REFORM

AND
REVOLUTIO
N TO
AMERICAN
PERIOD
Lesson 2

Philippine
 Lesson Learning
Outcomes
Trace the political
social and Appreciate the Realize that the
economic issues achievements of problems of today
that help shape Filipino leaders are consequences
the Filipino nation who have played a of decisions and
at the different major role in events that
stages of its building our happened in the
historical nationhood. past.
development.
 ANO ANG MGA
KATANGIAN NG ISANG
MAHUSAY NA LIDER?
 Andres
Bonifacio
 Philippine Revolution
was a significant historical event that occurred in the Philippines
against Spanish colonial rule.

Objective: The main goal of the Beginning: The revolution started in

revolution was to achieve August 1896 under the leadership of
independence for the Philippines figures such as Andres Bonifacio, who
is regarded as the "Father of the
from Spanish rule and to establish a
Philippine Revolution," and Emilio
free nation. Aguinaldo.
• Philippine Revolution: One of the most significant events
in the history of the Philippines.
• Nationalism: It instilled a strong feeling of unity among
Filipinos.
• Katipunan: Founded in 1896, a group of Filipinos seeking
freedom from Spanish rule.
• Outbreak of the Revolution: The struggle began when
Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan.
• End of the Revolution: It concluded in 1902 when Spain
lost control of the Philippines and handed it over to the
United States.
Filipino struggle during
the Spanish period

• Revolts: Filipinos revolted against Spanish

rule several times before the American
Revolution.
• Katipunan: A secret group formed in 1892
by ordinary people seeking change.
• Rizal's Execution: The execution of
national hero Jose Rizal increased the
desire for revolution.
• Revolution Starts: The revolution began in
August 1896, fueled by the fight for
independence from Spain.
JOSE RIZAL'S SIGNIFICANCE IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
• Hero of the Philippines: Jose Rizal is a prominent
hero symbolizing pride and the desire for freedom.
• Education: He received a good education and studied
abroad.
• Return to the Philippines: Rizal returned home with
the goal of improving his people's situation under
Spanish rule.
• Notable Works: His books, Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo , are recognized as significant
literature with social and political impact.
• Propaganda Movement: Rizal and fellow ilustrados
founded the Propaganda Movement in the 1880s to
advocate for reforms in the Philippines.
Propaganda Movement
 Propaganda Movement
• Timeframe: The Propaganda Movement occurred from
1880 to 1886, with peak activity noted between 1880
and 1895.
• Objective: This period was marked by local Filipinos
advocating for necessary changes in governance.
• Origins: The movement was initiated by Filipino
expatriates living in Europe.
 Propaganda Movement
• Important members included:
⚬ José Rizal: Author of Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo.
⚬ Graciano López Jaena: Publisher of La Solidaridad, the
movement's main publication.
⚬ Mariano Ponce: Served as the secretary of the movement.
⚬ Marcelo H. del Pilar: A significant leader within the movement.
• Conflict: Over the following year, Filipinos engaged in a tumultuous
struggle against Spanish authorities.
• Ceasefire: A temporary ceasefire was reached under the impression
that Spain would enact necessary reforms, although they had no
real intention to do so.
THE KATIPUNAN: THE
SECRET
ORGANIZATION THAT
INITIATED THE
REVOLUTION
• Background: After José Rizal's arrest and exile to Dapitan, La
Liga Filipina collapsed.

• Call for Change: A demand for significant change emerged,

supported by Andres Bonifacio.

• Formation: The Katipunan was established when Bonifacio and his

associates learned of Rizal's imprisonment.

• Membership: The secret organization attracted members primarily

from the lower and middle classes, engaging them in armed
resistance against Spanish rule.

• Leadership:
⚬ Andres Bonifacio: Known as the Supremo (Supreme) leader of
the Katipunan.
⚬ Emilio Jacinto: Recognized as the "Brains of the Katipunan,"
providing intellectual guidance and support.
• Purpose: The Katipunan organized and initiated
the Philippine Revolution, meaning
"Association" / “Samahan” in Filipino.
• Founding: Established on July 7, 1892, in Tondo,
Manila, by Andres Bonifacio and a few urban
laborers.
• Full Name: Its complete Tagalog name is
Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang
Manga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most
Venerated Association of the Sons and
Daughters of the Land).
• Blood Oath: Members signed a blood contract,
affirming their commitment by writing their
names in their own blood.
• Primary Goal: The main objective was political
independence for the Philippines, aimed at
secession from Spanish rule.
• Civic Responsibility: Members also engaged in
mutual aid and protection for the poor and
oppressed.
• Rizal's Support: Bonifacio sought full support
from Rizal in exchange for a commitment to help
prepare for the revolution.
 • Discovery of Katipunan: Spanish
authorities arrested many
individuals to identify Katipunan
members after its discovery.
Series of • National Uprising: Bonifacio and
his comrades were planning a
bloody national uprising, leading to the
‘Cry of Pugad Lawin.’
revolts • Symbolic Act: Revolutionaries
tore community tax certificates
(cedulas) as a symbol of their fight
against Spain.
 • Assault on Manila: Bonifacio
developed a strategy to attack
Manila, but the rebels were
unprepared and outmatched by
Series of the Spanish police.
• Initial Failure: Despite the failure
bloody of the initial attack, Bonifacio
continued with his plans for revolt.
revolts • Affected Areas: The uprising
spread to Central Luzon, San Juan
del Monte, and Southern Tagalog
provinces, also known as the
Tagalog War.
 • Cavite Insurgents: Eventually, insurgents
in Cavite achieved victories after several
failed attempts.
• Leadership: The Philippine Revolution
gained momentum under Emilio

Series of Aguinaldo and

(Bonifacio's uncle).
Mariano Alvarez

• Rizal’s Involvement: Rizal’s name was

bloody implicated in the revolt, leading to
suspicions of his membership in a

revolts militant group.

• Death Sentence: Rizal was sentenced to
death by firing squad, charged with
sedition, conspiracy, and insurrection.
THE ARRIVAL OF
THE AMERICANS
AND THE
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
SECOND PHASE OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

• Start of the Second Phase: The

second phase began in April 1898.
• Spanish-American War: The US
entered the Spanish-American War
after a US Navy ship exploded in
Havana port.
• US Victory: Commodore George
Dewey led the US Navy to defeat the
Spanish Navy in Manila, destroying all
their ships quickly.
SECOND PHASE OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
• Aguinaldo's Alliance: Emilio Aguinaldo
developed a friendship with the Americans
and was advised to work with them by a US
consul.
• Bonifacio's Return: After being exiled in
Hong Kong, Bonifacio returned to the
Philippines and continued fighting against
Spanish rule.
• Independence Announcement: Aguinaldo
declared the Philippines independence on
June 12, 1898, and raised the Philippine flag
at his home in Kawit, Cavite.
SECOND PHASE OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

• First Anthem: The Filipino people heard the

Philippine National Anthem, "Lupang
Hinirang," for the first time.
• Treaty of Paris: In December 1898, the
Treaty of Paris was signed, where Spain
gave the Philippines to the United States.
• Continued Control: The Spanish-American
War ended, but true independence was not
achieved as the US took control of the
Philippines.
American control and
events in the Philippines

• American Control: The US exercised a paternalistic

control over the Philippines, following a policy
called 'Benevolent Assimilation.'

• Americanization Efforts: Americans tried to

'Americanize' the Filipinos, but their efforts largely
failed.

• Positive Impact: Despite the failures, American

instructors improved literacy rates among Filipinos.
American control and
events in the Philippines

• Commonwealth Status: The Philippines became a

commonwealth and gained semi-independence in
1935, with Manuel Quezon as the elected President.

• Promise of Independence: In 1945, the US promised

that the Philippines would eventually be fully
independent.

• Japanese Attack: On December 7, 1941, Japan

attacked the US navy at Pearl Harbor.
American control and
events in the Philippines

• Invasion of the Philippines: Japanese soldiers

invaded the Philippines on December 10, 1941, and
captured Manila on January 2, 1942.

• Total Control: By May 6, 1942, the entire Philippines

was under Japanese control.

• American Return: American forces returned to the

Philippines in October 1944.

• Regaining Manila: The US regained control of Manila

in February 1945.
 JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
EVENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
DURING WORLD WAR II
HOUR
 EVENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING
WORLD WAR II
• Retreat to Bataan: While General HOUR
Douglas MacArthur's army retreated to
Bataan, President Quezon's
Commonwealth government moved to
Corregidor Island.
• Open City Declaration: To prevent
more destruction, Manila was declared
an open city.
• Fall of Bataan and Corregidor: Bataan
and Corregidor fell on April 9, 1942.
• Exile of Leaders: In March 1942, MacArthur EVENTS IN THE
and Quezon left the Philippines, and the PHILIPPINES DURING
Commonwealth government went into exile WORLD WAR II
HOUR
in Washington, D.C., at President
Roosevelt's request.
• Surrender: On May 6, 1942, American and
Filipino soldiers surrendered to the
Japanese.
• Guerrilla Warfare: The Philippine and
American armies began guerrilla warfare
against the Japanese, while civilians faced
Japanese military brutality.
• Quezon's Encouragement: Before his exile, EVENTS IN THE
Quezon urged Dr. Jose P. Laurel to lead the PHILIPPINES DURING
Japanese civilian administration to reduce WORLD WAR II
HOUR
cruelty towards Filipinos.
• Laurel's Government: President Laurel and
his wartime government were generally
disliked by Filipinos.
• Return of Leaders: In October 1944,
General MacArthur and President Sergio
Osmeña (who became president after
Quezon died in exile on August 1, 1944)
returned to the Philippines to liberate the
country from Japanese control.