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Preparation of Solution......

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12 views

Preparation of Solution......

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abdoshefer1972
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Preparation of Solution

Dr.Hanan Ellafi
BC140/Full 2024
• Almost all clinical biochemistry experiments need the use of solutions.

• A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more nonreactive substances. It


is made up of two components.

• The Solute is referred to the dissolved substance , where a Solvent is the


medium in which solute is dissolved.

• The solutions are prepared in terms of concentrations.

• The amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution is referred to

the concentration of a solution .


https://www.chemicals.co.uk/blog/what-is-a-standard-solution
Standard solution
• Is a solution of accurately known concentration prepared from standard
substance by weighing the substance and dissolved into solvent to achieve
desired concentration.
• It is characterized by high level of purity, non reactive with water or air,
soluble in water, high molar mass, non hygroscopic that means doesn’t
absorb moisture from air.
• It is used to determine the concentration of unknown solution as in
Titration.
• It is used to find out the number of moles in the solution in the reaction
• There are two types of standard solution:
1. Primary standard solution has a high level of purity. It includes sodium
chloride-table salt is used as a primary standard solution for reactions involving
silver nitrate. Powdered zinc –often used to standardize
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or EDTA, which acts as a stabilizer in many
pharmaceutical products. Potassium hydrogen phthalate-used to calibrate
perchloric acid and acetic acid.

2. Secondary standard solution is not pure as primary solution.

The purity is the main difference between primary and secondary solutions.
How to prepare a standard solution?

The standard solution can be prepared by two methods:

1. The Dilution method.

2. The Weighing method.


Prepare standard solution using weighing method:
• Step1:Weigh and calculate the mass of solute required.

• Step 2: In a beaker filled with distilled water, the solute is dissolved.

• Step 3:the solution is transferred to A volumetric flask

• Step 4: Add distilled water to the volumetric flask until the necessary
level is reached. After stopping the flask, shake it.
Prepare standard solution using weighing
method:
• The common methods to express the concentration of a
solution:
1. Molarity

2. W/V %

3. W/W %

4. V/V%
Molar Solutions:

• One molar solution (1 M) contains 1 g molecular weight of solute per liter of


solution.

Example:
1 M solution of NaOH contains 40 g of NaOH per liter of solution.

• Molarity (M) of a solution(molar concentration): is the number of moles of


solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution.
Example:
1. To prepare 1 liter solution of 0.2 M NaOH , Molecular weight of NaOH ¼
40.

• 0.2 = Weight in gram × 1000

40 × 1000

Weight in gram = 0.2 × 40 = 8 g

So ,8 g of NaOH is dissolved in 1 liter final volume of distilled water.


• The molarity of a solution can be calculated when the number of grams of the
substance present or dissolved in the solution, molecular weight of the
dissolved substance, and the volume of the solution are known.

• Molarity M Number of moles of solute Weight in gram×1000

Liter of solution Molecular weight ×volume(ml)


2. Prepare 100 ml 0f 2 M NaCL .
• First, we must calculate number of moles so we can calculate the weight in
grams.

Molarity= Number of moles / Volume in liters

Number of moles=Molarity x volume

n =2 x 0.1 = 0.2 moles


Now, we need to calculate grams of NaCl:

Weight= mole x molecular weight =0.2 x (23 + 35.5)=11.7 grams.

So ,11.7 grams of NaCl , dissolve in a very small volume of water in the


beaker and the volume is transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask.
Note :If required molarity is in mM , then salt amount will be in mg/liter,
and if molarity is in μM , then amount will be in μg/liter. However, the
molarity of conc. solution can be expressed as :

M= %purity × specific gravity × 1000

Molecular weight × 100


Normal Solutions:
• One normal solution is the solution which contains 1 g equivalent
weight of solute per liter of solution.

• Normality (N) : is the number of equivalents of a solute dissolved in


1 liter of solution.
•N= Molecular mass × 1000

Equivalent weight × volume (ml)

An equivalent is the molecular mass of the acid or base expressed in grams


divided by the number of moles of hydronium or hydroxyl ions produced
by this amount of acid or base.
• The normality of given conc./stock solution can be calculated as

N = %purity ×specific gravity × 1000

Equivalent weight × 100


Preparing a Standard Solution using dilution
method:
• The process of adding extra solvent to a solution is called a dilution .

• The stock solution is a concentrated solution that has been diluted to a lower concentration
for usage called a working solution.

• Step 1:A specific volume of the concentrated solution is measured out and put in a
volumetric flask of required volume .

• Step2: A sufficient solvent is then added to make up to the calibration mark.

• The dilution does not alter the number of moles of solute present.

• the addition of extra solvent only alter the final solution´s volume of changed due.
Since number of moles of solute is not changed, volume of concentrated
solution can be calculated as:.
• 𝑛1 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛2(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑐1𝑉1 = 𝑐2𝑉2
𝑉1 = 𝑐2 𝑉2/𝑐1
• Where:
• V1 = initial volume or the volume of concentrated solution (in litres)
• c1 = concentration of the initial solution or concentrated solution
• V2 = final volume or the volume of diluted solution (in litres)
• c2 = concentration of the final or diluted solution.
Example:
Prepare 50 ml of a 2.5x 10-3 M from prepared 0.4M HCl.

C1 x V1 = C2 x V2

0.4 x V1 = 2.5x 10-3 x 50

V1=0.312 ml

0.312 ml of the starting solution is taken and final volume made up to 50 ml


by the addition of water.
Percent (%) Solutions :can be expressed as below:
1. Weight/volume (%,w/v): It is the weight of a solute in grams dissolved
in 100 ml of solution, e.g. 5 g of NaCL is dissolved in 100 ml final volume
of distilled water.

2. Volume/volume (%,v/v): The volume of a solute in ml dissolved in 100


ml of solution, e.g. 20% ethanol (v/v) means that 20 ml of ethanol is
mixed with 80 ml of distilled water to make final volume 100 ml.
Thanks for your attention

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