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22EC901 Introduction To Internet of Things
Department: ECE
Batch/Year : 2022-2026 / III

Created by : Ms.P.Arthi devarani

Assistant Professor, ECE

Date : 18.6.2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Contents Page

Number
1 Course Objectives 6
2 Pre Requisites 7
3 Syllabus 8
4 Course outcomes 19
5 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 10
6 Unit 1- Introduction To Internet of Things 11
6.1 Lecture Plan 12

6.2 Activity based learning 13

6.3 Lecture Notes 17

 Internet of Things 17
 Physical Design 18
 Logical Design 23
 IoT Enabling Technologies 29
 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates 32
 Domain Specific IoTs 40
 IoT and M2M 53
6.4 Assignments 61
6.5 Part A Q & A 62
6.6 Part B Qs 66
6.7 Supportive online Certification courses 67
6.8 Real time Applications in day to day life and to 68
Industry
7 Assessment Schedule 70
8 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 71
9 Mini Project suggestions 72

5
 1. COURSE OBJECTIVES

• To understand the fundamentals of Internet of Things.

• To learn about the IoT architecture.
• To familiarize various IoT Protocols.
• To build a small low cost embedded system using Raspberry Pi.
• To apply the concept of Internet of Things in the real-world scenario.

6
 2. PRE REQUISITES

• Fundamentals in systems
• Microprocessor and controller
• Python, C, ,C++, embedded C.
• Knowledge of sensor transducer actuator interfacing
• Some networking concepts
• Wireless communication protocol network

7
 3. SYLLABUS
22EC901 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO IoT

Internet of Things - Physical Design- Logical Design- IoT Enabling Technologies - IoT
Levels & Deployment Templates - Domain Specific IoTs - IoT and M2M.

UNIT II IoT ARCHITECTURE

M2M high-level ETSI architecture - IETF architecture for IoT - OGC architecture - IoT
reference model - Domain model - information model - functional model -
communication model - IoT reference architecture.

UNIT III IoT PROTOCOLS

Protocol Standardization for IoT – Efforts – M2M and WSN Protocols – SCADA and
RFID Protocols – Unified Data Standards – Protocols – IEEE 802.15.4 – BACNet Protocol
– Modbus – Zigbee Architecture – 6LowPAN – CoAP.

UNIT IV BUILDING IoT WITH RASPBERRY PI & ARDUINO

Building IOT with RASPERRY PI- IoT Systems - Logical Design using Python – IoT
Physical Devices & Endpoints - IoT Device -Building blocks -Raspberry Pi -Board - Linux
on Raspberry Pi - Raspberry Pi Interfaces -Programming Raspberry Pi with Python -
Other IoT Platforms - Arduino

UNIT V CASE STUDIES AND REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS

Real world design constraints – Applications - Industrial automation, smart grid,

Commercial building automation - Data Analytics for IoT – Software & Management
Tools for IoT Cloud Storage Models & Communication APIs - Cloud for IoT - Amazon
Web Services for IoT.
8
 4. Course Outcomes

After successful completion of the course, the students should be able to

CO Highest
No Course Outcomes Cognitive
Level
CO1 Identify IoT enabling technologies. K3

CO2 Discover different IoT Architecture. K4

CO3 Understand communication, network and security protocols. K2

CO4 Develop IoT based applications with Raspberry Pi. K3,K6

CO5 Infer the applications of IoT in Real-world scenario. K2

CO6 Discover the advancements of IoT in various sectors. K4

9
 5. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

Course Level Program Outcomes Program

Outcomes of CO Specific
Outcomes
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3

CO1 K3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2

CO2 K4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2

CO3 K2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2

CO4 K3,K6 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

CO5 K2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

CO6 K4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

10
 UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO IoT

Internet of Things - Physical Design- Logical Design- IoT Enabling Technologies

- IoT Levels & Deployment Templates - Domain Specific IoTs - IoT and M2M.

11
 6.1 Lecture Plan
UNIT I - HUMAN VALUES

Actual Date

Reason for
Pertaining

Taxonomy

Deviation
Topic

Proposed

Delivery
Mode of
Periods
No. of

Date

level
S.No

CO
1 Internet of Things 1 K1
CO1 Remembrance PowerPoint

2 Physical Design CO1 K1

1
Remembrance PowerPoint

3 Logical Design 1 CO1 K2

Understand PowerPoint

4 IoT Enabling 1 K2
CO1
Technologies Understand PowerPoint

5 IoT Levels & CO1 K2

2
Deployment Understand PowerPoint
Templates
6 Domain 2 K2
CO1 Understand PowerPoint
Specific IoTs

7
IoT and CO1 K2
2
M2M Understand PowerPoint

Total No. of Periods : 10

13 13
 6.2. ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

Anagrams can be a fun way to reinforce your memory and

understanding of IoT-related terms. Here are some anagrams related
to IoT concepts:

NITEROF FO HGINTS: Internet of Things

RRAEBYP PI: Raspberry Pi

POTUPLS: Uploads

TISENCOR: Sensor

NROAITUFCON: Configuration

LOUDC GNITAPSA: Cloud Computing

GIEEBZ: Zigbee

TAMQT: MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

TNEARSLATAIOM: Environmental Monitoring

OTCSTNNEOCNRTI: Concentration Sensor

SECUIRTYR: Security

ACTAD TRNNSIIMOS: Data Transmission

NITCENROECIVY: Connectivity

SLOITUITAN: Insulation

GAEWATY: Gateway

13
 6.2. ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

IoT Quiz: Test Your Knowledge

1. What does "IoT" stand for?
a) Internet of Technology
b) Internet of Telecommunications
c) Internet of Things
d) Intranet of Things

2. Which of the following is NOT a key component of an IoT system?

a) Sensors/Devices
b) Cloud Computing
c) Mobile Applications
d) Virtual Reality

3. Which wireless communication protocol is commonly used for short-range IoT

device connections?
a) Bluetooth
b) Wi-Fi
c) LoRa
d) Zigbee

4. What is a "gateway" in IoT?

a) A device that translates IoT protocols to standard internet protocols
b) The central server that controls all IoT devices in a network
c) An IoT sensor with enhanced data collection capabilities
d) The process of connecting IoT devices to a cloud platform

5. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of IoT?

a) Increased Efficiency and Productivity
b) Improved Data Security
c) Real-time Monitoring and Control
14
d) Enhanced Decision Making
 6.2. ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

IoT Quiz: Test Your Knowledge

6. What is the purpose of MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) in IoT?
a) Secure IoT device connections
b) Real-time data streaming
c) IoT device discovery
d) IoT data storage

7.What does the term "edge computing" refer to in IoT?

a) Processing data on the cloud server
b) Sending data directly to IoT devices
c) Processing data on the IoT device itself
d) Routing data through multiple gateways

8. In the context of IoT, what is a "digital twin"?

a) An identical physical copy of an IoT device
b) A virtual model that represents a physical object or process
c) An IoT device used for remote communication
d) A specialized IoT protocol for real-time data transfer

9. Which layer of the IoT architecture handles data processing, storage, and analysis?
a) Perception Layer
b) Network Layer
c) Application Layer
d) Business Layer

10. What is the primary concern in IoT security?

a) Data transmission speed
b) Battery life of IoT devices
c) Data privacy and device security
d) Internet connectivity speed
15
 Answers:

1.c) Internet of Things

2.d) Virtual Reality
3.a) Bluetooth
4.a) A device that translates IoT protocols to standard internet protocols
5.b) Improved Data Security
6.b) Real-time data streaming
7.c) Processing data on the IoT device itself
8.b) A virtual model that represents a physical object or process
9.c) Application Layer
10.c) Data privacy and device security

16
6.3. LECTURE NOTES
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO IoT

1.1. Introduction
• Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are
connected to the internet.
• Existing devises , such as networked computers or 4G enabled mobile phones
already have some form of unique identities and are also connected to the
internet, the focus on IoT in the configuration, control and networking via the
internet of devices or things , that are traditionally not associated with the
Internet. These include devices such as thermostats, utility meters, a blue tooth-
connected headset, irrigation pumps and sensor or control circuits for an electric
car’s engine
• Experts forecast that by the year 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion devices/
things connected to the internet.
• The scope of IoT is not limited to just connected things(Devices, appliance,
machines) to the Internet.
• Applications on IoT networks extract and create information from lower level data
by filtering, processing , categorizing, condensing and contextualizing the data.
• The information obtained is then organized and structured to infer knowledge
about the system and or its user, its environment and its operations and progress
towards its objectives, allowing a smarter performance.

1.1.1. Definition and characteristics of IoT:

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self – configuring based on standard
and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have
identified, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces,
often communicate data associated with users and their environment
1.1.2. Characteristics:
Dynamic and self-Adapting:
IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the
changing contexts and take actions based on their operating condition. Ex:
Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based on whether it is day or night.
Self – Configuring:
IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a large number of devices
to work together to provide certain functionality .
Interoperable communication protocols:
IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and
can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.
17
Unique Identity:
Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier. IPaddress, URI). IoT systems
may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow communication with
users and the environment contexts.
Integrated into information network:
IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to
communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.

1.2 Physical Design of IoT

1.2.1. Things of IoT

The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, Actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange
data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or collect data
from other devices and process the data locally or send the data to Centralized servers or
cloud based applications back ends for processing the data or from some task locally and
other task within the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints (ie :
Memory, processing calibrators, communication latencies and speed and deadlines).
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces connections to other devices, both wired
and wireless. These include I)IoT interfaces for sensors II) interfaces for internet
connectivity III) memory and storage interfaces IV) audio video interfaces. An IoT Device
can collect various types of data from the on-board or attached sensors, such as temperature
e , humidity, light intensity
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces connections to other devices, both wired
and wireless. These include I)IoT interfaces for sensors II) interfaces for internet
connectivity III) memory and storage interfaces IV) audio video interfaces. An IoT Device
can collect various types of data from the attached sensors, such as temperature e ,
humidity, light intensity

Fig-1.1-General Block diagram of IOT Device

18
1.2.2 IoT Protocols

Fig-1.2-Layer wise IOT Protocols

Link Layer: Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the
networks physical layer or medium(example copper wire, electrical cable, or radio wave).
The Scope of The Link Layer is the Last Local Network connections to which host is attached.
Host on the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using the link layer protocol.
Link layer determines how the packets are coded and signalled by the hardware device over
the medium to which the host is attached.

802.3 Ethernet:
802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. For example 802.3
10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, 802.3.i is standard for 10
BASET Ethernet over copper twisted pair connection, Standards provide data rates from 10
Mb/s to 40 gigabits per second and the higher. The shared medium in Ethernet can be a
coaxial cable , twisted pair wire or and Optical fiber. Shared medium carries the
communication for all the devices on the network.

19
802.1- WI-FI:
IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wireless Local area network.(WLAN) communication
standards, including extensive descriptions of the link layer. For example 802.11a operate
in the 5 GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11ac operates
in the 5G hertz band.

802.16 wiMAX:
IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband and Standards, including extensive
descriptions for the link layer also called WiMAX standard provides a data rates from from
1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s the recent update provides data rates of hundred megabits per second
for mobile station.

802.15.4 LR-WPAN:
IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a collections of standard for low rate wireless personal area network(LR-
WPAN).These standard form the basis of specifications for high level communication
ZigBee. LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 k b/ s. These standards provide
low cost and low speed Communications for power constrained devices.

2G / 3G / 4G mobile communications:
These are the different generations of mobile communication standards including second
generation (2G including GSM and CDMA). 3rd Generation (3G including UMTS and
CDMA2000) and 4th generation 4G including LTE.

Network / internet layer :

The network layer are responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source network
to the destination network. This layer Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
The datagrams contains a source and destination address which are used to route them
from the source to the destination across multiple networks. Host Identification is done
using the hierarchy IP addressing schemes such as ipv4 or IPv6.

IPV4: Internet protocol versions for open parents close (IPV4) is there most deployed
internet protocol that is used to identify the device is on a network using a hierarchy latest
schemes. It uses 32 bit addresses scheme that allows total of 2 32 address. As more and
more devices got connected to the internet. The Ipv4 has succeeded by IPv6.

20
IPv6: It is the newest versions of internet protocol and successor to IPv4. IPv6 uses 128 bit
address schemes that are lost total of 2 128 are 3.4* 10 38 address.
6LoWPAN: IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks brings IP protocol to the low
power device which have limited processing capability it operate in the 2.4 GHz frequency range
and provide the data transfer rate off to 50 kb/s.

Transport layer :
The Transport layer protocols provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of
the underlying network. The message transfer capability can be set up on connections, either
using handshake or without handshake acknowledgements. Provides functions such as error
control , segmentation, flow control and congestion control.

TCP: Transmission control protocol is the most widely used to transport layer protocol that is
used by the web browsers along with HTTP , HTTPS application layer protocols email program
(SMTP application layer protocol) and file transfer protocol. TCP is a connection Oriented and
stateful protocol while IP protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable
transmissions of packets in order. TCP also provide error deduction capability so that duplicate
packets can be discarded and low packets are retransmitted

The flow control capability ensures that the rate at which the sender since the data is now to
too to high for the receiver to process.
UDP: unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup procedure, UDP is a connection
less protocol. UDP is useful for time sensitive application they have very small data units to
exchange and do not want the overhead of connection setup. UDP is a transactions oriented
and stateless protocol. UDP does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of messages and
duplicate eliminations.

Application layer :
Application layer protocol define how the application interfaces with the lower layer protocols to
send the data over the network. Data are typically in files, is encoded by the application layer
protocol and encapsulated in the transport layer protocol .Application layer protocol enable
process-to-process connection using ports.

21
Http: Hypertext transfer protocol is the application layer protocol that forms the foundations of
world wide web http includes, ,commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE,
OPTIONS etc. The protocol follows a request-response model where are client sends request to
server using the http, commands. Http is a stateless protocol and each http request is
independent father request and http client can be a browser or an application running on the
client example and application running on an IoT device ,mobile mobile applications or other
software.

CoAP: Constrained application protocol is an application layer protocol for machine to machine
application M2M meant for constrained environment with constrained devices and constrained
networks. Like http CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request- response model,
however it runs on the top of the UDP instead of TC CoAP uses a client –server architecture
where client communicate with server using connectionless datagrams. It is designed to easily
interface with http like http, CoAP supports method such as GET, PUT, DELETE .

Web socket: Web socket protocol allows full duplex communication over a single socket
connections for sending message between client and server. Web socket is based on TCP and
Allows streams of messages to be sent back and forth between the client and server while
keeping the TCP connection open. The client can be a browser, a mobile application and IoT
device

MQTT :Message Queue Telemetry Transport it is a lightweight message protocol based on

public -subscribe model MQTT uses a client server Architecture by the clients such as an IoT
device connect to the server also called the MQTT broker and publishers message to topic on
the server. The broker forward the message to the clients subscribed to topic MQTT is well
suited for constrained and environments.

XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol it is a protocol for real-time communication
and streaming XML data between network entities XMPP powers wide range of applications
including messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming multiparty chat and voice
/ voice calls. XMPP Allows sending small chunks of XML data from one network entity to another
in real time. XMPP supports both client to server and server –client communication path.

DDS: Data distribution service is the date centric middleware standard for device-to-device
machine to machine communication DDS uses a publish subscribe model where publisher
example device that generate data create topics to which subscribers per can subscribe
publisher is an object responsible for data distributions and the subscriber responsible for
receiving published data. DDS provide quality of service (QoS) control and configurable
reliability

22
AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocols. it is an open application layer protocol for
business messaging. AMQP support point to point and publish - subscribe model routing and
queuing. AMQP broker receive message from publishers example devices or applications that
generate data and about them over connections to consumers publishers publish the message
to exchange which then distribute message copies to queues

1.3 Logical design of IoT

Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities and process
without going into low level specification of the implementations .

Fig-1.3-Logical design of IOT

1.3.1 IoT functional block

An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification , sensing, actuation ,communication and Management.

The function blocks are described as follows

Devices: An IoT system comprises of the devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring
and control function

Communication: communication block handle the communication systems

Services : An IoT system uses various types of IoT services such as services for device
monitoring ,device control services ,data publishing services and services for device Discovery.

Management: Functional blocks provide various functions to govern the IoT system

23
Security: Security functional block security IoT system and by providing functions such as
application authorization message and content integrity and data security.

Application: IoT application provides and interface that the user can used to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Application also allow users to view the system
status and view or analyze the processed to data.

1.3.2 IoT communication model

Request response: Request-response is a Communications model in which the client sends

request to the server and the server responds to the requests. when the server receives a
request it decides how to respond, if it shows the data retrieved resources definitions for the
response , and then send the response to the client. Access to response model is a stateless
communication model and each request response per is independent of others the crime and
server interactions in the request response model. (Fig 1.4)

Fig-1.4-Request-response Communication Model

Publish - Subscribe: Respect is a communication model that involve Publishers brokers and
consumers. Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which is
managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumer. Consumers Subscribe to the
topic which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives the data for a topic from the
publisher, it send the data to all the subscribed consumers. (Fig 1.5)

24
 Fig-1.5- Publish - Subscribe Communication Model

Push pull: Push pull is communication model in which the data producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware
of the consumer. Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and
Consumers . It also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between
the rate at which the produces push data and the rate at which the consumers full the data.
(Fig 1.6)

Fig-1.6-Push pull Communication Model

25
 Fig-1.7- Exclusive pair Communication Model

Exclusive pair: Exclusive pair is a bi directional, fully duplex communication model that uses a
persistent connections between the client and the server. once the condition is setup it remains
open until the client sends a request to close the connection. client and server can send
messages to each other after connection setup. Exclusive pair is a stateful Communications
model and the server is aware of all the open connections.(Fig 1.7)
1.3.3 IoT communication APIs

REST- based communication API(Fig 1.8):

Representational state transfer is a set of architectural principles by which you can design web
service and Web API that focus on a system resources and how resources states and addressed
the transferred. REST API follow the request- response communication model. The REST
architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements .

Client server:

The principle behind the client-server conference separations of concerns for example client
should not be concerned with the storage of data which is their concern of the server. Similarly
the server should not be concerned about the user interface which is a concern of the client.
separation allows client and server to be independently deployed and updated.

26
 Fig-1.8- REST- based communication API

Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to
understand the request , and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server .1.3.3
IoT communication APIs

Catchable: Catch constrain requires that the data within the response to a request be implicitly
or explicitly labeled as catchable or non-catchable. Then a client cache is given the right to
reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests. completely eliminate some attractions
and improve efficiency and scalability.

Layered system: System constraint come off constraints, constrains the behavior of
components such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they
are interacting. Example client cannot tell whether it is connected directly to the end server or
to an intermediary along the way system scalability can be improved allowing intermediaries to
respond to request instead of tender server.
Uniform interface: Uniform interface constraints requires that the method of communication
between client and server must be uniform. Resources are identified in the request and separate
from the representation of the resource that are returned to the client. When climbing holds a
representation of your resource it has all the information required to update or delete the
resource

Code on demand : Service can provide executable code script for clients to execute in their
context.

27
 Fig-1.9- Web Socket based communication API

Web Socket based communication API:

Web Socket API allow bi directional, full duplex communication between client and
server. Unlike request-response API allow full duplex communication and do not require
new connection to be set up for each message to be sent. Web socket communication
begins with connection setup request send by the client to the server. The request is
sent over http and the server interprets it as an upgrade request. If the server support
protocol response to the website handshake response after the connection setup the
client and the server can send data or messages to each other in full duplex model. Web
Socket API reduce network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection
setup and determination records to each message.

28
1.4 IoT enabling Technologies
It is enabled by several Technologies including wireless sensor networks, cloud computing big
Data Analytics, embedded system, security protocols and architectures, communication
protocols, web service, mobile internet and semantic search engine.

1.4.1 wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor network ( WSN) comprise of distributed devices with the sensor which are used
to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A WSN consists of a number of endnodes
and routers and a coordinator. End nodes have several sensors attached to them. End node
can also act as a routers. Routers are responsible for routing the data packet from end nodes
to the coordinator. The coordinator node collect the data from all the notes coordinator also act
as a Gateway that connects the WSN to the internet. IoT systems are described as follows

• Weather monitoring system using WSN in which the nodes collect temperature, humidity
and other data which is aggregated and analyzed .
• Indoor air quality monitoring system using WSN to collect data on the indoor air quality
and connections of various gases.
• Soil moisture monitoring system using WSN to monitor soil moisture at various location.
• Surveillance systems use WSN for collecting surveillance data(motion detection data)
• Smart grid use wireless sensor network for monitoring the grid at various point.
• Structural health monitoring systems use WSN to monitor the health of structure by writing
vibration data from sensor nodes deployed at various points in the structure.

Fig-1.10- IOT Enabling Technology: Wireless Sensor Network

29
1.4.2 Cloud computing:

Cloud Computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering

applications and services over the internet. Cloud Computing involves provisioning of
computing networking and storage resources on demand and providing these resources
as metered services to the users, in a “ pay as you go” model. cloud Computing resources
can be provisioned on demand by the user without requiring interactions with the Cloud
Service Provider. The process of provisioning resources used automatic Cloud Computing
resources can be accessed then it worked using standard access mechanism that provide
platform-independent access through the use of heterogeneous client platforms such as
workstations laptops tablets and Smartphones the computing and storage resources
provided by Cloud Service Provider our food to serve multiple user using multi Tenancy.
Multi-tenant aspects on the multiple users to be served by the samephysical hardware .
Cloud Computing services are offered to user in different forms

Infrastructure as a service(IAAS) :

IaaS provides the user the ability provision computing and storage resources. These
resources are provided to the users as virtual machine instances and virtual storage. Users
can start, stop configure and manage the virtual machines instance on the virtual storage
using can deploy operating systems and applications on their choice on the actualresources
provisions in the cloud . Cloud Service Provider manages the underlying infrastructure.

Platform as a service(PaaS) :

platform as a service provides the user the ability to develop and deploy application in the
cloud using the deployment tool application programming interfaces API, software
libraries and services provided by the Cloud Service Provider. The Cloud Service Provider
manages the underlying cloud infrastructure including servers, network, operating
systems and storage .

Software as a service(SaaS) :

Provide the user a complete software applications of the user interface to the application
itself . The Cloud Service Provider manage the underlying cloud infrastructure including
server, network storage and application software, and the user is unaware of the
underlying architecture of the cloud. Applications are provided to the user through a thin
client interface example Browser application. SaaS applications are accessed from various
client smartphones running different operating system.

30
1.4.3 Big Data Analytics:

Big data is defined as collections of data set whose volume, velocity in terms of its temporal
variations )or variety, is so large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the
data using traditional database and data processing tools. Big Data Analytics involving
several steps starting from Data cleaning data munging data processing and visualization.

Some examples of big data generated by IoT systems are described as follows
1. Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather monitoring stations
2. Machine sensor data collected from sensor embedded in Industrial and energy system for
monitoring their files and protecting failure
3. Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable fitness band.
4. Data generated by IoT system for Location tracking of vehicle.
5. Data generated by retail inventory monitoring system.

Characteristics of data include:

Volume: Through there is no fixed threshold for volume of data to be considered as big
data, however the term big data is used for massive scale data that is difficult to store,
manage and process using traditional data bases and data processing architecture. The
volume of data generated by modern IT, industrial and Healthcare systems for example is a
growing exponentially driven by the lowering cost of data storage and processing
architectures and the need to extract valuable insights from the data to improve business
processes, efficiency and services to consumer.

Velocity: Velocity is another important characteristics of big data and the primary reasons
for exponential growth of data velocity of the data of a store how fast the data is generated
and how frequently it varies. Modern IT Industrial and other systems are generating data at
increasing the highest speeds.

Variety: Variety refers to the forms of the data. Big data comes in for different forms such
as structured or unstructured data including text data, audio, video and sensor data .

1.4.4.Communications protocol:

Communications protocols form the backbone of IoT system and enable network
connectivity and coupling to applications. Communications protocols allow device to
exchange data over the network. These protocols define the data exchange formats and
data encoding schemes for devices and routing of packets from source to destination. Other
function of the protocol include sequence control flow control and transmissions of Lost
packet.

31
1.4.5 Embedded systems:

An Embedded system is computer system that has computer hardware and software
embedded perform specific task. In contrast to general purpose computers or personal
computers which can perform various types of tasks, embedded systems are designed to
perform a specific set of tasks. Embedded system include Microprocessor and
Microcontroller memory Ram ROM cache networking units (Ethernet WI-FI adaptor)
input/output unit display keyboard , display and storage such as Flash Memory some
embedded system have specialist processes such as digital signal processor DSP graphic
processor and application.

1.5 IoT levels and Deployment Templates:

In this section we define various levels of IoT systems with increasing completely. IoT
system comprises of the following components:

1. Device : An IoT device allow identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote
monitoring capabilities.

2. Resources : Resources are software components on the device for accessing and
storing information for controlling actuator connected to the device also include software
components that enable network access for the device .

3.Controller service: Controller Service is a native service that runs on the device and
interact with the web services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web
service receive command from the application from controlling the device.

4. Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by
the IoT device.

5. Web service: Serve as a link between the device, application database and analysis
components. Web Services can be implemented using HTTP and REST principles or using
website protocol.

A comparison of restaurant website is provided below:

Stateless/stateful: Rest services stateless in nature. Each request contain all the
information needed to process it. Request are independent of each other. Website on the
other hand is stateful in nature where the server maintains the state and is aware of all the
open connections.

Directional / Bi- directional: REST service operate over http and unidirectional. Request
is always sent by a client and the server response to the request. And other hand website is
a bi directional product server to send message to each other

Request response / full duplex: REST service follower request response

Communications model where the client sends request and the server response to the
request. Website and the other hand Allow full-duplex Communications between the client
and server, it means both client and server can send messages to can independently.
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Request response / full duplex: REST service follower request response
Communications model where the client sends request and the server response to the
request. Website and the other hand Allow full-duplex Communications between the client
and server, it means both client and server can send messages to can independently.

TCP connections: For REST Service each http request involves setting up in a new TCP
connections Web socket on the other hand involves a single TCP connection over which the
client and server communicate in a full duplex mode.

Headache Overhead: REST service operate over http , and each request is independent
of others . Thus each request carries http header which is an overhead. Due to the overhead
of http headers, REST is not suitable for real time applications left hand does not involve
overhead of headers. After the initial handshake the client and server exchange messages
with minimal frame information.

Scalability: Scalability is easier in this case of the REST services of request are independent
And no state information needs to be maintained by the server. Thus both horizontal out
and vertical scaling solutions are possible for REST services. For web Sockets horizontal
scaling can be cumbersome due to stateful nature of the communication. Since the server
maintains the state of our connection, vertical scaling is easier for Web socket than
horizontal scaling.

Analysis component: The analysis component is responsible for analyzing the IoT data
and generate results in the form which are easy for the user to understand. Analysis of IoT
data can be performed either locally or in the cloud. Analyzed results are stored in the local
or cloud database.

Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the user can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow user to view the system
status and view the processed data.

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1.5.1 IoT level 1:

Level One IoT system has a single node / device that performs sensing and/or actuation,
stores data, reforms analysis and the host to the application. Level 1 IoT systems are
suitable for modeling low cost and low complexity solutions where the data involving is not
big and the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.

Let us now consider done example of Level 1 IoT system for home automation. This system
consists of the single node that allows controlling the lights and appliances in your home
remotely . The device used in this system interface with their lights and appliances using
electronic relay switches.

The status information of each light or appliance is maintained in a local database. REST
service deployed locally Allow retrieving and updating the state of the each light or
appliances in the status database.

The controller service continuously monitor the state of each light or appliance and triggers
the relay switches accordingly. The applications which is deployed locally has a user
interface for controlling the lights or appliances. since the device is connected to the
internet, the application can be accessed remotely as well.

Fig-1.11 IOT Level1

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1.5.2 IoT level 2:

Level 2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local
analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud based systems are
suitable for solutions where the data in world is big, however the primary analysis
requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done local itself.

Construct an example of Level 2 IoT system for smart irrigation.

The system consists of the single node that monitor the soil moisture level and control
segregation system. The device used in this system collect soil moisture data from sensor
the controller service continuously monitor the moisture level. If the monster level drops
below a threshold t , the irrigation system is turned on. For controlling the irrigation system
actuators such as solenoid valve can be used.. Rest Web Services is used for storing and
retrieving data which is stored in the cloud database. A cloud based application is used for
visualizing the moisture level over a period of time, which can help in making decisions
about irrigation schedules.

Fig-1.12 IOT Level 2

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1.5.3 IoT level 3:

Level 3 system has a single node . Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud application is
cloud-based. Level 3 IoT system suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and
analysis requirements computationally intensive.

Let us considered example of Level 3 IoT system tracking package handling. The system
consists of a single node that monitors the vibration level for package being shipped.

The device in the system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensor for monitoring vibration
levels. The controller service send sensor data to the cloud in real time using a website
service. The data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using a cloud based application.

The analysis component in the cloud can Trigger alert the vibration level become greater
than threshold. The benefit of using web socket service instead of the REST service this
example the sensor data can be sent in real-time to the cloud. Cloud based application can
subscribe to the sensor data feeds for you in the real-time data.

Fig-1.13 IOT Level 3

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1.5.4 IoT level 4:

A level 4 IoT system has multiple notes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the
cloud and application is cloud based, level 4 contains local and cloud based observer notes
which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
Observer node can process information and use it for various applications, however observer
notes do not perform any control function. level 4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions
where multiple nodes are required the data involved is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.

let us consider an example of level four IoT system for noise monitoring. The system consists
of multiple notes placed in different locations for monitoring noise level in an area.In this
example with sound sensor. Nodes are independent of each other each node runs inone
controller service that sends the data to the cloud. The data is stored in a cloud database
the analysis of the data collected from a number of notes is done in the cloud

Fig-1.14 IOT Level 4

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1.5.5 IoT level 5:

IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator notes and notes that perform
sensing and / or actuation. Coordinator node collects data from the entry and send to the
cloud. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and applications is cloud based. Level 5 IoT
system are suitable for forest fire detection. The system consists of multiple nodes placed in
different locations for monitoring temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide

levels in a forest. The endnotes in this example are equipped with various sensors such as
temperature humidity and to CO2. The coordinator node collects the data from the end
nodes and act as a Gateway that provides internet connectivity to the IoT system. The
controller service on the coordinator device sends the collected data to the cloud .The data
is stored in the cloud database. The analysis of the data is done in the computing cloud to
aggregate the data and make prediction.

Fig-1.15 IOT Level 5

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1.5.6 IoT level 6:

IoT Level 6 system has multiple Independent and nodes that perform sensing and / or
actuations and send data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and applications is cloud
based .

The analytics component analyze the data and store the results in the cloud database. The
results are visualized with the cloud based application. The centralized controller is aware of
the status of all the end notes and send control commands to the notes.

Let us consider an example of the level 6 IoT system for weather monitoring. The system
consists of multiple nodes placed in different location for monitoring temperature, humidity
and pressure in an area. The end nodes are equipped with various sensors such as
temperature ,pressure and humidity. The end nodes send the data to the cloud in real time
using a web socket service .The data is stored in a cloud database. The analysis of the data
is done in the cloud to aggregate the data and make predictions. A cloud based applications
is used for visualizing the data.

Fig-1.16 IOT Level 6

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1.6 Domain-specific IoT

1.6.1.Introduction:

Internet of things applications span wide range of Dubai including homes, cities environment,
energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture and health.

1.6.2 Home Automation:

Smart lighting :

Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient
condition and switching on/off or dimming the lights when needed. Key enabling technologies
for smart lighting include solid-state lighting such as LED light and IP enabled the lights.

For solid state lighting solution both spectral and temporal characteristics can be configured
to adapt illumination to various needs. Smart lighting solutions for Home achieve energy
saving by sensing the human movements and their environments and controlling the lights
accordingly.

Wireless enabled and internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT applications
such as a mobile or web application. Smart lights with sensor for occupancy, Temperature Lux
level etc can be configured to adapt the lighting based on the ambient conditions sensed, in
order to provide a good ambience. In controllable LED lighting system is presented that is
embedded with ambient intelligence gathered from a distributed smart wireless sensor network
to optimize and control the lighting system to be more efficient and user oriented, A solid state
lighting model is implemented on your wireless sensornetwork that provide services for sensing
illumination changes and dynamically adjusting luminary brightness according to user
preferences.

Smart Appliances:

Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerator, music system, washer
/ dryer etc. Managing and controlling these appliances can be cumbersome with the each
appliance having its own controls or remote controls. Smart appliance make the management
easier and also provide status information to the user remotely.

Examples smart watches /dryers that can be controlled remotely and notify when the washing
/ driving cycle is complete smart thermostat Allow controlling the temperature remotely and
can learn the user preferences smart refrigerator can keep track of the item stored and send
update to the user when an item is low on stock.

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Smart TV Allows user to search and stream videos and movies from the internet on a local
storage drive, search TV channel schedule and fetch news weather updates and other
content from the internet.

Open remote is an open source automation platform for homes buildings. Open remote is
platform agnostic and works with standard hardware. With OpenRemote, user can control
various appliances using mobile or web publications. Open Remote comprises of three
components - a controller that manages scheduling and runtime integrations between
device, a designer that allows you to create both configuration for the controller
and create user interface design and control panel that allow you to interact with the devices
and control them.

Intrusion Detection:

Home Intrusion detection system used security cameras and sensor such as PIR sensors and
door sensor to detect intrusion and raise alert. Alerts can be in the form of an SMS and an
email sent to the user.

Advanced systems can even send detailed alert such as an image grab or a short video clip
send to email attachment. cloud controlled intrusion detections system is described in that
uses location aware services, where the geo location of each node of your home automation
system used independently detected and the stored in the cloud in the event of Institutions
the cloud services alert the accurate neighbors who are using the home automation system
is independently detected and stored in the cloud.

Event of intrusion, the cloud services after the accurate neighbors or local police. In an
intrusion detection system based on UPnP technology is described. The system uses image
processing to recognize the Institutions and extract institution subject and togenerate
Universal plug and play instant messaging for alert .

Smoke / Gas Detector

Smoke detectors are installed in home and buildings to detect smoke that is typically and
early sign of Fire. Smoke detectors use optical detection class ionization for sampling
techniques to detect smoke. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals
to fire alarm system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as
carbon monoxide liquid. A Smoke / gas detector raise alerts in human was this describing
where the problem is send or an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety department
and provide visual feedback on its status the design of the system that detects gas leakage
on smoke and it gives visual level indication.

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1.6.3. Cities

Smart Parking

Finding a parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time consuming and
frustrating. Further for the more drivers blindly searching for parking spaces create additional
traffic conditions for Star smart parking make the search for parking spaceeasier and
convenient for drivers.

Smart parking for powered by IoT system that detect the number of empty parking slots and
send the information over the internet to smart parking application back ends.These
applications can be accessed by the drivers from smartphones, tablets and in car navigation
system .

In smart parking sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or
occupied. This information is aggregated by your local controller and then send over the
internet to the database.

Design and implementation of a prototype smart parking system based on wireless sensor
Network Technology with just like a remote parking monitoring ,automated guidance , and
departing reservations mechanism .

Smart Lighting :

Smart lighting system for road parks and building can help in saving energy. According to a
IEA report, lightening is responsible for 19 % of global electricity use and around 6% of global
Greenhouse gas emission.

Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adapted to the ambient
conditions. Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled remotely to configure
lighting schedules and lighting intensity.

Lighting configuration can be set for different situations such as a foggy day, a festival etc.
Smart. Lights equipped with the sensors and can communicate with other lights and exchange
information on the sensed ambient conditions to adapt lightening.

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Smart Roads

Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions, travel time
estimates and alerts in case of poor driving conditions , traffic congestions and accidents
. Such information can help in making the roads safe and help in reducing traffic jams .

Information sense to from the roads can be communicated via internet to cloud based
applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribed to such
applications.

Distributed and autonomous systems of sensor networks notes for improving drivingsafety
proposed system can provide the drivers and passengers with a consistent view of theroad
situations of a few hundred meters ahead of them or a few dozen miles away, so that they
can react to potential dangers early enough.

Structural Health Monitoring:

Structural health monitoring system uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibrations
levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings. The data collected from the sensors is
analyzed to assess the health of The structures .

By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdown, locate the
damage to a structure and also calculate the remaining life of the structure. Using such
systems advance warning can be given in the case of imminent failure of the structure.

An environmental effect removal based structural health monitoring schemes is an IoT

environment is proposed. Since structural health monitoring schemes use large number of
wireless sensor nodes which are powered by traditional batteries researchers are exploring
energy harvesting Technologies to harvesting ambient energy, such as mechanical
vibrations, sunlight and wind.

Surveillance

Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and even in cities is required to ensure

safety and security. City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large number of
distributed and internet connected video surveillance cameras can be created. The video
feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud based storage solutions. Cloud-
based video analytics applications can be deployed to search for patterns for specific events
from the video feed.

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Emergency Response

IoT Systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities such as building

, gas and water pipelines, public transport and power substation systems. IoT systems for fire
directions, gas and water leakage directions can help in generating alerts and

minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructure.

IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregations and sharing of
information is collected from large number of sensors. Cloud based architecture multi model
information such as sensor data, audio, video feeds can be analyzed in near real- time to detect
adverse event. Response to alerts generated by such systems can be in the form of alerts sent
to the public , re-routing of traffic, evacuation of the affected areas. Traffic management
system for emergency services is describe the system adapt by dynamically adjusting traffic
lights, changing related driving policies, recommending behavior change to drivers and
applying essential security controls

1.6.4. Environment

Weather Monitoring:

IoT- based weather monitoring system can collect data from a number of sensor attached such
as temperature, humidity, pressure etc. and send the data to cloud based application and
storage back-ends. The data collected in the cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by
cloud based application.

Weather alerts can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications AirPi weather and
air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading information about temperature,
humidity, air pressure light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide Nitrogen dioxide and smoke
level to the internet .

Air Pollution Monitoring

IoT based air pollution monitoring system can monitor emission of harmful gases ( CO2, CO.
NO, NO2) by factories and automobiles using gases and dermatological sensors the collected
data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control approaches. In real
time air quality monitoring system is presented that comprises of several distributed monitoring
stations that communicate via wireless with a backend server using machine to machine
communication. In addition sums of GPRS modem and GPS module.

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Noise Pollution Monitoring
Due to growing Urban Development, noise levels in cities have increased and even become
alarmingly High in some cities. Noise pollution can cause health hazards for humans due to
sleep destruction and stress. Noise pollution monitoring can help in generating noise maps
for cities.

Urban noise maps can help the policy makers in urban planning and making policies to
control noise level near Residency areas, schools and parks. IoT based noise pollution smart
metering system use a number of noise monitoring station that are deployed at
different places in a city.

The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on server or in the cloud. The data is
then aggregated to generate noise map. In noise mapping study for a city is presented which
revealed that the cities suffers from serious noise pollution .In the design of smart phone
application is described that allows a user to continuously measure noise level and send it
to a central server where all generated information is aggregated and mapped to a
meaningful noise visualizations map.

Forest Fire Detection

Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and human life. There can be
different causes of forest fires including lightening, human negligence, volcanic eruptions
and sparks from rock Falls. Early deduction of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage
.

IoT based forest fire detection systems can use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at a
different locations in a forest. Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient
conditions including temperature, humidity, light levels.

A system for early detection of forest fire is described in that provides early warning of a
potential forest fire and estimate the scale and intensity of the fire if it materializes in a
forest fire detection system based on wireless sensor networks is presented.

The system uses multi-criteria deduction which is implemented by the artificial neural
network. The ANN fuses sensing data corresponding to multiple attributes of your forest fire
such as temperature, humidity ,infrared and divisible light to detect forest fire.

River Flood Detection:

River flood can cause extensive damage to the natural and human resources and human
life. River flood occurs due to continuous train for which cause the river level to rise and
flow rates to increase rapidly. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the

45
IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor nodes that monitor the
water level using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using the flow velocity sensors. Data
from a number of such sensor nodes is aggregated in a server or in the cloud.

Monitoring applications raise alert when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is
detected in a river flood monitoring system is described that measures river and weather
conditions through wireless sensor nodes equipped with different sensors. The systems
include water level monitoring module, and data processing module that provide flood
information is in the form of raw data, predicted data, and video feed.

1.6.5. Energy

Smart grid is a data communication network integrated with electrical grid thatcollects
and analyses data captured in real-time about power transmission, distribution and
consumption. Smart grid Technology provides protective information and
recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage
power.

Smart Grids collect data regarding electricity generation (centralized or distributed

conceptions (instantaneous or predictive ) storage(or conversion of the energy into other
forms), distributions and equipment health data.

Smart fleet use high speed, fully integrated two way communication real time information
and power exchange. Smart meters can capture almost real time consumption, remotely
control the conceptions of electricity and remotely switch off supply when required.

power thefts can be prevented using smart metering by analyzing the data on power
generation, transmission and consumption smart grid can improve efficiency throughout
the electric system.

Storage collection and analysis of smart grids data in the cloud can help in dynamic smart
grids data can improve energy usage levels via energy feedback to user coupled with real-
time pricing information.

Real time demand response and management strategies can be used for lowering peak
demand and the overall load via appliance control and energy storage mechanism.
Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and transmission system can
help in detecting fault and predicting outage.

46
Renewable Energy System

Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems. Variable output
produces local voltage swing that can impact power quality. Existing grids were designed to
handle power flow from centralized to generation source to the loads through Transmission
and distribution lines.

When distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid, they create power
bidirectional power flow for which the great were not originally designed to handle power flow
from temperature generation sources to the loss through transmissions and distribution
lines.

When Distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid is a create power bi-
directional power flows for which the grid were not originally designed. IoT based system
integrated within Transformer at the point of interconnections measures the electrical variables
and how much power is fed into the grid.

To ensure the grid stability one solution is to simply cut of the over protections. For wind
energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at points of
interconnection

Prognostics:

Energy systems (Smart grids, power plants ,wind turbine forms) have a large number of critical
components that must function correctly so that the system can perform their operations
correctly.
For example a wind turbine has a number of critical components example bearing, turning
gears, for instance that must be monitored carefully as wear and tear in such critical
components or sudden change in operating conditions of the missions can result in failures.
In system such as Power Grids, real time information using specialist electrical sensor is called
phasor measurement unit(PMU) substations.

The information received from PMU must be monitored in real time for estimating the stateof
a system and for predicting failures. Energy system have thousands of sensors that gather real
time maintenance data continuously for condition monitoring and failure prediction purposes.
IoT based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict performance of
machine or energy Systems by analyzing the extent of deviations

47
Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in energy systems
and equipment can provide protections for the impending failures (potentially in real time)
so that their reliability and availability can be improved. Prognostic health Management
systems have been developed for different energy systems open PDC set of applications for
processing of streaming time series data collected from phasor measurement units PMU in
real time.

1.6.6 Retail

Inventory Management :

Inventory management for retail has become increasingly important in recent years with the
growing competition. while over stocking of products can result in additional storage
expenses and risk understocking can lead to loss of revenue. IoT system using radio
frequency identification RFID tags can help in inventory management and maintaining the
right inventory levels .

RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real time so that the
inventory levels can determined accurately and products which are low on stock can be
replenished. Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves or
in the warehouse. An RFID database inventory management system for time sensitive
materials is described.

Smart Payments

Smart Payments solutions contact list payments powered by technology such as near field
communication and Bluetooth. Near field communication is a set of standards for
smartphones and other devices to communicate with each other by bringing them into
proximity or by touching them .

Customers can store credit card information in the NFC enabled Smartphones and make
payment by bringing the smart phones and make payments by bringing the smart phones
near the point of sale terminals . NFC may be used in combinations with Bluetooth, where
NFC initiates initial pairing of devices to establish their Bluetooth connections while the
actual data transfer takes place over Bluetooth.

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Smart Vending Machines
Smart vending machines connected to the internet allow remote monitoring of inventory
levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions, and contact less payments using NFC smart
phone applications that communicate with smart vending machine allow user preferences to
be remembered and the learnt with the time when a user moves from one vendingmachine
to the other and pass the smartphone with the vending machines using specific interface is
presented.

Users can save their preferences and favorite products sensor in a smart vending machine
monitor its operations and send the data to the cloud which can be used for predictive
maintenance. Smart vending machines can communicate with other vending machines in
there vicinity and share their inventory levels so that the customers can be routed to the
nearest machines in case product goes out of stock in a machine

1.6.7. logistics

Route Generation and Scheduling

Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple sources which is
process to provide a new services to the stockholders. By collecting large amount of data
from various sources and processing the data into Useful information data driven.
Transportation system can provide new services such as advanced route guidance dynamic
vehicle routing anticipating customer demand for pickup and delivery problem, for instance
route generations and scheduling systems candidate end-to-end using combinations of road
patterns and transportation smooth and feasible schedule based on theavailability of vehicles.

Fleet Tracking

Vehicle fleet tracking system using GPS technology to track the locations of vehicle in real
time. Cloud based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on-demand to handle large number
of vehicles.

Alerts Can be generated in case of deviation in planned routes. The vehicle locations and
routes data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks in the supply chain
such as a traffic conditions or route of elements and generations of alternative route and
supply chain Optimization in a fleet tracking system for commercial vehicle is described the
system can analyze messages sent from the vehicles to identify unexpected incidence and
descriptions is between the actual and applied data.

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 Shipment Monitoring:

Shipment monitoring solutions for Transportation systems allow monitoring the conditions
inside container. For example, containers carrying Fresh Food produce can be monitored to
prevent spoilage of food.

IoT based shipment monitoring system you sensor such as temperature pressure and humidity
for instance to monitor the conditions inside the container and send the data to the cloud where
it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage .

The analysis and interpretation of the data in the environmental conditions in the container and
food truck positioning can enable more effective routing decisions and their time therefore
it is possible to take remedial measures such as the food that has a limited time budget before it
get rotten can be rerouted to a closer destinations, alerts can be raised to the driver and the
distributor about the transit conditions, such as container temperature exceeding the allowed
limit, humidity levels going out of the allowed limit.

For instance, and corrective actions can be taken before the food gets damaged. A Cloud- based
frame work for real time fresh Food Supply tracking and monitoring was proposed
. For fragile products vibrations levels during shipment can be tracked using accelerometer and
gyroscope sensors attached to IoT device.

A system for monitoring container in integrity and operating conditions described. The system
monitors the vibrations patterns on their container and its contents to reveal information
related to its operating environment and integrity during transport handling and storage.

Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the vehicles warn of impending fault.
These Diagnostic system use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle operation such a
speed, engine RPM, coolant temperature, fault code number ,and status of the various vehicle
subsystem such data can be captured by integrating on-board diagnostic systems with IoT
devices using protocols such as CAN bus.

Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostics OBD standards such as OBD-
II. OBD system provides real time data status of vehicle subsystems and diagnostic trouble
code which Allow rapidly identifying the fault in the vehicle. IoT based vehicle diagnosticsystem
can send the vehicle data to centralized serves or the cloud where it can be analyzed to generate
alerts and suggest remedial actions.

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1.6.8.Agriculture
Smart Irrigation
Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yield while saving water. smart irrigation system
using IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine the amount of moisture in thesoil and
realize the flow of water through the irrigation pipe only when the moisture level go below a
predefined threshold. Smart irrigation systems also collect Moisture level measurements on a
server or in the cloud where they collected data can be analyzed to plant watering schedule.

Green House Control

Green house structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive environment for
growth of plants . The Climatological conditions inside a Greenhouse can be monitored and
controlled to provide the best conditions for growth of plants. The temperature , humidity,
soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored using sensors and their
climatological conditions are controlled automatically using actuation devices.

IoT system plays an important role in greenhouse controlled and help in improving productivity.
The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where
analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity
with different control strategies.

the system uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the agriculture parameters like
temperature and humidity in real time for better management and maintenance of Agricultural
production

1.6.9. Industry:

Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis:

Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by analyzing the data and
the current operating conditions and how much deviations exist from the normal operating
conditions. Machine diagnosis refer to determining the causes of a machine fault.

IoT plays a major role in both the prognosis s and Diagnostics of industrial machines . Industrial
machines have a large number of components that must function correctly for the machine to
perform its operations. Sensors in machine can monitor the operating conditions such as
temperatures and vibrations levels. The sensor data measurements are done on time scale of
few milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to generations of the massive amount of the data.

51
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that find solutions to new problem
based on past experience. This past experience is organized and represented as case in a
case base. CBR is an effective techniques for problem solving in the field in which it is hard
to establish a quantitative mathematical model, such as machine Diagnosticsand prognosis
.

Since foe each machine, data from a very large number of sensors is collected using search
high-dimensional data for creation of a case library reduce the case retrieval efficiency. Data
reduction and feature extraction methods are used to find the representatives set of ability as
the of features.

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring:

Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and safety of the workers.
harmful and toxic gas such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide etc
that can cause serious health problems .IoT based gas monitoring system can help in
monitoring the indoor air quality using various gas sensors. The indoor air quality can vary for
different locations. Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the other
hazardous zones, so that a corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper ventilation

1.6.10. Health And Lifestyle:

Health and fitness monitoring

wearable IoT devices that are low non invasive and continuous monitoring of physiological
parameters can help in continuous health and fitness monitoring. These wearable devices may
can be in various forms such as built under wrist bands.

The wearable devices from a wireless sensor networks called body area networks in which
the measurements from a number of wearable device are continuously Send to a master nodes
such as a smartphone which then send the data to the server or a cloud end foranalysis and
achieving. Healthcare providers can analyze the collected Healthcare data to determine any
health conditions or anomalies.

Wearable Electronics

Wearable Electronics such as smart watches smart glasses wristband and fashion electronics
(with electronic integrated in clothing and accessories ,example Google glass for Moto 360
smart watches provide various functions and future to assist us in our daily activitiesand making
as lead healthy Lifestyle .

Smart watches the user can search the internet a play audio video file make calls with or
without paired mobile phones, play games and use various kinds of mobile applications smart
classes allow users to take photos and record videos ,get map directions check flight status
and search the internet by using voice commands
52
 1.7 IoT and M2M
1.7.1 M2M

Machine to machine (M2M) (Fig-1.17) refers to networking of Machines for the purpose of
remote monitoring and control and data exchange. The end-to-end architecture for M2M
systems comprising of M2M area networks, Communications Network and application domain.

An M2M area network comprises of machines which have embedded hardware module for
sensing actuation and communication. Various Communication protocols can be used for
M2M local area network such as Zigbee , Bluetooth , Modbus M –bus, wireless, power LINE
Communication ,6LoWPAN.

These Communications protocols provide connectivity between M2M nodes within and M2M
area network. The Communications Network provides connectivity to remote m2m area
network. communication network can use wired or wireless network. The M2M area network
use either proprietary or non IP based protocol.

The communication between the M2M nodes and the M2M Gateway ((Fig-1.18) is based
on the communication protocol. M2M Gateway protocol translation to enable IP connectivity
for M2M . M2M Gateway act as a proxy performing translation from / to native protocol to M2M
area network.

M2M data is gathered into point solution such as enterprise applications, service management
application for remote monitoring applications. M2M has various application domain such as
smart metering, Home Automation , industrial Automation, smart grid.

Fig-1.17 Machine-to-Machine

53
 Fig-1.18 Machine-to-Machine(M2M) Gateway

1.7.2 Difference Between IoT And M2M

The difference between m2m and IoT are described as follows :

Communication protocols:

M2m and IoT can differ in how the communication between the machines are device
happens. M2M uses other proprietary or not IP based communication protocol for
communication with in the M2M area networks. Commonly uses M2m protocol include zigbee,
Bluetooth, ModBus, wireless M-Bus ,power line communication.

The focus of communication in M2M is usually on the protocols below the network layer. Focus
of communication in IoT is usually a protocol in network layer such as http web sockets, MQTT,
XMPP, DDS, AMQP.

54
Machines in M2M vs Things in IoT:

The " things " IoT refers to Physical objects that have unique identifier and can sense and
communicate with the external environment or their internal physical status. The unique
identifiers the things in IoT are the IP addresses. Things have software component for
accessing processing and storing sensor information on controlling actuator connector. IoT
system can include IoT devices of various types such as fire alarms , door alarms, lighting
control devices.

Fig-1.19 Communication in IoT vs M2M

Hardware versus software emphasis:

while the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis
modules, the emphasis of IoT is more on software . IoT devices run specialist software sensor
Data Collection, data analysis and interfacing with cloud through IP based communication.

Data collection and analysis:

M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on premises storage infrastructure. In
contrast to M2M,the data in IoT is connected in the cloud. The analytical component analysis
the data and stores the result in the cloud database. Data and analysis results are visualized
with the cloud based applications. The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the
nodes and send Control Commands to the nodes.

Applications:

M2m data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by on premises application
diagnosis applications, service management applications , and on-premises enterprise
application. 55
1.7.3 SDN and NFV for IoT :
Software defined networking(SDN) and the network function virtualization(NFV) and
their applications for IoT.

Software Defined Networking:

Software defined networking(SDN) is the networking architecture that separates the

control plan from the data plan and centralizes race the network controller. Conventional
network architecture build with specialized hardware (switches, router etc).
Network device in conventional architectures are getting exceedingly Complex with the
increasing number of distributed product has been implemented and the use of proprietary
hardware and interfaces. Control plan is the part of the network that carries the signal and
routing message traffic while the data plan is a part of network that carriesthe payload data
traffic. The limitations of the conventional network architecture as follows: Complex
network devices:

Interoperability is limited due to the lack of standard and open interfaces.Network

devices use proprietary hardware and software and have slow product lifecycle limiting
innovations . The convention networks were well suited for static traffic pattern and had a
large number of product was decided for specific applications .which are applied in cloud
computing environment traffic patterns are more dynamic. Due to complexity of
conventional network devices making changes in the networks to meet the dynamic traffic
pattern has become increasingly difficult.

Fig-1.20. Software Defined Networking(SDN)

56
Management overhead:
conventional networks involve significant manager overhead. Network managers find it
increasingly difficult to manage multiple network devices and interfaces from multiple vendors.
Up gradation of network configuration changes in multiple devices.

Limited scalability:
The Virtualization technologies used in cloud computing environment has increased the number
of its host repairing network access Iot applications hosted in the cloud are distributed across
multiple virtual machines that require exchange of traffic.

Components of IoT applications run distributed algorithms on a large number of virtual machine
that require huge amounts of data exchange between virtual machines.

Such computing environment require highly scalable and easy to manage network architectures
with minimal manual configuration which is becoming raising a difficult with a conventional
networks.

key Elements of SDN and follow:

Centralized network controller:

with Decoupled control and the data plan and centralized network controller, the network
administrator can rapidly configure the network. SDN applications can be deployed
Programmable open API. This speed have innovation as the network status no longer need to
wait for other device vendors to embed features in their proprietary hardware. Programmable
open APIs:

SDN architecture propose Programmable open API for interface between the SDNapplication
and control layers with these open API is various network services can be implemented such as
routing quality of services access.

Standard communication interface(Open Flow)

SDN architecture uses a standard communication interface between the control and
infrastructure layers. openflow, which is Defined by the open networking Foundation is the
broadly accepted SDN protocol for the southbound interface. Open flow,the forwarding
plan of the network devices can be directly accessed and manipulated.

57
Open floor uses the concept of close try different network traffic based on three different
rules. Floor can be programmed statically and dynamically by the SDN controll software.
Components of and openflow switch comprising one or more tables and their group table
which perform packet lookup and forwarding, and open flow channels to an external
Controller System openflow protocol is implemented at both sides of the interface between
the controller and the network devices.

Network function virtualization:

Network function virtualization is a technology that leverages virtualization to consolidate

the heterogeneous network devices on to industry standard high-volumeservice switches
and storage. NFV is complementary to SDN as NFV can provide at the infrastructure on which
SDN can run. NFV and SDN mutually beneficial to each other but notdependent. Network
functions can be virtualized without SDN which very beneficial to each other but not
dependent

Fig-1.21. Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

Elements of architecture as follows:

Virtualize to network function VNF:
VNF is a software implementations of a network function which is capable of running over
the enough Infrastructures

NVF Infrastructure NFVI:

It into Computer Network and storage resources that are virtualized.

NFV management and orchestrations: Orchestrations focuses on all visualizationspecific

management task and the covers the orchestrations and lifecycle management of physical
and / or software resources that support the infrastructure utilization and the lifecycle
management of VNF.
NFV comprises of network functions implemented in software that run on Virtualized
resources in the cloud. NFC enabled separations of network function which are implemented
in software from the underlying hardware.
58
 Fig-1.22. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) use case

NFV can be used to virtualize the Home Gateway. The NFV infrastructure in the cloud hosts a
virtualized Home Gateway. The virtualized gateway provides private IP addresses to the devices
in the home. The virtualized gateway also connects to network services such as VoIP and IPTV.

59
 Video Links
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO IoT

S.No Topic Video Link

1 Introduction to IOT –part 1 https://youtu.be/WUYAjxnwjU4?si=7B4T

QT_tNnAWZIui
2 Introduction to IOT –part 2 https://youtu.be/BXDxYh1EV2w?si=VOF
8OyAcCQorhxc6
3 Basics of IOT Networking-Part 1 https://youtu.be/fByKuk2VmJc?si=tJlpa
RQ1s9Wiks0F

4 Basics of IOT Networking-Part 2 https://youtu.be/qko-

f1VDhCM?si=dmWW5X7V5gfoCq76
5 Basics of IOT Networking-Part 3 https://youtu.be/nyUZn93Lr-
o?si=otyePrjS0pDLLYLd

6 Domain Specific IoTs-Smart Cities https://youtu.be/JZiX3ou2-

wo?si=pVD1qqoEwELmGNNv

7 Machine To Machine https://youtu.be/OlEF6GSeaKg?si=2sl5i

Communication 8hlY37r8FWy

60
 6.4 Assignment
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO IoT

1. Provide descriptive information regarding the IoT Enabling Technologies which involves
Wireless Sensor Networks

Course Outcome : CO1

Program Outcome : PO3, PO9, PO10,PO11, PO12

2..Provide descriptive information regarding the domain specific IOTs. Assume the
application entitled “smart parking system” under smart cities domain

Course Outcome : CO1

Program Outcome : PO3, PO9, PO10,PO11, PO12

61
 6.5 Part A Q & A
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO IoT

S.No Question and Answers CO K

1 What is the Internet Of Things (IoT)? CO1 k1

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people
called “things” that are embedded with software, electronics,
network, and sensors that allow these objects to collect and
exchange data. The goal of IoT is to extend to internet
connectivity from standard devices like computer, mobile, tablet
to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.
2 What are the characteristics of IoT? CO1 k1
Dynamic and self-Adapting
Self – Configuring
Interoperable communication protocols
Unique Identity
Integrated into information network
3 List the communication protocols for I/O interface CO1 K1
UART
I2C
SPI
CAN
4 What is UART? CO1 K1
UART stands for "Universal Asynchronous Receiver-
Transmitter." It is a type of communication protocol used for
serial communication between two devices. UART is commonly
found in microcontrollers, embedded systems, and various
electronic devices to facilitate the exchange of data.
UART communication involves two main components: Receiver
(Rx): This is the part of the device that receives
incoming data.
Transmitter (Tx): This is the part of the device that sends
out data.
5 Name the layers available in the physical design of CO1 K1
IOT
Link Layer
Network layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

62
S.N Question and Answers CO K
o
6 What is IEEE 802.11? Mention its types CO1 K1
IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards that define the specifications
for wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, commonly
known as Wi-Fi. The IEEE 802.11 standards provide the framework
for wireless communication, allowing devices to connect to
networks and the internet without the need for physical cables.
The Types are,
IEEE 802.11 a, IEEE 802.11 b, IEEE 802.11 c and IEEE 802.11 g

7 What is LR-WPAN? Mention its standard and example CO1 K1

LR-WPAN is Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network(LR- WPAN).
LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 k b/ s. These
standards provide low cost and low speed Communications for
power constrained devices.
the standard is IEEE 802.15.4
Example: Zigbee
8 Differentiate IPV4 and IPV6 CO1 K1
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and IPv6 (Internet Protocol
version 6) are two generations of the Internet Protocol that
facilitate communication and data transmission over the internet.
Here are the key differences between IPv4 and IPv6:
Address Length:
IPv4: Uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for approximately 4.3
billion unique addresses.
IPv6: Uses 128-bit addresses, providing an enormous address
space with approximately 340 undecillion unique addresses (that's
3.4 x 10^38 addresses).
9 Mention the usage of 6LOWPAN CO1 K1
6LoWPAN stands for "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless PersonalArea
Networks." It is a communication protocol that allows IPv6 packets
to be transmitted over low-power wireless networks, specifically
targeting small devices with limited processing power and energy
resources. 6LoWPAN enables these devices to participate in the
Internet of Things (IoT) by providing themwith a way to
connect to larger networks, such as the internet,
using IPv6.
10 Mention the purpose of COAP in Application Layer CO1 K1
CoAP stands for "Constrained Application Protocol." It is a
lightweight application layer protocol designed for
communication between devices in constrained environments,
particularly in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). CoAP
is designed to work efficiently in resource-constrained devices and
networks with low bandwidth, such as those powered by batteries
or operating in environments with limited processing
capabilities

63
S.No Question and Answers CO K

11 Compare the functionalities of TCP and UDP CO1 K1

TCP UDP
Connection Oriented Connection Less Protocol
protocol
Reliable data delivery It does not guarantee
reliable data delivery
It is commonly used in Web It is used for real time
browsing, Email and FTP streaming , Voice over IP
and Online game
It includes Flow control It doesn't includes flow
control
12 Explore the functions of MQTT CO1 K1
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight
communication protocol commonly used in the Internet of
Things (IoT) and other applications where efficient, low-
bandwidth communication is essential. It was designed with the
goal of enabling devices to communicate
over unreliable networks with limited resources, making it
particularly well-suited for IoT scenarios.
13 Sketch the Logical Design of IOT CO1 K1

14 What are all the three communication models in IoT? CO1 K1

Request response
Publish - Subscribe
Push pull
Exclusive pair
15 Brief about Web Socket based communication CO1 K1
API
WebSocket is a communication protocol that provides
full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP
connection. It allows for interactive and real-time
communication between a client (usually a web
browser) and a server, making it well-suited for
applications that require continuous data exchange,
such as online gaming, messaging platforms,
collaborative tools, and real-time data visualization.
64
S.N Question and Answers CO K
o
16 What is M2M Communication? CO1 K1
M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication refers to the direct
communication between two or more devices, machines, or
systems without human intervention. It involves the exchange
of data, commands, or information between these devices,
enabling them to work together, share information, and
collaborate without requiring human interaction. M2M
communication is a foundational concept in the field of theInternet
of Things (IoT) and plays a crucial role in creating
connected and intelligent systems.
17 What is SDN? CO1 K1
SDN stands for Software-Defined Networking. It is an architectural
approach to network design and management that separates the
control plane (which makes decisions about how data traffic should
be routed) from the data plane (which handles the actual
forwarding of data packets). SDN introducesa centralized control
point where network administrators can
manage and control the behavior of the entire network using
software.
18 What is NFV? CO1 K1
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a concept in networking
and telecommunications that involves virtualizing and abstracting
network functions traditionally performed by dedicated hardware
appliances. NFV aims to replace specialized network hardware with
software-based virtual instances running on standard servers,
storage devices, and networking equipment. This approach offers
greater flexibility, scalability, and cost-efficiency in designing and
managing network services.

19 What is Wireless sensor Networks? CO1 K1

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network of interconnected,
autonomous devices called sensors that collaboratively monitor and
collect data from their environment. These sensors are equipped
with various types of sensors to measure physical, environmental,
or contextual properties, and they communicate wirelessly to share
and transmit the collected data. WSNs have numerous applications
across various fields, including environmental monitoring,
industrial automation,
healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, and more.
20 What are the Key Elements of SDN? CO1 K1
Centralized network controller
Standard communication interface(Open Flow)

65
 6.6 Part B Questions

S.No Questions CO K
1 Explain in detail about physical design of IOT with neat sketch CO1 K2

2 Explain in detail about the IOT communication model CO1 K1

in logical design of Iot

3 Describe about the following communication APIs CO1 K2

with the neat sketch
• REST- based communication API
• Web Socket based communication API
4 Explain in detail about the various IoT enabling Technologies CO1 K1

5 Discuss about the following IoT Levels with the near CO1 K1
illustration
• IoT Level 5
• IoT Leve 6

6 Explain the IoT levels 1,2 and 3 with neat sketch. CO1 K1

7 Discuss in detail about the following Domain specific IoT's CO1 K1

• Home Automation
• Cities

8 Design a block diagram of a smart irrigation system and CO1 K1

explain
9 Design a block diagram of health care system and explain CO1 K2

10 Explain in detail about M2M communication with neat sketch CO1 K1

11 Discuss in detail about any two Domain specific IoT's CO1 K1
applications
12 Discuss in detail about Software Defined Networking(SDN) with CO1 K1
neat diagram
13 Discuss in detail about Network Function Virtualization (NFV) with CO1 K2
neat diagram
14 Explain about Network Function Virtualization (NFV) use case CO1 K1
with illustration.

66
6.7 SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES

Sl.No Name of the Name of the Course Website Link

Institute

Coursera Software Architecture for https://www.coursera.org/learn/i

1. ot-software-architecture
the Internet of Things
Coursera Architecting Smart IoT https://www.coursera.org/learn/i
2. ot-architecture
Devices
edx IoT System Architecture: https://www.edx.org/learn/comp
3. uter-programming/waseda-
Design and Evaluation university-iot-system-
architecture-design-and-
evaluation-2
Udemy Fundamentals of IoT https://www.udemy.com/course/
4. fundamentals-of-iot-systems/
5. Udemy https://www.udemy.com/course/
Practical IoT Concepts-
practical-iot-devices-protocols-
Devices, IoT Protocols & servers/
Servers

67
6.8 Real Time Applications In Day To Day Life And To Industry
1. IoT in

Healthcare Health

Monitoring

Getting periodic information about the status of kids or old parents health has become an
essential requirement these days. Now, health-tracking devices help us to monitor their
health in real-time.

Sudden changes in temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, etc. are notified
to the family members, thereby allowing them to take necessary actions on time.Health
monitoring apps keeps us updated in real-time about patient’s status. Typically blood
pressure measuring equipment includes pressure sensors, microcontrollers, display
systems, battery management systems, and connected (USB or wireless)
communications interfaces.

Ingestible Diagnostic Devices: MIT researchers have constructed a genetically

modified sensor that can diagnose bleeding from the stomach or other gastrointestinal
(GI) issues. The sensor has not been ingested. The prototype device, called IMBED, can
eventually be reduced to a minimum to enhance the ingestion of a human patient so
that doctors can treat or diagnose a spectrum of intestinal disorders better.

CGM Devices: Continuous CGM devices help us with less fingertip testing to handle
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Glucose level measured by a sensor just below our skin
24hours a day. A sender provides findings to a wearable gadget or mobile phone. The
usage of CGM takes a while, but it can help to control our health more easily.

2. In Healthcare Industry

Smart toothbrush
A smart toothbrush, as the name suggests, is supported by a motor that offers you
brush positions, speed, feedback, and how oral hygiene can be improved. A sonic motor
and sensors at the head of the pin are at the core of smart tooth roots, which are fitted
to clean your teeth efficiently.
A smart toothbrush has high-quality sensors that collect data on your brushes, missed
spots, pressures, etc. We can follow this important information on our smartphone and
gain insights into how our oral health might be improved.
A new smart toothbrush is introduced by Philips Sonicare which is connected to a
Bluetooth app. With Philips Sonicare FlexCare Platinum Connected, the new gearbox
combines a variety of sensors in the handle to keep track of how we brush our teeth in
real-time. The data are synchronized with an iOS and Android app through Bluetooth.
68
Some more real time appplications in daily life
1. Smart Shoes
2. Child and Pet Finder
3. Infant Monitor
4. Smart Shelves
5. Smart Gardening
 Robotic lawnmower
 Solar parasol
6. Smart Refrigerator

69
 7. ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE

Assessment Tools Proposed Date Actual Date

I ASSESSMENT

II ASSESSMENT

MODEL

70
8. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS &REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, ―Internet of Things – A hands-on approach‖,
Universities Press, 2015
2. Dieter Uckelmann, Mark Harrison, Michahelles, Florian (Eds), ―Architecting the
Internet of Things, Springer, 2011.

REFERENCES:
1. Honbo Zhou, ―The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A Middleware Perspective‖,
CRC Press,2012.
2. Jan Holler, Vlasios Tsiatsis, Catherine Mulligan, Stamatis, Karnouskos, Stefan
Avesand. David Boyle, - From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things -
Introduction to a New Age of Intelligence, Elsevier, 2014.
3. Olivier Hersent, David Boswarthick, Omar Elloumi, ―The Internet of Things –
Key applications and Protocols‖, Wiley, 2012.
4. David E. Goldberg, - IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and
Use Cases for the Internet of Things, Cisco Press, 2017.
5. Maciej Kranz - Building the Internet of Things: Implement New Business Models,
Disrupt Competitors, Transform Your Industry, John Wiley & Son, 2016.

71
 9. Mini Project Suggestion

S.No Mini Project Title K Level

1 Smart Waste Management System K4

2 Smart Gas Leakage Detector Bot K4

3 Health Monitoring System K4

4 Smart Irrigation System K4

5 Streetlight Monitoring System K4

6 Flood Detection System K4

7 Smart Traffic Management System K4

8 Smart Garage Door K4

9 Smart Parking System K4

10 Home Automation System K4

72
 Thank you

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