Scribd
Upload
12 views

Chapter 7_ Acids, bases and salts

Uploaded by

spamm.d1ya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Chapter 7_ Acids, bases and salts

Uploaded by

spamm.d1ya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Acids:

● Acids are proton donors.


● Acids dissolve in water to form aqueous solutions, and release H+ ions (dissociation/ ionisation).

2 types of acids:

Strong acid Weak acid

Dissociates completely in water to form the Dissociates partially in water to form lesser H+
maximum number of H+ ions. ions.

Eg. HCl Eg. CH3COOH

HCl(aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) CH3COOH(aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + CH3COO–(aq)

Acid reactions:

i. Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water


Eg: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
H+ (aq) + OH– (aq) → H2O (l) –(Neutralisation)

ii. Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas


Eg: Fe(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)

iii. Acid + Metal carbonate → Salt + Carbon dioxide gas + Water


Eg: 2HCl (aq) + MgCO3 (s) → MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Bases/ Alkalis:

● Bases are also known as metal oxides.


● Alkalis are also known as metal hydroxides or soluble bases.

● Alkalis are protons acceptors


● Alkalis dissolve in water to form an aqueous solution, and release OH– ions.

Alkali reactions:

i. Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water


Eg: HCl (aq)+NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Prepared by: Diya Viswanath


Dimensions International High School, Secondary 4P
ii. Alkali + Ammonium salt → Ammonia gas + Salt + Water
Eg: NaOH (aq) + NH4Cl (aq) → NH3 + NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Oxides:

Amphoteric Neutral Acidic (metal oxides) Basic (non- metal oxides)

pH 7 pH 7 pH <7 pH >7

Reacts with both metals and Unreactive Reacts with alkalis or bases Reacts with acids
non- metals

Eg: Al2O3, ZnO, PbO Eg: CO, NO, H2O Eg: PO4, SO2, NO3 Eg: Na2O, CaO, K2O

Indicators:

Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein Litmus Methyl Orange

Acid Acid Acid Acid

Alkali Alkali Alkali Alkali

Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral

Salts:

The substance that is formed when a metal cation replaces the H+ ion in an acidic compound.

eg.

Na+ + Cl – → NaCl

Soluble Insoluble

All Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium

All Nitrates

Chlorides, Iodides and Bromides Exceptions: All lead (Pb) and silver (Ag)
halides

Sulphates Exceptions: BaSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4

Exceptions: NaOH, KOH3, NH4OH, Hydroxides

Exceptions: Na2CO3, K2CO3, NH4(CO3)2 Carbonates

Prepared by: Diya Viswanath


Dimensions International High School, Secondary 4P
Salt preparation:

Soluble salts:

● Titration (very reactive metals)


● Reaction with acid and metal/ metal carbonate/ metal oxide (moderately reactive/ unreactive
metals)

Insoluble salts:

● Precipitation

Procedures:

Precipitation:

1. Mix two equal amounts of soluble salt solutions in a test tube.

2. Filter the precipitate that forms, and collect the insoluble salt as the residue.

3. Wash and dry the residue or the solid precipitate.

Titration (Neutralisation)-

1. Measure a certain amount of alkali using a measuring cylinder and add into a conical flask, along
with a few drops of indicator solution.

2. Measure out a volume of acid using a burette. (first rinse with distilled water and acid)

3. Slowly add the acid into the alkali, until the indicator changes colour.

4. Repeat the titration, until an accurate value of the acid needed for the reaction is deduced.

5. Conduct crystallisation on the remaining solution received, at the end of the reaction to obtain
crystals.

6. Wash and dry the crystals to obtain a pure sample.

Prepared by: Diya Viswanath


Dimensions International High School, Secondary 4P
Reaction with acid and metal/ metal carbonate/ metal oxide-

1. Add an amount of acid into a beaker, along with excess metal/ metal carbonate/ metal oxide.
(extra deposits will indicate the excess reagent, effervescence indicates end of reaction)

2. Filter the solution in the beaker to remove excess metal/ metal carbonate/ metal oxide.

3. Conduct crystallisation, by heating the solution until saturation point and allowing crystals to
form by cooling.

4. Wash and dry the crystals.

Water of crystallisation:

● A substance could be either hydrated or anhydrous (dry power form)


● A hydrated substance is chemically combined with water and an anhydrous substance has no
water.
● The water of crystallisation is the water that is present in these hydrated salt molecules(can be
removed via heating).
● Eg. CuSO4 • 5H2O (s) → CuSO4 (s) + 5H2O (g)

Prepared by: Diya Viswanath


Dimensions International High School, Secondary 4P

You might also like