Learning Outcomes

3 4
2
1 Describe the Identify uses of
Discuss the
Differentiate differences magnetic stripe
benefits and
between storage between storage cards, smart
uses of cloud
and memory concept, devices cards, and RFID
storage
and applications tags
4.1 Defining Storage
4.1.1 Introduction

• Storage- holds data, instructions, and

information for future use

• Secondary storage – physical material for

computers to store data, instructions and
information.

• Storage device – designed to store data and

instructions permanently and for future
retrieval

Figure 4.1 Secondary Storage Devices Options

4.1 Defining Storage
4.1.2 Storage Application and Concepts

• Store budgets, bank statements, inventory, homework assignments, recipes,

invoices, presentations, product catalogs.

Hardware that
records and
Reading retrieves items
Writing
Process of transferring to and from Process of transferring
items from storage storage media items from memory
media to memory to storage media

Functions as source Creates output

of input
4.2 Storage Capacity
• Capacity= number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold

Figure 4.2 Terms Used to Define Storage

4.3 Storage Requirements for Various Users

Home user Small Office/Home Office Mobile

• 500 GB hard disk user • 250 GB hard disk
• Cloud storage • 1 TB hard disk • Cloud storage
• Optical disc drive • Cloud storage • Optical disc drive
• Card reader/writer • Optical disc drive • Card reader/writer
• USB flash drive • External hard disk for • Portable hard disk for
backup backup
• USB flash drive • USB flash drive
4.4 Storage versus Memory
4.4.1 Volatile and Non-volatile

• Nonvolatile
• Remain intact when power is off
• Example, storage medium
• Volatile
• Holds data temporarily
• Example, most memory

Figure 4.3 Volatile versus Non-volatile

4.4 Storage versus Memory
4.4.2 Classification of Secondary Storage
Secondary
Storage
Devices

Sequential Direct
Access Access
Device Devices

Memory
Magnetic Magnetic Optical
Storage
Tape Disks Disks
Devices

Floppy Hard CD- WORM Flash Memory

CD-RW DVD
Disks Disks ROM (CD-R) Drive Card

Disk
Zip Disk
Pack
4.4 Storage versus Memory
4.4.3 Classification of Memory

Memory

Primary Secondary Cache Memory/ Virtual

Registers
Memory Memory Memory

Random Access Read Only

Memory Memory

Static Dynamic PROM EPROM EEPROM

4.4 Storage versus Memory
4.4.4 Storage Access Times

faster Transfer rates Stores …

transfer
rates Primary Storage
Memory (most RAM) Items waiting to be interpreted
• Time it takes for storage and executed by the processor
device to locate item on
storage medium Secondary Storage
Hard Disk Operating system, application
software, user data and information
• Time required to deliver Flash Memory Cards Digital pictures or files
and USB Flash Drives to be transported
item from memory to
processor CDs and DVDs Software, backups, movies, music
Tape Backups
slower
transfer Floppy Disk Small files to be transported
rates
Figure 4.4 Access Time between Primary Storage and
Secondary Storage
4.5 Hard Disk
4.5.1 Characteristics

• Also known as hard disk drive (HDD)

• Contains one or more inflexible, circular
platters, enclosed in an airtight, sealed
case
• Mounted inside system unit (internal hard
Figure 4.5 Internal Hard Disk disk)
• External hard disk – separate hard disk
with USB
• Removable hard disk –insert and remove
from a drive.
Figure 4.6 External and Removable Hard Disk
4.5 Hard Disk
4.5.2 Head Crash
• Causes of crash
✓ Close clearance between read/write
head and hard disk platter
✓ Dust, dirt, hair, smoke
✓ Old, word-out parts
✓ Hardware overheating
✓ Corrupted files
✓ Power surge
Figure 4.7 Hard disk read/write head and disk platter • Warning signs/symptoms to observe
• Slow computer, frequent freezes, blue
screen
• Strange sounds
4.5 Hard Disk
4.5.3 Restoring Deleted Files or Erased Media
• Files may not be deleted, rather the path or direct access to it is lost

What do to?
➢ Do not save files/ install software on the disk
➢ Do not shut down the computer
➢ Restore if removed to recycle bin

Road to recovery….
✓ Download and save a freeware on other storage medium
✓ Application of commercial data recovery
4.6 Cloud Storage
4.6.1 Introduction

• Internet service providing storage to

computer or mobile device users
• Data deposit model
• Available for home and business users
Cloud Storage Providers
✓ Amazon Cloud Drive, Apple iCloud, Box,
Dropbox, Google Drive,SkyDrive
Types of Cloud Storage Services
✓ Public, Private, Hybrid, Community
What can we do with Cloud Storage?
▪ Synchronize files, write documents, back up,
entertainment-related
Figure 4.8 Cloud Storage Providers
4.6 Cloud Storage
4.6.2 Evaluating Providers and Related Issues

Evaluating Cloud Providers

▪ Compare features (amount of storage,
cost to purchase, maximum file size)
▪ Read privacy policy

Issues with Cloud Storage

▪ Data theft
▪ Data ownership
▪ Backup Plan
▪ Permanent Digital Content
Figure 4.8 Cloud Storage Providers
4.7 Other Types of Storage
4.7.1 Magnetic Stripe Cards, Smart Cards, RFID tags

• Magnetic Stripe Cards

• Smart Cards
• Microfilm and microfiche
• RFID tags

Figure 4.12 RFID reader reads radio signals from an RFID tag

Figure 4.10 Contactless and Contact Smart Card

Figure 4.11 Microfilm and Microfilm Reader
Figure 4.9 Magnetic Stripe Card
4.8 NAS and SAN
• Network Access Storage
(NAS)
• Server placed on a network
• Also known as storage
appliance with its own IP
address
• Storage Area Network
(SAN)
• High-speed network
providing storage to other
attached servers
Figure
Figure 4.14 4.15attached
Network Storage storage
Area Network
connects on a network
• Connect networks and other
servers that are miles away
Summary
✓ Secondary storage is a storage device that has been designed to store data
and instructions in a permanent form.
✓ Categories of secondary storage can be divided into sequential access
(tapes) and direct access (disc).
✓ Storage capacity is the number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can
hold while storage access time refers to speed of storage devices and
memory
✓ Cloud storage allows users to back up their computer, synchronize files,
share documents but users must also observe the issues relating to its use.
✓ Other storage types available includes magnetic stripe cards, smart cards,
RFID tags, microfilm and microfiche.