International laws that govern cyberspace include:

 Territorial sovereignty
Cyber activities that cause significant harm to another state without their consent can violate
territorial sovereignty.
 Protection of civilians
Civilians are protected from cyber attacks unless they directly participate in hostilities.
 Protection of certain objects and activities
Medical personnel, religious personnel, and humanitarian objects are protected.
 Prohibition of certain actions
Targeting civilians, using indiscriminate weapons, and conducting indiscriminate or
disproportionate attacks are prohibited.
 State jurisdiction
States have jurisdiction over cyber infrastructure located within their territory.
 State obligations
States must meet their international obligations and not use proxies to commit internationally
wrongful acts.
Cyber law, also known as internet law or digital law, regulates digital activities and protects
individuals and organizations from cyber threats. It covers a wide range of issues,
including: Online communication, E-commerce, Digital privacy, and Preventing and prosecuting
cybercrimes.

Cyber laws are important because they:

 Ensure the orderly and secure functioning of digital space
 Establish guidelines for ethical and legal conduct in cyberspace
 Protect people from online fraud, such as credit card and identity theft
 International cyber law is a set of legal regulations and frameworks that govern digital activities
and the internet. It's also known as internet law or digital law.

Here are some things to know about international cyber law:

 Purpose
Cyber law protects people and organizations from cyber threats, ensures the security of digital
transactions, and establishes guidelines for ethical and legal conduct in cyberspace.
 Scope
Cyber law covers a wide range of issues, including online communication, e-commerce, digital
privacy, and the prevention and prosecution of cybercrimes.
 Intersection of legal fields
Cyber law is an intersection of many legal fields, including intellectual property, privacy,
freedom of expression, and jurisdiction.
 Examples of cybercrimes
Examples of cybercrimes include cyber harassment, stalking, credit card fraud, spoofing,
identity theft, online slandering, computer vandalism, and copyright infringement.
 Examples of prohibited interventions
Examples of prohibited interventions include malicious cyber activities that hack and disable a
state's election commission or disrupt a major gas pipeline.
 International treaties
The Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse
(2007) is an example of an international treaty that prohibits the use of information and
computer technology to access, distribute, or solicit child pornography.
 The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) is an intergovernmental
organization that helps law enforcement agencies work together to fight crime. Its role
includes:
 Sharing information
INTERPOL's criminal databases and communications networks help national law enforcement
agencies share data and cooperate.
 Providing support
INTERPOL offers investigative support, training, and expertise to law enforcement agencies.
 Research and development
INTERPOL conducts research and development on international crime trends.
 Issuing notices
INTERPOL issues notices such as Red Notices and Yellow Notices to help locate and arrest
criminals or missing persons.
 Operating a Command and Coordination Centre
The Command and Coordination Centre (CCC) is a 24/7 service that provides real-time
support, training, and response teams.
 Focusing on specific areas
INTERPOL focuses on three main areas of transnational crime: terrorism, cybercrime, and
organized crime. It also works on other crimes, including human trafficking, drug trafficking,
and environmental crime.
INTERPOL is headquartered in Lyon, France, and has regional offices in Argentina, Cameroon,
Côte d'Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand, and Zimbabwe. Each member country has a
National Central Bureau (NCB) that serves as a contact point for INTERPOL.
What Is the United Nations Commission on
International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)?
The term United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
(UNCITRAL) refers to a subsidiary body of the United Nations General
Assembly. Established in 1966, UNCITRAL is the core legal body of the
U.N,'s system in the field of international trade law.1

United Nations. "About UNCITRAL ."

The official function of UNCITRAL is to modernize and harmonize the rules of international
business. The organization is responsible for helping to facilitate international trade and
investment. It is headquartered in New York with annual sessions held alternatively in Vienna.

Understanding the United Nations

Commission on International Trade Law
(UNCITRAL)
The United Nations established the United Nations Commission on
International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) in 1966. The move was in response to
the rapid rise of global trade that took place in the 1960s. At the time, national
governments recognized the need for harmonized global standards to replace
the various national and regional regulations which, until then, largely
governed international trade.

UNCITRAL is headquartered in New York, which is the same location as the

U.N.'s headquarters. Annual sessions take place once each year usually in
the summer and are held alternatively in New York and at the Vienna
International Centre in Vienna.1

The organization operates on the premise that international trade has global
benefits for its participants. With increasing economic
interdependence globally, UNCITRAL seeks to help expand and facilitate
global trade through the progressive harmonization and modernization of the
law of international trade.

Through the salient areas of commercial law, its mandate covers:2

 Cyber law, also known as internet law or computer law, is a set of laws that govern
the use of the internet and computers. Cyber laws address a variety of issues,
including:
 Protecting individual rights: Cyber laws protect privacy, identity, and property, and prevent
cyberbullying and online dangers.
 Fighting cybercrime: Cyber laws establish punishments for crimes like hacking, phishing,
identity theft, and online fraud.
 Strengthening cybersecurity: Cyber laws mandate cybersecurity measures, promote secure
practices, and facilitate cooperation in combating cyber threats.
 Protecting intellectual property: Cyber laws protect intellectual property rights and prevent
copyright infringement.
 Protecting consumers: Cyber laws protect consumers from online frauds, such as credit card
theft.
 Protecting freedom of speech: Cyber laws protect freedom of speech.
 Protecting public access to information: Cyber laws protect public access to information.

India's cyber laws face several challenges, including:

 Outdated legislation
The Information Technology Act (IT Act) of 2000, which is the main cybercrime law in India,
is outdated and may not be effective in the face of advancing technology and increasing crime
rates.
 Lack of technical staff
The government has made little effort to recruit technical personnel to investigate cybercrime.
 Lack of infrastructure
State cyber forensics labs need to be upgraded to keep up with new technologies.
 Underreporting of cybercrime
There is a false sense of complacency that cybercrime is not a problem in India.
 Cryptocurrency-related crime
 There is a limited ability to solve crimes related to cryptocurrencies.
 Need for regulating cryptocurrencies
There is a need to establish rules and regulations to ensure that cryptocurrencies are used
legally and not misused.
Here are some other cyber laws and regulations in India:
 IT Act, Section 67C: Requires intermediaries to preserve and retain information in a prescribed
format and manner.
 IT Act, Section 69: Gives the government the authority to intercept, monitor, or decrypt
information in certain circumstances.
 National Cyber Security Policy (2013): Outlines a framework for securing cyberspace in India.
 Personal Data Protection Bill (PDPB): Regulates how the government processes individuals'
personal data.

Net neutrality is the idea that internet service providers (ISPs) should treat all internet data
equally, without discrimination or preferential treatment. This means that ISPs should not block
or slow down access to certain content or services, or offer "fast lanes" to prioritize others.
Network neutrality, often referred to as net neutrality, is the principle that Internet
service providers (ISPs) must treat all Internet communications equally,
offering users and online content providers consistent transfer rates regardless of
content, website, platform, application, type of equipment, source address, destination
address, or method of communication (i.e., without price discrimination).[4][5] Net
neutrality was advocated for in the 1990s by the presidential administration of Bill
Clinton in the United States. Clinton's signing of the Telecommunications Act of 1996,
an amendment to the Communications Act of 1934, set a worldwide example for net
neutrality laws and the regulation of ISPs.[6][7][better source needed]

Supporters of net neutrality argue that it prevents ISPs from filtering Internet content
without a court order, fosters freedom of speech and democratic participation, promotes
competition and innovation, prevents dubious services, and maintains the end-to-end
principle, and that users would be intolerant of slow-loading websites. Opponents argue
that it reduces investment, deters competition, increases taxes, imposes unnecessary
 regulations, prevents the Internet from being accessible to lower income individuals,
and prevents Internet traffic from being allocated to the most needed users, that
large ISPs already have a performance advantage over smaller providers, and that
there is already significant competition among ISPs with few competitive issues.

Net neutrality is important because it:



 Promotes a free and open internet: Users can access content without restriction, as long as it
doesn't violate the law
 Ensures equal access: All users and businesses have fair access to online content and services
 Protects free speech: ISPs shouldn't be concerned with the content users view or post online
 Provides equal opportunity: All internet-based businesses have an equal opportunity to
succeed
 Facilitates freedom of expression: Net neutrality helps to improve journalism and freedom of
expression
Net neutrality is now a well-established principle of international law and human rights.