Geography

Origin of Universe, Solar System

 Big Bang Theory, propounded by George Lemaitre in 1931.
 Steady State Theory, propounded by Fred Hoyle.
 Constellation, group of stars.
 Orion the Hunter- Brightest star “Regel”.
 Cassiopiea- W Shaped
 Ursa Major – Saptarishi – Asterism – Big Dipper.
 Nebular Laplace Theory, propounded by German philosopher Immanuel Kant.
 After that Laplace did further research on it in 1796.
 8 Major planets:
 Mercury (Buddh)
 Have no natural satellite
 Fastest Revolution around Sun 88 days.
 Venus (Shukra)
 Slowest Roatation on its own axis 243 days = 24 hours of Earth
 Venus k/as Twin Sister of Earth, Morning/Evening Star, Brightest, Hotest
planet.
 It rotates East to West. (Uranus also)
 Acid present on Venus is H2So4
 Earth (Prithvi)
 Highest density
 Mars (Mangal)
 Known as Red planet due to presence of Iron Oxide.
 Have natural statellites – Phobos & Deimos discovered by
 Nix Olympia – Highest Mountain of Mars.
Here comes the Asteroid Belt, it has Ceres biggest Asteroid in Asteroid Belt. It is a dwarf planet
and clossest dwarf planet to the Earth. Asteroid belt is between Mars and Juipiter.
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are Interior Planets.
After AB, Juipiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune are Exterior/Jovian/Gaseous Planets.
 Jupiter (Brahaspati)
 Fastest Rotation
 Largest planet in solar system and largest moon in the Solar System.
 Largest satellite – Ganymede
  Lo, Europa, Callisto and Ganymede are known as Galilean Moons because
they were discovered by Galileo Galilei.
 Reflected Telescope discovered by Newton.
 Saturn (Shani)
 Have least density less than Water.
 Largest Moon – Titan and Encleadus. Life is possible on it.
 Discovered by Galileo Galilei.
 Saturn Rings are not touching Saturn said by & discovered by Huygens
and Saturn Rings have gap in between them said by Cassini.
 Uranus (Arun)
 Known as Ice Giants.
 Also Coldest planet.
 Known as Green Giant due presence of Marsh(Methane) gas.
 Neptune (Varun)
 Slowest revolution around the Sun 165 years = 1 Revolution.
 Beyond Neptune we have Kuiper Belt.
 Coldest planet.
Kuiper Belt ha four major Dwarf planet – Pluto, Haumea, Makemake (It revolution around sun
in 310 years), Eris.
Decreasing Size of Planets:
Jupiter > Saturn > Uranus > Neptune > Earth > Venus > Mars > Mercury
All about Earth
 Earth shape is Geoid or Oblate Spheroid.
 Age of Earth 4.5 Billion years and life possible 3.8 Billion years.
 Centre bulge Poles flat due to Centrifugal force.
 Gravity highest at Poles.
 Earth is tilted 23.4 degree north on its axis.
 And 66.5 degree on its orbital plane i.e. horizontal axis.

 Total number of Latitudes = 90 + 90 + 1 (for 0 degree latitude) = 181

 Total number of circles present = 179
 Equator also known as Greater Circle.

 Distance between longitude decreases from equator to poles.

 Distance between longitude maximum at 111.32 km at equator.
 No. of longitude = 360
 Longitudes are also known as Meridians.
 0 degree longitude = Prime Meridian passes through Greenwich London.(GMT)
 180 degree longitude = International Date Line (it is a zig zag line)
 All longitudes are great circles.

 Summer Solstice = 21 June (International Yoga Day)

 Winter Solstice = 22 December
 Vernal Equinox = 21 March
 Autumnal Equinox = 23 September
Different Layers of Earth
 Top layer = Crust (made up of Si + Al) Silica and Aluminium
 Middle layer = Mantle (made up of Si + Ma) Silica and Magnesium
 Third layer = Outer Core (Liquid and responsible for Earth’s magnetic field) and Inner
Core (Solid and made up of Ni + Fe) Nickel and Iron
 Crust divided into two parts = Continental and Oceanic Crust
 Continental Crust is thick and made up of Granite.
 Oceanic Crust is thin, densenser, heavy and made up of Basalt.
 Earth’s crust have elements which are show in the table above.
 But majorly have Oxygen(O) – 46.10%, Silicon(Si) – 28.20%, Aluminium(Al) – 8.23%
{Osial}
 Mantle’s top part(hardest) + Crust = Lithosphere (200 km)
 After Lithosphere, we have Asthenosphere which consists of molten lava also k/as
plastic layer.
 Volume Mass
Crust 1% 1%
Mantle 84% 68%
Core 15% 31%

 Discontinuity in layers
 Conorod Discontinuity – between upper and lower crust. (Koi)
 Mohorovicc Discontinuity – between lower crust and upper mantle. (Mujhe)
 Repiti Discontinuity – between upper and lower mantle. (Red/laal)
 Guttenberg Discontinuity – between lower mantle and Outer core. (Gulab)
 Lehmann Discontinuity - between Outer and Inner core. (Laado)
 Lithospheric Plates which are 7 Major plates and 7 Minor plates

 Major Plates
 Pacific plate
 North American plate
 South American plate
 Antarctic plate
 African plate
 Eurasian plate
 Australian plate

 Minor Plate
 Juan De Fuca
 Caribbean
 Nazca
 Cocos
 Arabian
 Indian
 Philippine
 The concept of these plates was given by Alfred Wegener in 1912.
Alfred was asked why the plates got separated and the reason given by him was not
right. "Father of Plate Tectonics", Alfred Wegener proposed "Continental Drift" in 1912,
but was ridiculed by fellow scientists.
It was correctly given by Arthur Holmes.
He said the plates got divided and still moving away from each other due to “convection
current in the molten layer because of the radioactive decay”.

 Ring of Fire/Pacific Ring of Fire = Region which prone to Earthquakes and Volcanic
Eruptions
 Types Of Mountains
 Fold Mountains:
Formed when two or more tectonic plates collide
Highest peaks generally found in Fold mountains.
 Young Fold Mountains: Himalayas(Mt.Everest), Andes(S.America, Mt.Econcagua
highest peak in S.America), Alps(Europe), Rockies(N.America,
Mt.Denali/Mt.Mckenly highest peak in N.America)
 Old Fold Mountains: Aravallis, Applaaachians(N.America), Ural(sperates Russia
and Asia)
 In Young Fold Mountains, endogenic force is acting more than the exogenic
force due to which the height of these mountains are increasing every year and
vice versa in case of Old Fold Mountains as their height is decreasing every year.
 Endogenic force is when two plates are moving into each other.
 Orogenic Force: which forms Mountains
 Epierogenic Force: which forms Continents
 This mountain or continent building process is known as Diastrophism.
 Exogenic force is due air, water friction, sunlight. This process is known as
Denudation.

 Block Mountains:
Are created by widely breaking up in a large area of bedrock which displaced the earth's
crust vertically and forms Horst (topside part of mountain) and Greban (downside part
of mountain).
Vosges Mountains in France, Harz Mountains in Germany, Vindhya, Satpura

 Volcanic Mountains
Formed due to eruption of magma through the earth’s crust.
Kilimanjaro located in Tanzania, S.Africa. It is the highest freely standing
mountain.
Mt. Cotopaxi in Equador,
 Mt. Stromboli known as Lighthouse of Medeterranian in Europe,
Mt. Etna in Europe,
Mt. Fujiyama in Japan,
Barren & Narcondam in Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Mt. Ojas del Salado which is highest volcanic mountain on the border of Chile and
Argentina.

 Rocks
 Study of rocks = Petrology
 Age of rock = Carbon Dating
 Weathering: It is an in-situ process chemically or mechanically breaking of rocks, due
water, air, sunlight.
 Erosion: The transfer of the weathered rock from on place to another.

 Igneous Rock: Gabbro, Granite, Basalt, Pumice.

 Sedimentary Rock: Limestone, Sandstone, Shale, Schist, Coal
 Chemically formed
 Mechanically formed
 Organically formed
  Metamorphic Rock: Gneiss formed through Granite, Slate formed through Shale,
Quartzite formed through Sandstone, Marble formed through Limestone.
 Silicates of Aluminium and Silica are found most in Rocks.

 Atmosphere

 Evolution of Atmosphere:
 Loss of Premordial atmosphere due Solar winds which eradicated Hydrogen and
Helium from it.
 Degassing which is out pouring of gases.
 Photosynthesis due to plants life.