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8. Life Table

Life table to help understand population geography amd it's aspect

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17 views

8. Life Table

Life table to help understand population geography amd it's aspect

Uploaded by

adityasinghibadat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Life Table

Dr. Rambooshan Tiwari


Assistant Professor
Department of Geography
Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Amarkantak
Email: [email protected]
Contact: 9424322063
Life Table
• In demography, a life table (also called a mortality
table or actuarial table) is a table which shows, for each age,
what the probability is that a person of that age will die before
their next birthday ("probability of death").
• In other words, it represents the survivorship of people from a
certain population.
• They can also be explained as a long-term mathematical way to
measure a population's longevity.
• The First Life Tables have been created by demographers John
Graunt, and Modern Life Table is devised by Alfred J. Lotka.
• In mortality analysis life table is the most power full tool use by
the demographer.

• The life table is life history of a hypothetical group or cohort of


people which over a period of time gradually decrease in size
because of the death of its member till all its member have died.

• The record begin at the birth of each member and continuous until
all member have died.

• A life table is a table which shows, for a person at each age, what
the probability is that they die before their next birthday.
❑ From this starting point, a number of statistics can be derived
and thus also included in the table is:

i. the probability of surviving in any particular year of age

ii. the remaining life expectancy for people at different ages

iii. the proportion of the original birth cohort still alive.

# Life tables are usually constructed separately for men and for
women because of their substantially different mortality rates.

# Life tables are also used in biology.


Types of Life Tables
1. Current (Period) Life Table:
• The period life table represents mortality rates during a specific
time period of a certain population.
• It is based on mortality experience of community for a short
period of time such as one year three year or an inter-censal
period during which the mortality of a community has no changed
substantially.
• The current life table does not depict the mortality experience of
an actual cohort.
• It assume a hypothetical cohort which is experiencing the age
specific death rate observed during the particular time.
2. Cohort Life Table
➢ It is based of mortality experience of birth cohort person born during
one particular year.
➢ This life table would observe the mortality experience of that particular
birth cohort from its beginning till the death of all the cohort member.
➢ A cohort life table, often referred to as a generation life table, is used
to represent the overall mortality rates of a certain population's entire
lifetime.
➢ They must have had to be born during the same specific time interval.
A cohort life table is more frequently used because it is able to make a
prediction of any expected changes in mortality rates of a population in
the future.
3. Abridged life table :- Based on the data according
to age interval .

4. Complete life table:- Life table which study


mortality experience for every single year of age .
A life table is based on the following assumptions:

1. A hypothetical cohort of life table usually comprises of 1,000 or


10,000 or 1,00,000 births.

2. The deaths are equally distributed throughout the year.

3. The cohort of people diminish gradually by death only.

4. The cohort is closed to the in-migration and out-migration.

5. The death rate is related to a pre-determined age specific death rate.

6. The cohort of persons die at a fixed age which does not change.

7. There is no change in death rates overtime.

8. The cohort of life tables are generally constructed separately for


males and females.
Columns of Life Tables
➢ Generally a life table contains 8 columns.
X to Nqx nPx Lx Ndx Nlx Tx ex
X+n
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
1. X to X+n: Age or Age Interval

➢ If the age at birth is x then the age at five year is x + 5.

➢ Generally a life table contain age interval of 5 year but age

interval of 1st row is may be 0-1 and second row is 1-5 years.

➢ This is because ASDR is quite different in those group than 5

year age interval area presented in each row.

➢ The last column present highest age interval as all person

above contain age are include in it .


2. nqx: Proportion and probability of dying between exact ages X and X+n
• This is the most important column as all other columns are based on it.

• The proportion of the population in each age interval that are alive at the
beginning of the interval, and dead before reaching the end of the interval.

• In the constructing the life table the column nqx calculated first .
• nq x = death during the year of person aged X at start of year
• population aged X at start of the year
• Note that the denominator is the number alive at the beginning of the year.

• In this column nq0 is the true infant mortality rate.

• The figure of last open ended age group will always be 1.0 as everyone alive

at the start of the interval dies during it.


3. nPx : This is the probability of surviving between
exact ages X and X+n.

• It just a component of nqx as

nq x + np x =1
Or

np x = 1 - nq x
4. lx: This nation represent the number of person that
has reached the beginning of particular age interval
• This is the number of person alive at exact age X.
• It is different from the function discussed so far in that
it refer to an exact age rather than to age interval.
• l0 (L0) is an arbitrary so called radix is thus the non
remaining alive at age x out of the original l0
• # thus lx+n = lx * npx
• In words each subsequent value of lx+n is the product
of previous lx multiply by npx of same age.
5. ndx= this is the number of person died between
exact ages X and X+n.
• It is just a difference between two lxs
• Algebrically.
• ndx = lx – lx+n
• Note: That is the last open ended age group the no of person
dying is the same as the no alive at its start.
• ndx = lx
• ndx can also be calculated directly using the formula :
• ndx = nqx * lx
6. nlx = Number of person years lived between exact age X and X+n

➢ Each person who is surviving through the age interval contribute X+n

person years while those who dying during the interval contribute only

n.

➢ Than very simple formula can be used to calculate nlx is

nlx = n ( lx + lx+n)/2

• Where n denotes to age interval .


• There is a problem with the last open ended age group
is that is necessary to make an additional assumption
about how many more years on average those alive at
the begging of the age interval.
• There are several ways of doing this and the method is
not crucial because relatively few person are lived in
the interval; of course if the old age are the particular
interest then more case has to be taken.
• the usual method involves the age specific death rate in
open ended interval.
7. Tx: this is the total number of person-year lived

after exact age x.

➢It is thus simply nlx column cumulated from the


bottom.

➢ The main purpose of this function is the


calculation of the next column the expectation of
life.
8. ex = This is the expectation of life at exact age x or

the average no of years a person aged x has to live.

➢ Since the total number of years left to be lived by lx

people in Tx the expectation of life is just one divided

by the other .

ex = Tx/lx
1 X to Age or Age Interval Given
X+n
2 nqx Proportion and probability of dying between exact ages X and Given
X+n

3 nPx This is the probability of surviving between exact ages X and


X+n. 1-nqx

4 lx This nation represent the number of person that has reached lx+n = lx * npx
the beginning of particular age interval

5 ndx this is the number of person died between exact ages X and n dx = lx – lx+n
X+n.

6 n lx Number of person years lived between exact age X and X+n nlx = n ( lx +
lx+n)/2
7 Tx this is the total number of person-year lived after exact age x. Sum of nlx from
bottom
8 ex This is the expectation of life at exact age x or the average no
of years a person aged x has to live.
ex = Tx/lx
Read More

➢Model Life Tables

➢ Life Tables of Different Countries

➢ Actual Calculation of Eight Columns

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