltage-dependent components bias voltage is 0.1 V. (c) Measured Ij as
a function of applied voltage and best ft curve of measured data. (d) Measured Cj as a function of applied voltage and best ft curve of
measured data.

CP = 0.2 pF
Cj _ Q

LP = 1.5 nH Rs = 6.5 Ω
Rj

Figure 10: Te fnal equivalent circuit model of HSMS-282b diode.

Figure 11: Photograph of the DC combiner circuit comprising four parallel rectifer circuits.

Te value of the rectifying circuit load must be optimized in series, and the load value is R/m when m-th rectifying
since it will afect the overall conversion efciency. As- circuits are in parallel. Terefore, the ultimately optimized
suming that the load value is R when the conversion ef- load value is n · R/m in hybrid circuits. Figure 11 shows
ciency of a single rectifying circuit reaches the maximum, a photograph of the DC combiner circuit comprising four
then the load value is n · R when n-th rectifying circuits are parallel rectifying circuits.
8 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Figure 12: Te designed MWPT system.

Figure 13: Back view of the receiving during testing antenna.

DC supply
DC out

Transsimit Transsimit Receiving Diode DC

Free space
Source Antenna Antenna Rectifier Combiner
Transsimission
(η s) (2.4 m*2.4 m) (2.4 m*2.4 m) (η rect) (η Pc)

DC-to-RF RF transmission RF-to-DC

Figure 14: Te efciency confguration of the designed WPT system.

3. MWPT System Measurement as 3500/214 Ω � 16.4 Ω. Te key factors afecting the con-
version efciency are: the DC-RF conversion efciency (ηs ),
Te experimental verifcation of the designed MWPT system the transmission efciency (ηtr ), the rectifying efciency
is mainly aimed to illustrate the key factors which afect the (ηrect ), and the DC combing efciency (ηpc ). Teir values are
WPT conversion efciency. Te WPT system is placed in an 59.3%, 46.8%, 77.2%, and 90%, respectively, according to the
anechoic chamber, with the purpose of avoiding the elec- measurement results. Figure 14 shows the efciency con-
tromagnetic interference. In order to reduce the trans- fguration of the designed WPT system, and the overall
mission loss as much as possible, the connection path conversion efciency can be obtained by (15) based on the
between the microwave transmitter and the transmitting efciency of each component:
antenna is short. Figure 12 shows a photo of the designed
MWPT system during testing, the transmitting distance is η � ηs · ηtr · ηrect · ηpc � 59.3% · 46.8% · 77.2% · 90% � 20%.
11 m. Figure 13 shows the back view of the receiving an- (15)
tenna. All the rectifying circuits, as well as the 214 RF ports,
have been tested individually by means of a power sensor, During measurements, the infuence of the DC load on
and the total RF output power is 24.3 W.Based on the above the overall conversion efciency has been investigated, and
analysis, the RF-DC conversion efciency is strictly related the results are shown in Figure 15. Te plot indicates that the
to the load resistance. In the proposed design, 214 rectifying maximum efciency can reach 20% when the DC load is
circuits are connected in parallel, so the DC load is estimated 16 Ω. In this condition, the measured DC output voltage is
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 9

21

20

Efficiency (%)
19

18

17
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Rload (Ω)
Figure 15: Te DC-to-DC conversion efciency as a function of the load resistance.

Table 2: Comparison of the proposed MWPT design with other designs reported in literature.
RF-DC efciency
Ref. no Frequency (GHz) Polarization Distance DC-DC efciency
(%)
[9] 5.8 Circular 0.55 m 66.5 Not given
[10] 5.8 Linear 10λ 33.2 Not given
[11] 2.45 Linear 1m 5.01 Not given
[15] 5.8 Insensitive 0.8 m 66 Not given
[16] 5.8 Circular 1m 76.5 Not given
Tis work 2.45 Linear 11 m 77.2 20%

16.6 V. Table 2 summarizes the conversion efciency achieved Acknowledgments

in the present work with that by other reported designs. Te
results show that the measured RF-DC and DC-DC con- Tis work was supported by the Pre-Research Project of
version efciencies can reach 37.5% and 20%, respectively, at Civil Aerospace Technology of China (D040202).
a given distance of 11 m. Te RF-DC conversion efciency is
higher than that reported in References [10, 11]; lower than References
that reported in Reference [9], but in that work the trans-
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