Statistics

and
Data Science with R
 Example:
Switch Statement
In R, the switch statement is a type of conditional day <- 3
control flow that selects one of several code blocks to
execute based on the value of a specified expression. weekday <- switch(
It's particularly useful when you have multiple cases to
evaluate against a single expression. day,
"Monday",
Syntax: "Tuesday",
switch(EXPR, CASE1, CASE2, ..., CASEn, default) "Wednesday",
"Thursday",
"Friday",
"Weekend"
)
print(weekday)
 Loop

Loops are used to repeatedly execute a block of code until a specified condition is met.

Loop

while loop for loop repeat loop

while loop
Example:
A while loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of
code as long as a specified condition is TRUE. count <- 1
while (count <= 5) {
Syntax: print(paste("Count:", count))
while (condition) count <- count + 1
{ }
# Code block to be executed as long as the condition
is TRUE
}
for loop
Example:
A for loop is used to iterate over a sequence (such as
a vector, list, or sequence of numbers) and perform
for (i in 1:5)
operations for each element in the sequence. These
loops are used when you know in advance how many {
times you want to execute a block of code. print(paste("Iteration:", i))
}
Syntax:
for (variable in sequence) {
# Code block to be executed for each element in the
sequence
}
repeat loop
Example:
A repeat loop executes a block of code repeatedly until
an explicit break statement is encountered to exit the
loop. x <- 1
repeat {
Syntax: print(x)
repeat { x <- x + 1
# Code block to be executed repeatedly
if (condition) { if (x > 5) {
break # Breaks the loop based on a condition break
} }
} }
next Statement
The next statement is used to skip the current iteration Example:
of a loop and move on to the next iteration without
executing the remaining code within the loop for the
for (i in 1:5) {
current iteration.
if (i == 3) {
next # Skips the iteration when i is equal to 3
}
print(i)
}
break Statement
Example:
The break statement is used to terminate the execution
of a loop prematurely when a specific condition is met. It
i <- 1
exits the loop entirely, regardless of whether its condition
is true. while (i <= 10) {
if (i == 5) {
break # Terminates the loop when i is
equal to 5
}
print(i)
i <- i + 1
}
 Functions

In R, functions are blocks of reusable code designed to perform a specific task. They allow you to encapsulate a
set of operations into a single unit that can be called multiple times with different inputs.

Functions

User-defined
Built-in functions
functions
User Define Function
User-defined functions in R allow you to create your # Function to calculate the square of a
own functions to perform specific tasks or operations. number
These functions encapsulate a set of operations or square <- function(x) {
algorithms you can reuse multiple times with different
return(x^2)
inputs. Creating user-defined functions helps
modularize code, enhance readability, and promote }
code reusability.
# Calling the function with an argument
Syntax: result <- square(5)
function_name <- function(arg1, arg2, ...) print(result)
{
# Code block specifying the operations to be
performed
# Use 'return()' to specify the output of the function
return(output)
}
 Scope of Variables # Global variable
global_var <- "I am global"
Variables in R can have different scopes:
my_function <- function() {
• Global Scope: Variables defined in the global # Local variable
environment.
local_var <- "I am local"
• Local Scope: Variables defined inside functions or
print(local_var)
loops.
}

my_function()
print(global_var)
print(local_var) # Error: object
'local_var' not found

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R Packages

In R, packages are collections of functions, data, and

compiled code that extend the capabilities of R. They
provide additional functionalities beyond the base R
installation.

Benefits of Using R Packages:

•Save Time and Effort
•Specialized Tools
•Standardized Code
•Active Community
Installation of R Package
Example:
# Installing the ggplot2 package
Syntax: install.packages("ggplot2")

# Installing a package from CRAN

install.packages("package_name")

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