CLASS-10. Science. Our Environment.

The environment includes our physical surroundings like air (or atmosphere), water
bodies, soil (land and all the organisms such as plants, animals, human beings and
micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi (called decomposers). The waste materials
produced by the various activities of man £nd animals are poisonous to some extent
and can be divided into two main groups

1. Biodegradable Wastes: Substances that are broken down by the biological processes
are said to be biodegradable. These substances are decomposed through the actions
of fungi, bacteria, and other living organisms. Temperature and sunlight also play an
important role in the decomposition of biodegradable substances.
For Examples: Food waste, trees leaves, urine and fecal matter, sewage agricultural
residue, paper, wood, cloth, cow-dung etc.

2. Non-Biodegradable Wastes: Substances that are not broken down by biological

processes. These substances may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form. These
substances are inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time or may harm
the various members of the ecosystem.
For Examples: These includes DDT (Di-chloro-di phenyl trichloro ethane-in-pheneyle the
cheoro ethane), insecticides, pesticides, mercury, lead, arsenic aluminum, plastics,
polythene bags, glass, radioactive wastes. These non-biodegradable wastes are major
pollutants of the environment.

Harmful effects of biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Substance

1. The waste destroys the natural beauty and our surroundings become dirty.
2. Decomposition of these wastes results in the production of foul smell,
which spreads to the surrounding areas.
3. These wastes may also block the drains creating pools of waste, which
becomes the breeding sites of mosquitoes. The latter is carriers of
diseases like malaria and dengue.

Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things (plants, animals and

decomposers), and their non-living environment (soil, air and water). For example; a
forest, a pond, a lake, a green land etc.
In an ecosystem, energy and matter are continuously exchanged between living and
non¬living components.
An ecosystem can be both natural or man-made. Some examples of natural
ecosystems are grass land, forest, sea, river, desert, mountain, pond, lake etc.
The desert, grass land and mountains represent the terrestrial ecosystem (land-based
ecosystem).
The ponds, rivers, lakes and sea represent the aquatic ecosystem (water-based
ecosystem). Man-made artificial ecosystems are garden, crop fields, park, aquarium,
etc.

Components of Ecosystem: There are two components of an ecosystem : (i) biotic

component and (ii) abiotic component.
1. Biotic component: It includes three types of organisms :
(a) Producers: All green plants, blue green algae can produce their food (Sugar and
starch) from inorganic substance using light energy (Photosynthesis). Therefore, all
green plants are called producers. They are also called autotrophs.
Planktons are very minute or microscopic organisms freely floating on the surface of
water in a pond, lake, river or ocean. Planktons are of two types : Phytoplanktons and
Zooplanktons.
The microscopic aquatic plants freely floating on the surface of water are called
phytoplanktons.
The microscopic aquatic animals freely floating on water are called zooplanktons. The
freely floating protozoa are an example of zooplankton.

(b) Consumers: They are organisms which consume other organisms or their products
as their food. All animals belong to this category. The consumers depend upon
producers for their food directly or indirectly. They get their food by eating other
organisms or their products. For example, man, goat, deer, fish, lion, cow, buffalo, etc.,
are common consumers.
The consumers can be classified into the following types :

• Herbivores.
• Carnivores.
• Parasite.
• Omnivores.
(c) Decomposers: Fungi and bacteria which break down (decompose) the dead plants,
animals complex compounds into the simpler one. The decomposers help in the
replenishment of natural resources. These are also known as microorganism or
saprotrophs. These are also called reducers.

Importance of Decomposers

• Decomposers help in disposing of the wastes and dead bodies of plants

and animals. Therefore, they clean the environment and create space for a
living of newer generations of organisms.
• The decomposers release minerals and other raw materials trapped in
organic matter. These are picked up by plants. This also helps to maintain
the fertility of soil.
• The decomposers produce some acids which are useful in solubilization of
some minerals.
• Decomposers help in recycling the materials in the biosphere so that, the
process of life may go on and on like an unending chain.

2. Abiotic Components: These are non-living components of an ecosystem. These

include the physical environment.

• Edaphic factors like soil texture, topography, water, and air.

• Inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water,
phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium. These are involved in the
cyclic of materials in the ecosystem.
• Organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These largely
form the living body and link the abiotic and biotic components.

Climatic factors: These are sunlight temperature, pressure humidity, moisture, rainfall,
etc. these factors affect the distribution of the organisms.

Functions of an Ecosystem
 • Ecosystem indicates available solar energy and the efficiency of an
ecosystem to trap the same.
• It gives information about the available essential minerals and their
recycling periods.
• It provides knowledge about the web of interactions and inter-relationship
among the various population as well as between the population and the
abiotic environment.
• It helps human beings to know about conservation of resources, protection
from pollution and inputs required for maximizing productivity.
• In the ecosystem, two processes of energy flow and biogeochemical cycles
(nutrients movement) proceed side by side. The energy flow is
unidirectional while the movement of nutrients is cyclic.

Food Chain: The sequence of living organisms in a community in which one organism
consumes another organism to transfer food energy, is called a food chain.
A food chain is unidirectional where transfer of energy takes place in only one direction.
Examples of Food Chains: Simple food chain operating in a grass land or forest
Grass(Producer) → Deer(Herbivore) → Lion(Carnivore)
In this food chain, grass represent the producers (first tropic level). Grass synthesize
their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Grass is eaten up by deer, which
represents the herbivores or the primary consumers. Deer in turn is consumed by lion,
the carnivores or the secondary consumers.
A food chain in grassland which has four steps is :
Grass(Producers) → Insect(Herbivores) → Frog(Carnivores) → Eagle(Secondary
Carnivore)

Significance of Food Chains

• The study of food chains helps in understanding food relationships and

interactions among the various organisms in an ecosystem. The food
chains, transfer energy and materials between various living components
of an ecosystem.
• The food chains transfer energy and materials between various living
components in an ecosystem or biosphere.
• The food chains give dynamicity to an ecosystem or biosphere.
• The movement of toxic substances like pesticides, weedicides, etc.,
through food chains, can prove very harmful.

Food Web: The inter-connected food chains operating in an ecosystem which establish
a network of relationship between various species, are called a food web.
In a food web, one organism may occupy a position in more than one food chain. An
organism can obtain its food from different sources and in turn, may be eaten up by
different types of organisms.
Trophic Levels: The various steps in the food chain at which the transfer of food (or
energy) takes place is called trophic levels.
There is a gradual decrease in the amount of energy transfer from one trophic level to
the next trophic level in a food chain.

So only 10% of energy is transferred to next trophic level while 90% of energy is used by
present trophic level in its life processes.
The various trophic levels are given below :

• The plant or the producers constitute the first trophic level.

• The herbivores or primary consumers form the second trophic level.
• Carnivores or secondary consumers make up the third trophic level.
• Large carnivores or the tertiary consumers which feed upon the small
carnivores constitute the fourth trophic level.

Flow Open Energy

Energy is used and conveyed from one trophic level to another in a food chain. This is
called flow of energy. Green plants capture about 1% of the solar energy incident on the
Earth through the biochemical process of photosynthesis. A part of this trapped energy
is used by plants in performing their metabolic activities and some energy is released
as heat into the atmosphere. The remaining energy is chemical energy stored in the
plants as ‘carbohydrates’. When plants are eaten up by herbivores, the chemical energy
stored in the plants is transferred to these animals. These animals (herbivores) utilize
some of this energy for metabolic activities, some energy is “released as heat and the
remaining energy is stored. The process of energy transferred is similarly repeated with
carnivores and so on.

Ten percent law: Ten percent law states that only 10 percent of the energy entering a
particular trophic level of organisms is available for transfer to the next higher trophic
level.

For example, Suppose 1000 J of solar energy is received by green plants, then only 1%
of solar energy available on earth is utilized by plants. So only 10 J (1% of 1000 J) is
trapped by plants and the rest 990 J of energy is lost to the environment. So, plants
utilizes only 10 J of energy. Next, only 10% of the 10 J energy of plant, that is, 1 J, is
available to the herbivore animal while 9 J is lost to the environment. Again, just 10% of
the 1 J of energy of herbivore animals is utilized by carnivore animals. Thus, carnivore
animals have only 0.1 J of energy while 0.9 J is lost to the environment.

Environmental Problems: Changes in the environment affect us and our activities

change the environment around us. This led to the slow degradation of the environment
that arose many environmental problems. For Example; depletion of the Ozone Layer
and waste disposal.

Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone (O3) layer is largely found in the stratosphere which is
a part of our atmosphere from 12 km -50 km above sea level. This region is called
ozonosphere. Ozone is deadly poisonous at the ground level.
Ozone is formed as a result of the following photochemical reaction.

Ozone layer is a protective blanket around earth which absorbs most of the harmful U.V.
(Ultraviolet) radiation of the Sun, thus, protecting the living beings of the Earth from
health hazards like skin cancer, cataract in eyes, weaken immune system, destruction of
plants etc. The decline of Ozone layer thickness in Antarctica was first discovered in
1985 and was termed as OZONE HOLE.

Steps taken to limit damage of ozone layer: Excessive use of CFCs (Chloro Flouro
Carbon) a synthetic, inert chemical. For example; Freon which are used as refrigerants
and also in fire extinguishers caused Ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere. A single
chlorine atom can destroys 1,00,000 Ozone molecules. U.N.E.P. (United Nation
Environment Programme) did an excellent job in forging an agreement to freeze CFC
production at 1986 levels (KYOTO Protocol) by all countries.

Biological Magnification: The increase in concentration of harmful chemical substances

like pesticides in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is
called biological magnification.
Example:

Maximum concentration of such chemicals gets accumulated in human bodies.

Garbage Disposal: Industrialization and rise in demand of consumer goods have

created a major problem in the form of wastes/garbage accumulation and its disposal
especially in urban areas.
The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way. There are different methods
of waste disposal. The method to be used depends on the nature of the waste. Some of
the important modes of waste disposal are :

• Incineration: Burning of waste on high temperature to form ash is called

incineration. This process is carried out in an incinerator. Incineration is
used to destroy household, chemical and biological wastes.
• Open dumping: A conventional method in which solid waste are dumped in
selected areas of a town. It actually cause pollution
• Land fillings: Wastes are dumped in low living areas and are compacted by
rolling with bulldozers
• Composting: Organic wastes are filled into a compost pit (2m × 1m × 1m).
It is then covered with a thin layer of soil. After about three months the
same garbage filled inside the pit changes into organic manure.
• Recycling: The solid wastes is broken down into its constituent simpler
materials. These materials are then used to make new items. Even non-bio
degradable solid wastes like plastic, metal can be recycled.
• Reuse: A very simple conventional technique of using an item again and
again. For example; paper can be reused for making envelops, etc…