‬

‭Mantle Plume‬
‭● ‭Mantle‬ ‭plume‬ ‭originates‬ ‭near‬ ‭the‬ ‭core-mantle‬ ‭boundary‬ ‭and‬ ‭rises‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭conduit-like‬ ‭structure.‬ ‭When‬ ‭it
‭reaches the lithosphere, it can spread out in a mushroom-shaped head. The source of magma is hotspots.
‭● ‭Hotspot:‬‭Hotspots can be found under;
‭○ ‭Continental Plates:‬‭Hotspots are linked with triple‬‭junctions.
‭■ ‭Example,‬ ‭Afar‬ ‭Triangle‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭geological‬ ‭depression‬ ‭where‬ ‭three‬ ‭tectonic‬‭plates‬‭the‬‭Nubian,
‭Somali, and Arabian plates meet or converge.

‭ ig: Triple junction‬

F
‭■ ‭Continental‬ ‭plates‬ ‭are‬ ‭thick‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭magma‬ ‭from‬ ‭hotspot‬ ‭cannot‬ ‭rapture‬ ‭it.‬ ‭Magma
‭through‬‭its‬‭continuous‬‭force‬‭will‬‭start‬‭creating‬‭a‬‭bulge‬‭or‬‭dome‬‭(doming‬‭effect).‬‭Hotspots
‭initially‬ ‭have‬ ‭three‬ ‭arms.‬ ‭Later‬ ‭on‬ ‭one‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭arms‬ ‭gets‬ ‭deactivated‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭other‬ ‭two
‭gets elongated.
‭■ ‭Hotspot is linked with divergent plate boundary.
‭■ ‭Flood‬ ‭Basalt‬ ‭Province:‬ ‭If‬ ‭magma‬ ‭cannot‬ ‭easily‬ ‭reach‬ ‭the‬ ‭surface,‬ ‭it‬ ‭can‬ ‭cause‬ ‭the
‭overlying‬‭tectonic‬‭plate‬‭to‬‭thin‬‭and‬‭weaken.‬‭When‬‭the‬‭magma‬‭eventually‬‭erupts,‬‭it‬‭can‬‭lead
‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭formation‬ ‭of‬ ‭extensive‬ ‭lava‬ ‭flows,‬ ‭known‬ ‭as‬ ‭flood‬ ‭basalt‬ ‭province‬ ‭(Deccan‬ ‭Lava
‭plateau).

‭Daily Class Notes ||‬‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬

 ‭○‬ ‭Oceanic‬‭Plate:‬‭When‬‭the‬‭magma‬‭is‬‭underwater‬‭it‬‭is‬‭called‬‭seamount.‬‭When‬‭the‬‭magma‬‭comes‬‭out‬
‭it‬‭will‬‭be‬‭called‬‭an‬‭island.‬‭When‬‭the‬‭oceanic‬‭plate‬‭moves‬‭(position‬‭of‬‭hotspot‬‭is‬‭fixed)‬‭it‬‭will‬‭result‬
‭in a chain of volcanic islands.‬

‭Formation of Various Landforms‬

‭Extrusive Landforms‬
‭●‬ ‭Crater‬ ‭and‬ ‭Caldera:‬ ‭The‬ ‭main‬ ‭conduit‬ ‭through‬ ‭which‬ ‭magma‬ ‭moves‬ ‭toward‬ ‭the‬ ‭surface‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬ ‭central‬
‭vent.‬‭An‬‭extremely‬‭large‬‭crater‬‭is‬‭sometimes‬‭found‬‭at‬‭the‬‭summit‬‭of‬‭a‬‭volcano.‬‭These‬‭massive‬‭craters‬‭are‬
‭created‬‭when‬‭pressure‬‭builds‬‭inside‬‭the‬‭volcano‬‭until‬‭the‬‭top‬‭is‬‭literally‬‭blown‬‭off,‬‭magma‬‭drains‬‭back‬‭into‬
‭the central vent and the top of the cone collapses in.‬
‭○‬ ‭In‬‭other‬‭words,‬‭when‬‭the‬‭central‬‭vent‬‭which‬‭is‬‭created‬‭due‬‭to‬‭volcanic‬‭activity‬‭and‬‭after‬‭sometime‬
‭the‬ ‭magma‬ ‭ceases‬ ‭to‬ ‭come‬ ‭out‬ ‭the‬ ‭depression‬ ‭is‬ ‭created‬ ‭at‬‭the‬‭mouth‬‭of‬‭the‬‭volcanic‬‭activity.‬
‭This‬‭depression‬‭can‬‭be‬‭termed‬‭as‬‭a‬‭crater.‬‭An‬‭extensive‬‭form‬‭of‬ ‭this‬‭crater‬‭i.e‬‭larger‬‭diameter‬‭will‬
‭be called caldera.‬
‭○‬ ‭When the rainwater will accumulate in it it will be called crater lake or caldera lake.‬
‭●‬ ‭Hot‬ ‭Spring‬ ‭and‬ ‭Geysers:‬ ‭The‬ ‭movement‬ ‭of‬ ‭tectonic‬ ‭plates,‬ ‭which‬ ‭causes‬ ‭volcanic‬ ‭activity‬ ‭and‬
‭earthquakes,‬ ‭is‬ ‭driven‬ ‭by‬ ‭convection‬ ‭currents.‬ ‭When‬ ‭these‬ ‭convection‬ ‭currents‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭asthenosphere‬‭are‬
‭very‬ ‭active,‬ ‭they‬ ‭cause‬ ‭the‬ ‭magma‬ ‭to‬ ‭go‬ ‭up‬ ‭and‬ ‭then‬ ‭down.‬ ‭This‬ ‭heat‬ ‭can‬ ‭warm‬ ‭the‬ ‭rocks‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬
‭lithosphere.‬‭If‬‭there‬‭is‬‭groundwater‬‭present,‬‭it‬‭can‬‭also‬‭be‬‭heated‬‭by‬‭this‬‭geothermal‬‭energy,‬‭causing‬‭it‬‭to‬
‭rise to the surface as a hot spring.‬
‭○‬ ‭Example,‬‭Tattapani‬‭Hot‬‭Spring,‬‭Hot‬‭Springs‬‭At‬‭Manikaran,‬‭Son-Narmada-Tapi‬‭(SONATA)‬‭belt,‬‭etc.‬
‭These are found where there is presence of geothermal energy.‬
‭○‬ ‭Geysers:‬ ‭In‬ ‭certain‬ ‭locations,‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭presence‬‭of‬‭geothermal‬‭heat‬‭(such‬‭as‬‭from‬‭a‬‭hotspot)‬
‭and‬ ‭specific‬ ‭geological‬ ‭structures,‬ ‭groundwater‬ ‭can‬‭become‬‭heated.‬‭If‬‭this‬‭warm‬‭water‬‭is‬‭trapped‬
‭underground,‬‭it‬‭can‬‭eventually‬‭turn‬‭into‬‭steam.‬‭As‬‭the‬‭steam‬‭builds‬‭up,‬‭it‬‭creates‬‭pressure.‬‭When‬
‭the‬‭pressure‬‭becomes‬‭too‬‭great,‬‭it‬‭forces‬‭the‬‭water‬‭to‬‭erupt‬‭to‬‭the‬‭surface‬‭(like‬‭a‬‭fountain‬‭or‬‭like‬
‭a pipe), creating a geyser.‬
‭■‬ ‭Example,‬ ‭Geysers‬ ‭are‬ ‭only‬ ‭found‬ ‭in‬ ‭Iceland,‬ ‭Yellowstone‬ ‭National‬ ‭Park‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭US‬ ‭(Old‬
‭faithful geyser) and New Zealand.‬

‭Intrusive Landforms‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬ ‭intrusive‬ ‭landforms‬ ‭are‬ ‭formed‬ ‭when‬ ‭the‬ ‭magma‬ ‭does‬ ‭not‬ ‭reach‬ ‭the‬ ‭Earth's‬ ‭surface‬ ‭and‬ ‭starts‬
‭solidifying inside the Earth's crust. We find them only when the upper layers are errored.‬

‭Daily Class Notes ||‬‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬

 ‭●‬ ‭Shapes of Intrusive Landforms:‬‭They mostly differ in their shapes.‬

‭Batholith:‬

‭●‬ ‭A batholith is a very large mass of intrusive igneous rock that forms and cools deep in the Earth's crust.‬
‭●‬ ‭When‬ ‭an‬ ‭oceanic‬ ‭plate‬ ‭subducts‬ ‭beneath‬ ‭a‬ ‭continental‬ ‭plate,‬ ‭the‬ ‭resulting‬ ‭magma‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭andesitic‬ ‭in‬
‭composition.‬‭If‬‭this‬‭magma‬‭solidifies‬‭before‬‭reaching‬‭the‬‭surface‬‭and‬‭remains‬‭within‬‭the‬‭Earth’s‬‭crust,‬‭it‬
‭forms a large intrusive igneous body known as a batholith.‬

‭Laccolith:‬

‭●‬ ‭Laccoliths‬ ‭are‬ ‭intrusive‬ ‭igneous‬ ‭bodies‬ ‭that‬ ‭form‬ ‭when‬ ‭magma‬ ‭is‬ ‭injected‬ ‭between‬ ‭two‬ ‭layers‬ ‭of‬
‭sedimentary rock, causing the overlying strata to dome upwards.‬
‭●‬ ‭These‬‭formations‬‭resemble‬‭dome‬‭shapes‬‭or‬‭mushroom‬‭shapes‬‭due‬‭to‬‭the‬‭pressure‬‭exerted‬‭by‬‭the‬‭magma,‬
‭which does not reach the surface.‬
‭●‬ ‭Laccoliths‬ ‭are‬ ‭typically‬ ‭found‬ ‭in‬ ‭regions‬ ‭of‬ ‭significant‬ ‭tectonic‬ ‭activity‬ ‭and‬ ‭can‬ ‭create‬ ‭notable‬ ‭surface‬
‭features like hills or small mountains once the overlying rock layers are eroded.‬

‭Lapolith:‬

‭●‬ ‭A‬ ‭lapolith‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭large,‬ ‭lens-shaped‬ ‭or‬ ‭saucer-shaped‬ ‭intrusive‬ ‭igneous‬ ‭body‬ ‭that‬ ‭forms‬ ‭when‬ ‭magma‬
‭solidifies in a concave, downward structure.‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬ ‭magma‬ ‭intrudes‬ ‭along‬ ‭bedding‬ ‭planes‬ ‭of‬ ‭sedimentary‬ ‭rock‬ ‭layers,‬ ‭but‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭its‬ ‭weight‬ ‭and‬ ‭fluid‬
‭dynamics, it sinks into a shallow, bowl-like formation.‬
‭●‬ ‭Lapoliths‬‭are‬‭generally‬‭found‬‭in‬‭stable‬‭continental‬‭interiors‬‭and‬‭can‬‭be‬‭quite‬‭extensive‬‭in‬‭size,‬‭influencing‬
‭the surrounding rock formations.‬

‭Phacolith:‬

‭●‬ ‭Phacoliths‬ ‭are‬ ‭intrusive‬ ‭igneous‬ ‭formations‬ ‭that‬ ‭have‬ ‭a‬ ‭wavy‬ ‭or‬‭lens-shaped‬‭structure‬‭,‬‭often‬‭found‬‭in‬
‭the crests and troughs of folded sedimentary rock layers.‬
‭●‬ ‭They‬ ‭form‬ ‭when‬ ‭magma‬ ‭intrudes‬ ‭along‬ ‭the‬ ‭axial‬ ‭planes‬ ‭of‬ ‭anticlines‬ ‭(upward‬ ‭folds)‬ ‭or‬ ‭synclines‬
‭(downward folds).‬

‭Daily Class Notes ||‬‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬

 ‭●‬ ‭The‬‭wavy‬‭shape‬‭of‬‭phacoliths‬‭is‬‭typically‬‭aligned‬‭with‬‭the‬‭fold‬‭structures‬‭of‬‭the‬‭host‬‭rocks,‬‭indicating‬‭the‬
‭influence of tectonic forces during their formation.‬

‭Sills:‬

‭●‬ ‭Sills‬‭are‬‭tabular,‬‭sheet-like‬‭intrusions‬‭of‬‭magma‬‭that‬‭solidify‬‭horizontally‬‭between‬‭preexisting‬‭layers‬‭of‬
‭sedimentary or volcanic rock.‬
‭●‬ ‭They‬ ‭form‬ ‭when‬ ‭magma‬ ‭intrudes‬ ‭along‬ ‭bedding‬ ‭planes‬ ‭or‬ ‭other‬ ‭horizontal‬ ‭weaknesses‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬ ‭host‬
‭rock, spreading laterally.‬
‭●‬ ‭Sills‬ ‭can‬ ‭vary‬ ‭in‬ ‭thickness‬ ‭and‬ ‭extend‬ ‭over‬ ‭large‬ ‭areas,‬ ‭often‬ ‭resembling‬ ‭the‬ ‭layering‬‭of‬‭the‬‭host‬‭rock.‬
‭Their horizontal orientation helps distinguish them from other types of intrusions.‬

‭Dykes:‬

‭●‬ ‭Dykes‬‭are‬‭vertical‬‭or‬‭steeply‬‭inclined‬‭sheet-like‬‭bodies‬‭of‬‭solidified‬‭magma‬‭that‬‭cut‬‭through‬‭preexisting‬
‭rock formations.‬
‭●‬ ‭They‬‭form‬‭when‬‭magma‬‭forces‬‭its‬‭way‬‭upward‬‭through‬‭fractures‬‭or‬‭fissures‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Earth's‬‭crust,‬‭creating‬
‭a tabular intrusion that often extends to great depths.‬
‭●‬ ‭Dykes‬‭can‬‭vary‬‭in‬‭width‬‭and‬‭length,‬‭and‬‭they‬‭are‬‭typically‬‭oriented‬‭perpendicularly‬‭to‬‭the‬‭bedding‬‭planes‬
‭of the host rocks.‬
‭●‬ ‭They are important indicators of past tectonic and volcanic activity.‬

‭Laccolith:‬ ‭Laccoliths‬ ‭are‬ ‭underground‬ ‭formations‬ ‭resembling‬ ‭dome‬ ‭shapes‬ ‭or‬

‭mushroom shapes.‬
‭Lapoliths:‬‭Solidification of magma in a saucer-shaped.‬
‭Phacolith:‬‭Wavy shape‬
‭Sills:‬‭When magma solidifies horizontally.‬
‭Dyke:‬‭When magma solidifies vertically.‬

‭Daily Class Notes ||‬‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬

‭Types of Volcanoes‬
‭●‬ ‭Types of volcanoes based on frequency of eruptions‬
‭○‬ ‭Active Volcano:‬‭Active volcanoes have a recent history‬‭of eruptions; they are likely to erupt again.‬
‭■‬ ‭Example, Mount St. Helens, Mount Merapi, Barren Island (India).‬
‭○‬ ‭Dormant‬ ‭Volcano:‬ ‭Dormant‬ ‭volcanoes‬ ‭have‬ ‭not‬ ‭erupted‬‭for‬‭a‬‭very‬‭long‬‭time‬‭but‬‭may‬‭erupt‬‭at‬‭a‬
‭future time.‬
‭■‬ ‭Example,‬ ‭Mount‬‭Kilimanjaro‬‭(also‬‭used‬‭as‬‭an‬‭example‬‭of‬‭extinct),‬‭Mount‬‭Fuji,‬‭Narcondam‬
‭Island of the Andaman and Nicobar‬
‭○‬ ‭Extinct‬ ‭or‬ ‭Ancient‬ ‭Volcano:‬ ‭Extinct‬ ‭volcanoes‬ ‭are‬ ‭not‬‭expected‬‭to‬‭erupt‬‭in‬‭the‬‭future‬‭and‬‭have‬
‭been recorded in historic times.‬
‭■‬ ‭Popa Hill, Mount Aconcagua‬

‭Geothermal Energy‬
‭●‬ ‭Human‬ ‭development‬ ‭index‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭composite‬ ‭indicator‬ ‭for‬ ‭assessing‬‭the‬‭well-being‬‭of‬‭citizens‬‭of‬‭a‬‭country‬
‭and‬‭to‬‭achieve‬‭a‬‭high‬‭HDI‬‭that‬‭is‬‭about‬‭0.9,‬‭it‬‭is‬‭necessary‬‭to‬‭have‬‭a‬‭per‬‭capita‬‭electricity‬‭consumption‬‭of‬
‭about 5000 units per annum.‬
‭○‬ ‭India:‬ ‭After‬ ‭a‬ ‭drop‬ ‭in‬ ‭its‬ ‭Human‬ ‭Development‬ ‭Index‬ ‭(HDI)‬ ‭value‬ ‭in‬ ‭2021‬ ‭and‬ ‭following‬ ‭a‬ ‭flat‬
‭trend‬ ‭over‬ ‭the‬ ‭past‬ ‭few‬ ‭years,‬ ‭India’s‬ ‭HDI‬ ‭value‬ ‭has‬ ‭increased‬ ‭to‬ ‭0.644‬ ‭in‬ ‭2022,‬ ‭placing‬ ‭the‬
‭country‬‭134‬‭out‬‭of‬‭193‬‭countries‬‭and‬‭territories.‬‭This‬‭is‬‭as‬‭per‬‭Human‬‭Development‬‭Report‬‭(HDR)‬
‭titled, “Breaking the Gridlock: Reimagining Cooperation in a Polarised World."‬
‭●‬ ‭Issue‬ ‭of‬ ‭Electricity‬ ‭in‬ ‭India‬ ‭Despite‬ ‭Being‬ ‭an‬ ‭Energy‬ ‭Surplus‬ ‭Nation:‬ ‭India‬ ‭has‬ ‭an‬ ‭overcapacity‬ ‭of‬
‭electricity‬ ‭generation‬ ‭power‬ ‭plants,‬ ‭but‬ ‭they‬ ‭are‬ ‭underutilised.‬ ‭This‬ ‭is‬ ‭because‬ ‭the‬ ‭energy‬ ‭generated‬ ‭is‬

‭Daily Class Notes ||‬‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬

 ‭transmitted‬‭through‬‭distribution‬‭companies.‬‭These‬‭companies‬‭supply‬‭electricity‬‭to‬‭the‬‭agricultural‬‭sector‬‭at‬
‭subsidised‬ ‭rates.‬ ‭Depending‬ ‭on‬ ‭government‬ ‭policies,‬ ‭they‬ ‭may‬ ‭also‬ ‭subsidise‬ ‭electricity‬ ‭for‬ ‭domestic‬
‭(household)‬ ‭purposes‬ ‭or‬ ‭provide‬ ‭free‬ ‭electricity‬ ‭up‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭certain‬ ‭number‬ ‭of‬ ‭units.‬ ‭To‬ ‭compensate,‬ ‭these‬
‭companies‬ ‭try‬ ‭to‬ ‭earn‬ ‭revenue‬ ‭through‬ ‭commercial‬ ‭and‬ ‭industrial‬ ‭electricity‬ ‭usage‬ ‭via‬ ‭cross-subsidies.‬
‭However,‬‭they‬‭cannot‬‭increase‬‭prices‬‭significantly‬‭and‬‭sometimes‬‭demand‬‭more‬‭financial‬‭support‬‭from‬‭the‬
‭government or are simply unable to spend money on generation of electricity.‬
‭○‬ ‭Solution:‬ ‭The‬ ‭health‬ ‭of‬ ‭these‬ ‭distribution‬ ‭companies‬ ‭needs‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭improved.‬ ‭At‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬ ‭time‬
‭every‬ ‭individual‬ ‭can‬ ‭conserve‬ ‭energy‬ ‭at‬ ‭their‬ ‭personal‬ ‭level‬ ‭(demand‬ ‭conversation).‬ ‭In‬ ‭2015‬ ‭the‬
‭government also approved the UDAY Scheme (Ujwaj DISCOM Assurance Yojana).‬
‭●‬ ‭Energy‬‭Security‬‭via‬‭Geothermal‬‭Energy:‬‭Vision‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Indian‬‭Government‬‭is‬‭to‬‭achieve‬‭“net‬‭zero”‬‭carbon‬
‭emission‬ ‭by‬ ‭2070.‬ ‭Towards‬ ‭this‬‭vision,‬‭renewable‬‭energy‬‭like‬‭“geothermal‬‭energy”‬‭will‬‭play‬‭an‬‭important‬
‭role in Indian energy security in the upcoming days.‬
‭●‬ ‭Potential of Geothermal Energy‬
‭○‬ ‭Energy Security:‬‭India has an estimated potential‬‭of 10,600 megawatt of geothermal energy.‬
‭○‬ ‭Offload‬ ‭Base‬ ‭Power:‬ ‭It‬ ‭provides‬ ‭a‬ ‭reliable‬ ‭and‬ ‭consistent‬ ‭baseload‬ ‭power‬ ‭supply,‬ ‭unlike‬
‭intermittent‬‭sources‬‭like‬‭solar‬‭and‬‭wind.‬‭It‬‭can‬‭contribute‬‭to‬‭grid‬‭stability‬‭and‬‭reduce‬‭dependence‬
‭on fossil fuels.‬
‭○‬ ‭Direct‬‭Use‬‭Applications:‬‭Geothermal‬‭energy‬‭can‬‭be‬‭utilised‬‭directly‬‭for‬‭applications‬‭such‬‭as‬‭space‬
‭heating,‬ ‭greenhouse‬ ‭cultivation,‬ ‭and‬‭industrial‬‭processes.‬‭For‬‭example,‬‭in‬‭Chumathang,‬‭geothermal‬
‭energy is used for heating houses and for hot water supply.‬
‭○‬ ‭District‬ ‭Heating:‬ ‭Geothermal‬ ‭district‬ ‭heating‬ ‭systems‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭implemented‬ ‭in‬ ‭cities,‬ ‭providing‬
‭efficient‬ ‭and‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭heating.‬ ‭The‬ ‭city‬ ‭of‬ ‭Manikaran‬ ‭in‬ ‭Himachal‬ ‭Pradesh‬ ‭is‬ ‭known‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬
‭geothermal district heating system.‬
‭○‬ ‭Potential‬‭Tourism:‬‭India‬‭is‬‭home‬‭to‬‭several‬‭geothermal‬‭hot‬‭springs‬‭that‬‭can‬‭not‬‭only‬‭be‬‭harnessed‬
‭for power generation but can become potential tourist spots.‬
‭●‬ ‭Challenges to Harness Geothermal Energy:‬
‭○‬ ‭High‬‭Upfront‬‭Costs:‬‭The‬‭initial‬‭investment‬‭required‬‭for‬‭geothermal‬‭power‬‭projects‬‭are‬‭substantial.‬
‭Drilling‬ ‭deep‬ ‭wells‬ ‭and‬ ‭installing‬ ‭geothermal‬ ‭infrastructure‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭expensive,‬ ‭deterring‬ ‭potential‬
‭investors.‬
‭○‬ ‭Lack‬ ‭of‬ ‭Technical‬ ‭Expertise:‬ ‭Developing‬ ‭geothermal‬ ‭projects‬ ‭require‬ ‭specialised‬ ‭knowledge‬ ‭and‬
‭expertise.‬‭India‬‭currently‬‭lacks‬‭a‬‭significant‬‭number‬‭of‬‭professionals‬‭with‬‭experience‬‭in‬‭geothermal‬
‭exploration and development.‬

‭Daily Class Notes ||‬‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬

 ‭○‬ ‭Uncertain‬ ‭Resource‬ ‭Assessment:‬ ‭Accurate‬ ‭assessment‬ ‭of‬ ‭geothermal‬ ‭resources‬ ‭is‬ ‭crucial‬ ‭for‬
‭project‬ ‭viability.‬ ‭However,‬ ‭limited‬ ‭exploration‬ ‭and‬ ‭data‬ ‭availability‬ ‭make‬ ‭it‬‭difficult‬‭to‬‭assess‬‭the‬
‭potential of geothermal sites accurately.‬
‭○‬ ‭Infrastructure‬ ‭Limitations:‬ ‭In‬ ‭remote‬ ‭areas,‬ ‭where‬ ‭geothermal‬ ‭resources‬ ‭may‬ ‭be‬ ‭available,‬ ‭the‬
‭lack of infrastructure adds to the overall costs and complexity.‬
‭○‬ ‭Limited‬ ‭Geothermal‬ ‭Resources:‬ ‭There‬ ‭is‬ ‭no‬ ‭one‬ ‭area‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭country‬ ‭that‬ ‭has‬‭an‬‭abundance‬‭of‬
‭geothermal resources.‬
‭○‬ ‭Environmental‬ ‭Considerations:‬ ‭Geothermal‬ ‭projects‬ ‭may‬ ‭have‬ ‭negative‬ ‭environmental‬ ‭impacts,‬
‭such as potential groundwater contamination or seismic activity.‬

‭Question:‬ ‭Briefly‬ ‭mention‬ ‭the‬ ‭alignment‬ ‭of‬ ‭major‬ ‭mountain‬ ‭ranges‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭world‬ ‭and‬‭explain‬‭their‬‭impact‬‭on‬
‭local weather conditions , with examples. [150 Words, 10 Marks]‬
‭Answer Writing:‬‭Component based approach‬
‭●‬ ‭When‬ ‭the‬ ‭question‬ ‭is‬‭regarding‬‭climatic‬‭impact,‬‭climatic‬‭variation,‬‭climate‬‭change,‬‭environment‬‭impact‬
‭remember the components like air, water, soil, wind, temperature, etc.‬
‭Probable‬ ‭(Homework)‬ ‭Question:‬ ‭What‬ ‭is‬‭the‬‭potential‬‭of‬‭geothermal‬‭energy‬‭as‬‭a‬‭renewable‬‭energy‬‭resource?‬
‭Explain the challenges associated with such resources. [150 Words, 10 Marks]‬

‭Daily Class Notes ||‬‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬