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Getting Started with

Open Source

Technologies

Applying Open Source

Technologies with Projects

and Real Use Cases

Sachin Rathee

Amol Chobe

Getting Started with Open Source Technologies: Applying


Open Source

Technologies with Projects and Real Use Cases

Sachin Rathee

Amol Chobe

Florida, FL, USA

New Jersey, NJ, USA

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-8126-0

ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-8127-7

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source- code.

Printed on acid-free paper

My creative daughter, Smera, who makes me feel loved

My kind-hearted son, Niam, who inspires me to be generous

My beautiful wife, Nupur, who makes me


whole with her smiles

My commando dad, who makes me proud

with his achievements

My loving mom, who encourages me in everything I do

My amazing big brother, Nishant, who always cares for me

—Sachin

My mom, dad, and big bro

for helping me believe that anything is possible

My wife, Anagha,

and my children, Aditi and Atharva,

for their endless love and support

—Amol

Table of Contents

About the Authors


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������������xi About the Technical
Reviewer
�������������������������������
����������������������������xiii
Introduction
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������������������xv Chapter
1: Open Source: How We Got Here
�������������������������������
������������1

Free Software Foundation


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������������2

The Linux Era


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������3

The Cathedral and Bazaar Approaches


�������������������������������
�����������������������������5

The Open Source Initiative


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����������������������6

The Open Source Definition


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
���������������8

FSF and OSI Comparisons


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������������9

Open Source and Closed Source


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������9
Other Varieties of Software
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������12

The Open Source Software Community Development


Process���������������������������13

The Current State of


Affairs����������������������������
�������������������������������
����������������������15

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������16

References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������17

Chapter 2: Open Source and Open Standards


�������������������������������
������19

Open Standards
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����19

Building Standards
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�20

Open Source with Open Standards


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������22

Standards in Practice
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����������������������������24

Table of ConTenTs

Standards in Communications Industry


�������������������������������
�������������������������24

Standards in Automotive Industry


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
���28

Standards in Financial Industry


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������32

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������33
References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������34

Chapter 3: Open Source Licenses


�������������������������������
������������������������37

Trusted Open Source Licenses


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������37

Licensing Options
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
���38

Choosing the Appropriate License for Your Work


�������������������������������
�����������������40

The Apache License


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������41

The Berkeley Software Distribution License (BSD License)


��������������������������42

The GNU General Public License


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����43
The MIT License
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������������������������46

The Mozilla Public License


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������47

The Eclipse Public License


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������48

License Proliferation
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������������������49

Profiting from Open Source


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������51

Product Contributions
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����������������������51

Building an Ecosystem
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������������52

Business Strategies
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������52

Product Services
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������������������53

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������54

References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������54

vi

Table of ConTenTs

Chapter 4: Securing Open Systems


�������������������������������
���������������������57

Security in the Software Development Life Cycle


�������������������������������
����������������57

Planning and Requirements


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������58
Design and Architecture
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������������59

Implementation
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������5
9

Verification
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������60

Release
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������60

Processes and Tools


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������������������61

Open Source Vulnerability Management


�������������������������������
������������������������������62

Policies and Compliance


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������������65
Security Organizations
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������������������67

The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)


�������������������������������
�����67

The Open Source Security Foundation


�������������������������������
���������������������������69

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������71

References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������71

Chapter 5: Open Source in Infrastructure


�������������������������������
������������75

Physical Infrastructure Components


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����76

Provisioning Systems
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����������������������79

Virtual Infrastructure Components


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������80

Virtualization Stack
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������������������81

Software-Defined Networking
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������87

Open Virtual Network


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������������88

Software-Defined Storage
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������������90

Ceph
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������90

Cloud Computing
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����91

OpenStack
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������92

Kubernetes
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������94

vii

Table of ConTenTs

Management and Orchestration


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������95

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������96

References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������97
Chapter 6: Open Source Software for Emerging Technologies
�����������99

What Are AI, ML, DL, and IoT?


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
���������������99

Artificial Intelligence Implementation


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�103

AI Engine Framework and Tooling


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������106

Hardware for AI/ML/IoT Workloads


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����112

How Businesses Use AI, ML, and IoT


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
���115

AI, ML, and IoT Use Cases


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������116

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������121

References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����122

Chapter 7: Open Source Technology in Industry


�������������������������������1
25

Aerospace
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������125

Agriculture
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������127

Automotive
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������129

Energy
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������������130
Gaming
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������132

Healthcare
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������133

Manufacturing
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������135

Telecom
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����������������137

Cross-Industry Initiatives
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������������141

Edge�����������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������������142

Blockchain
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������143

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������144

References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����145

viii

Table of ConTenTs

Chapter 8: Open Source Growth and Trends


�������������������������������
������149

Popular Open Source Projects


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������155

Popular Users
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������158

Language Statistics
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����������������������������160

Emerging Domains in Open source


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����163

Cryptocurrency
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������������������������163

Machine Learning
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������������������������164

Gaming
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������165

COVID-19
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
��������166

Commercial Organization’s Active Contribution


�������������������������������
�����������167

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������168

References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����169

Chapter 9: The Path Forward


�������������������������������
�����������������������������171

Open Source in Education


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������173

Curriculum
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������174

Software Tools
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������1
75

Industry Programs
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������176

Initiating Open Source Projects


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������177

Getting Involved in Open Source with Enterprises


�������������������������������
�������������179

Upcoming Innovations
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������180

Web
3�0�����������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������181

Metaverse
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������181

Multiexperience
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������������������181

Quantum Computing
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����������������������182

Decentralized Finance
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������183

ix

Table of ConTenTs

NFT (Non-Fungible Token)


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������183

Named Data Networking


�������������������������������
�������������������������������
���������������183

Conclusion
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������184

References
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�����184

Index
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
����187

x
About the Authors

Sachin Rathee is a technologist and business

executive with extensive experience in multiple

facets of the software industry. Sachin has led


many transformational projects using open

source technologies for various enterprises.

He is a strong proponent of open source

and presented its value at multiple global

conferences. Most recently, Sachin has led

the realization of 5G and edge computing

use cases in cloud-native environments. He

has a bachelor’s degree in engineering and a

master’s degree in business. Administration.

Amol Chobe is a solutions architect leader

with more than 20 years of experience

across numerous industries such as

telecommunications and finance. He

specializes in driving technology-based

solutions into business-valued solutions based

on customer needs and goals.

Amol has been a big advocate of the open

source community and has given several

presentations worldwide focusing on various

open source projects. Lately, he has been


working on cloud economics for hybrid and multi-clouds . He has a

master’s degree in computer engineering.

xi

About the Technical Reviewer

Markus is a Java Champion, former Java EE

Expert Group member, founder of JavaLand,

reputed speaker at Java conferences around

the world, and a very well-known figure in the

Enterprise Java world. With more than 16 years

of professional experience in the industry,

he designed and developed large Enterprise-

grade applications for Fortune 500 companies.


As an experienced team lead and architect,

he helped implement some of the largest

integration projects in automotive, finance,

and insurance companies. You can connect to him on LinkedIn at


www.

linkedin.com/in/markuseisele/or follow him on Twitter at https://

twitter.com/myfear.

xiii

Introduction

Welcome to Getting Started with Open Source Technologies: Applying


Open

Source Technologies with Projects and Real Use Cases. If you are
looking

to understand what open source is, how open source operates, which

industries are actively involved in open source, and open source


security

aspects, this is the right book for you.

Who Should Read This Book

This book is most suited for enterprises (developers/operators/

management) and students who want to get a 360-degree view of


open

source no matter how early or advanced they are in their adoption of


any
open source technology.

This book is based on real-world projects and use cases to help you

understand the open source ecosystem better.

What Is Covered in the Book

This book has nine chapters. Each chapter progressively builds on the

previous ones such that the readers get a good understanding of how

various aspects of open source interrelate.

• Chapter 1 describes how the concept of open source started with


the Free Software Foundation and Open

Source Initiative. This chapter describes the open

source community development process and discusses

its current state.

xv

InTroduCTIon

• Chapter 2 delves into comparisons between the terms open source


and open standards and how

they interoperate. The chapter also discusses their

interdependence with several examples.

• Chapter 3 goes into licensing terminology and explains the


importance of various popular open source

licenses. It also helps understand how to profit from


open source and lists important open source projects

for the licenses covered.

• Chapter 4 is about securing open systems. It covers security in the


software development life cycle in the

context of open source and how to handle vulnerability

management. It also gives insights into policies and

compliance and then goes over different security

organizations.

• Chapter 5 explains infrastructure requirements for IT components,


including computing, networks,

and storage. It also lists various open source projects

specific to these components.

• Chapter 6 covers basic concepts of emerging technologies like


artificial intelligence, machine

learning, and the Internet of Things and their use cases

across industries. It explains these technologies using

various open source projects and tools.

• Chapter 7 deals with the use of open source technologies in various


industries. While doing so, it

lists some of the most popular projects used today.

Industries covered include aerospace, agriculture,

automotive, energy, gaming, healthcare, manufacturing,


telecom, and various cross-industry initiatives.

xvi

InTroduCTIon

• Chapter 8 examines various trends in the open source world using


information from GitHub. It gives a view

of the most popular licenses, projects, programming

languages, and contributors.

• Chapter 9 is the book’s final chapter, which talks about the path
forward for open source technologies. This

chapter looks at what it takes to build a better and

sustainable path for open source and discusses school

curricula, tools, and industry programs. This chapter

concludes by looking at current industry trends and

upcoming innovations where open source technologies

can help.

xvii

CHAPTER 1

Open Source: How

We Got Here

In today’s world, open source technology is considered the backbone


of
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
160 Aristea major Spike-flowered G. H. Herb. July.
Aristea
161 Hermannia Powdered G. H. Shrub. April.
pulverata Hermannia
162 Verbascum Rusty-flowered H. H. Herb. April.
ferrugineum Mullein
163 Amaryllis Fothergillian Lily- H. H. Bulb. May.
Fothergillia Daffodil
164 Galaxia grandiflora Large-flowered G. H. Bulb. February.
Galaxia
165 Echium Sea-green-leaved G. H. Shrub. May.
glaucophyllum Viper’s-Bugloss
166 Gladiolus Shortened-petalled G. H. Bulb. March.
abreviatus Gladiolus
167 Brunsfelsia Waved-flowered H. H. Shrub. March.
undulata Brunsfelsia
168 Geranium pictum Painted-flowered G. H. Shrub. April.
Geranium
169 Crinum giganteum Gigantic Asphodell- H. H. Bulb. August.
Lily
170 Ixia Bulbocodium Crocus-leaved Ixia. G. H. Bulb. March.
Var. fl. Var. most beautiful
speciosissimo flower
171 Hypoxis linearis Linear-leaved G. H. Bulb. March.
Hypoxis
172 Anemone palmata Cyclamen-leaved Har. Herb. May.
Portugal Anemone
173 Geranium roseum Rosy Geranium H. H. Shrub. March.
174 Antholyza tubulosa Tubular Antholyza G. H. Bulb. June.
175 Melaleuca Heath-leaved G. H. Shrub. July.
ericæfolia Melaleuca
176 Cratæva Caper-like Cratæva H. H. Shrub. June.
Capparoides
177 Ixia punctata Dotted-flowered G. H. Bulb. May.
Ixia
178 Ferraria pavonia Mexican Ferraria H. H. Bulb. July.
179 Amaryllis reticulata Netted-flowered H. H. Bulb. May.
Lily-Daffodil
180 Atragene austriaca Austrian Atragene Har. Herb. May.
181 Vaccinium virgatum Green-twigged Har. Shrub. June.
Whortle-berry
182 Malva divaricata Straddling-branched G. H. Shrub. June.
Mallow
183 Gardenia tubiflora Tube-flowered H. H. Shrub. July.
Gardenia
184 Pergularia minor Smaller West-Coast H. H. Shrub. August.
Creeper
185 Pergularia Sweet Pergularia, or H. H. Shrub. August.
odoratissima Chinese Creeper
186 Ixia speciosa Deep Crimson Ixia G. H. Bulb. May.
187 Echites suberecta Oval-leaved Echites H. H. Shrub. May.
188 Gladiolus Bell-flowered G. H. Bulb. May.
campanulatus Gladiolus
189 Zinnia verticillata Double Zinnia Har. Ann. August.
190 Geranium Astragalus-leaved H. H. Shrub. July.
astragalifolium Geranium
191 Platylobium Scolopendra-like- G. H. Shrub. May.
scolopendrum stemmed
Platylobium
192 Antholyza fulgens Refulgent-flowered G. H. Bulb. May.
Antholyza
193 Geranium lineare Linear-petalled H. H. Shrub. July.
Geranium
194 Hemerocallis alba White Day-Lily G. H. Herb. August.
195 Hypoxis obliqua Oblique-leaved G. H. Herb. June.
Hypoxis
196 Ixia maculata Spotted-flowered G. H. Bulb. May.
Ixia
197 Nymphæa cærulea Blue Water-Lily G. H. Aqua. July.
198 Bauera rubioides Three-leaved Bauera G. H. Shrub. August.
199 Camellia japonica. Double Red G. H. Shrub. January.
Var. fl. rub. pleno Camellia
200 Melaleuca St. John’s-wort- G. H. Shrub. September.
hypericifolia leaved Melaleuca
201 Aizoon canariense Purslane-leaved H. H. Herb. July.
Aizoon
202 Samyda serrulata Sawed-leaved H. H. Shrub. July.
Samyda
203 Ixia columnaris Columnar-chived G. H. Bulb. June.
Ixia
204 Geranium Ragged-leaved H. H. Shrub. June.
laciniatum. Var. flo. Geranium. Purp. fl.
purp. Var.
205 Platylobium Lance-shaped- G. H. Shrub. November.
lanceolatum leaved Flat-Pea
206 Dracæna borealis Oval-leaved Har. Herb. July.
Dracæna
207 Mimosa longifolia Long-leaved G. H. Shrub. March.
Mimosa
208 Lasiopetalum Rusty Woolly- G. H. Shrub. March.
ferrugineum blossom
209 Geranium Black-flowered H. H. Shrub. June.
melananthum Geranium
210 Antholyza Broad-leaved G. H. Bulb. July.
Æthiopica Antholyza
211 Ixia columnaris. Columnar-chived G. H. Bulb. June.
Var. versicolor Ixia. Changeable fl.
Var.
212 Pogonia debilis Twining Pogonia G. H. Shrub. September.
213 Ixia columnaris. Columnar-chived G. H. Bulb. June.
Var. latifolia Ixia. Broad-leaved
Var.
214 Westeringia Rosemary-like G. H. Shrub. September.
rosmarinacea Westeringia
215 Embothryum Willow-like G. H. Shrub. May.
salignum Embothryum
216 Epidendrum sinense Chinese H. H. Shrub. September.
Epidendrum
ERRATA.
Plate 153, Order, dele polygamia.
163, Sp. Ch. lin. 2, genetalibus, lege, genitalibus.
171, Sp. Ch. lin. 2, longiore, lege, longior.
175, Sp. Ch. lin. 2, enerviis, lege, enervis.
Ref. lin. 1, for, one which, read, one of which.
184, Gen. Ch. Nect. lin. 1, exterium, lege, exterius. Lin. 4, interium,
lege, interius.
188, Sp. Ch. lin. 2, longior, lege, longiore.
189, Sp. Ch. lin. 1, for, without, read, with.
191, Gen. Ch. Stam. lin. 3, assurentia, lege, assurgentia.
197, Gen. Ch. Corol. lin. 1, quindecem, lege, quindecim.
200, Sp. Ch. lin. 2, uninerviis, lege, uninervis.
202, Gen. Ch. Stam. lin. 2, octodecem, lege, octodecim.
206, Order, for Pointals, read, Pointal. Gen. Ch. Pist. lin. 2,
staminium, lege, staminum.
207, Sp. Ch. lin. 1, post, integris, ins. (,)
210, Sp. Ch. lin. 2, corolla, lege, corollæ.
INDEX

TO THE PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOL. IV.


Plate 217 Passiflora Apple-fruited H. H. Shrub. July.
maliformis Passion-flower
218 Embothrium Box-leaved G. H. Shrub. September.
buxifolium Embothrium
219 Gladiolus Spear-spotted G. H. Bulb. May.
cuspidatus, Var. Gladiolus, V. with
petalis crispis crisped petals
220 Massonia scabra Rough-leaved G. H. Bulb. March.
Massonia
221 Wurmbea capensis, Cape Wurmbea, Var. G. H. Bulb. May.
Var. β 2
222 Geranium radiatum Rayed-leaved G. H. Herb. July.
Geranium
223 Clusia flava Yellow-flowered H. H. Shrub. September.
Balsam-tree
224 Geranium reflexum Reflexed-leaved G. H. Herb. July.
Geranium
225 Gnidia Opposite-leaved G. H. Shrub. April.
oppositifolia Gnidia
226 Magnolia pumila Dwarf Magnolia G. H. Shrub. September.
227 Gladiolus ringens, Gaping Gladiolus, G. H. Bulb. May.
Var. multiflorus many flowered Var.
228 Hibiscus mutabilis, Changeable-rose H. H. Shrub. November.
Var. flore pleno Hibiscus, Double-
flow. Var.
229 Magnolia fuscata Brown-stemed G. H. Shrub. April.
Magnolia
230 Dodonæa triquetra Three-sided G. H. Shrub. March.
Dodonæa
231 Cerbera Ahouai Oval-leaved Cerbera H. H. Shrub. July.
232 Ixia capitata, Var. Bunch-flowering G. H. Bulb. May.
stellata Ixia, Star-flowered
Var.
233 Melanthium viride Green-flowered G. H. Bulb. July.
Melanthium
234 Protea spicata Spike-flowered G. H. Shrub. May.
Protea
235 Mimosa discolor Two-coloured-leaved G. H. Shrub. September.
Mimosa
236 Hypoxis stellata, Star-flowered G. H. Bulb. April.
Var. flore albo Hypoxis, White
Variety
237 Cytisus tomentosus Down-leaved G. H. Shrub. August.
Cytisus
238 Roëlla decurrens Decurrent-leaved G. H. Ann. August.
Roella
239 Geranium selinum Rock-parsley-leaved G. H. Herb. June.
Geranium
240 Gladiolus carneus Flesh-coloured G. H. Bulb. May.
Gladiolus
241 Gladiolus Orchis-like-flowered G. H. Bulb. March.
orchidiflorus Gladiolus
242 Xeranthemum Bundled-leaved G. H. Shrub. May.
fasciculatum Everlasting-flower
243 Protea lagopus Woolly-leaved G. H. Shrub. June.
Protea
244 Hemerocallis Grass-leaved Day- Har. Herb. June.
graminea Lily
245 Ixia pusilla Dwarf-blue Ixia G. H. Bulb. April.
246 Geranium Fleshy-leaved G. H. Herb. July.
incrassatum Geranium
247 Geranium ciliatum Fringed-leaved G. H. Herb. July.
Geranium
248 Protea umbellata Umbellated Protea G. H. Shrub. August.
249 Pitcairnia Sulphur-coloured H. H. Herb. April.
sulphurea Pitcairnia
250 Ixia columnaris, Columnar-chived G. H. Bulb. June.
Var. grandiflora Ixia, Large-flowered
Var.
251 Lachenalia Sweet violet- G. H. Bulb. April.
purpureo-cærulea coloured Lachenalia
252 Hebenstreitia aurea Golden-flowered G. H. Shrub. August.
Hebenstreitia
253 Talinum patens Panicled Purslane H. H. Ann. August.
254 Geranium Procumbent G. H. Shrub. May.
procumbens Geranium
255 Moræa Northiana Northian Moræa H. H. Herb. July.
256 Ixia maculata, Var. Spotted-flowered G. H. Bulb. June.
minor, flo. Ixia, Small Var. purp.
purpureo flo.
257 Falkia repens Creeping Falkia G. H. Herb. August.
258 Banksia præmorsa Bitten-ended-leaved G. H. Shrub. July.
Banksia
259 Geranium pilosum Hairy Geranium G. H. Herb. July.
260 Ornithogalum Sweet-scented Star G. H. Bulb. June.
odoratum of Bethlehem
261 Cameraria latifolia Bastard Mangeneel H. H. Shrub. August.
262 Xeranthemum Spiral-leaved G. H. Shrub. July.
spirale Everlasting-flower
263 Vaccinium Green-wooded Har. Shrub. June.
staminium Whortle-berry
264 Protea glomerata Woolly-headed G. H. Shrub. August.
Protea
265 Cyrtanthus obliqua Oblique-leaved G. H. Bulb. July.
Cyrtanthus
266 Platylobium Oval-leaved Flat-Pea G. H. Shrub. July.
ovatum
267 Jatropha Fiddle-leaved H. H. Shrub. July.
panduræfolia Physic-Nut
268 Gladiolus plicatus Plaited-leaved G. H. Bulb. May.
Gladiolus
269 Geranium Ragged-leaved G. H. Herb. July.
laciniatum, Var. Geranium, Two-
bicolor coloured-flower Var.
270 Protea pulchella Waved-leaved Protea G. H. Shrub. September.
271 Asclepias gigantea Gigantic Swallow- H. H. Shrub. August.
wort
272 Embothrium Narrow-leaved G. H. Shrub. July.
lineare Embothrium
273 Lobelia pinifolia Pine-leaved Lobelia G. H. Shrub. July.
274 Ornithogalum Large White- G. H. Bulb. July.
lacteum flowered Star of
Bethlehem
275 Gladiolus ringens, Gaping-flowered G. H. Bulb. June.
Var. undulatus Gladiolus, Waved-
flowered Var.
276 Monsonia filia Hairy-leaved G. H. Herb. July.
Monsonia
277 Protea speciosa, Smooth-leaved G. H. Shrub. October.
Var. foliis glabris shewy Protea
278 Melaleuca coronata Flax-leaved G. H. Shrub. August.
Melaleuca
279 Xeranthemum Bundle-leaved G. H. Shrub. August.
fasciculatum, Var. Everlasting-flower,
fl. al. White Var.
280 Persoonia latifolia Broad-leaved G. H. Shrub. November.
Persoonia
281 Metrosidera hirsuta Hairy Metrosidera G. H. Shrub. November.
282 Geranium Spatula-leaved G. H. Herb. July.
spathulatum, Var. Geranium, Curled-
curviflo. flo. Var.
283 Pogonia glabra Smooth-leaved G. H. Shrub. March.
Pogonia
284 Chiococca Opposite-leaved H. H. Shrub. July.
racemosa Snowberry-tree
285 Ferraria viridiflora Green-flowered G. H. Bulb. July.
Ferraria
286 Hibiscus Norfolk Island G. H. Shrub. August.
Patersonius Hibiscus
287 Styphelia Small-flowered G. H. Shrub. May.
parviflora Styphelia
288 Protea cynaroides Artichoke-like- G. H. Shrub. January.
flowered Protea
ERRATA.
Plate 217, Passiflora maliformis. For Plate CCVII, put, CCXVII.
218, To No. 1 and 2 of the reference to the plate, add, magnified.
226, Gen. Char. Chives, line 4, for, fixed on side, read, fixed on each
side.
233, For, Order I, read, Order III, for monygynia, read, trigyma, and
for One Pointal, read, Three Pointals. Blossom, after claws put a
comma.
235, English name. For, two coloured leaved, read, two-coloured-
leaved.
243, Char. Spec, line 2, dele (,) post longitudine.
257, Gen. Char. Pist. Pro Germen, lege, Germina.
270, Specific Char, line 3, for flower head, read, flower-head.
276, Gen. Char. Corolla. Post obovata pone comma.
282, Geranium spathulatum, for, Plate CCLXX, put, CCLXXXII.
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