MODULE 1: Introduction to Research

Objective:
• Differentiate INQUIRY from RESEARCH.
• Define what research and its importance in various fields.
• Understand the different types of research.
• Identify the basic components of a research study.

ACTIVITY 1

CONTENT
PAGES

TITLE PAGE ------------------------------------------------ i

INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE --------------------------------- ii

For the Facilitator --------------------------------- ii
For the Learner ----------------------------------------- iii

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW --------------------------------- 1

Learning Competency --------------------------------- 1
Learning Objectives --------------------------------- 1

WHAT I KNOW ------------------------------------------------ 1

WHAT’S IN ------------------------------------------------ 2

WHAT’S NEW ------------------------------------------------ 3

WHAT IS IT ------------------------------------------------ 3

WHAT’S MORE ------------------------------------------------ 10

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED --------------------------------- 11

WHAT I CAN DO ---------------------------------------- 11

ASSESSMENT ------------------------------------------------ 12

ANSWER KEYS ------------------------------------------------ 14

GLOSSARY ------------------------------------------------ 15

REFERENCE LIST -------------------------------------------- 16

Here are some scenarios. Identify which are Inquiry and Research. Write it before the numbers.
________________1. A student wonders why leaves change color in the fall and looks up information on
the internet.
________________2. A student conducts an experiment to test the effects of different fertilizers on
plant growth, documents the results, and writes a report.
________________3. A student formulates a hypothesis about the impact of sleep on academic
performance and collects data through surveys and tests to validate their
hypothesis.
________________4. A student is curious about how many species of birds visit their backyard and
makes daily observations to list the species seen.
________________5. A student asks their teacher why the moon sometimes appears red and gets a
detailed explanation.
________________6. A student reads multiple scientific papers to understand the current state of
knowledge about climate change and then designs a study to measure local
temperature changes over a decade.
________________7. A student wonders how smartphones are made and watches documentaries and
reads articles to find out.
________________8. A student creates a survey to determine the most common health issues among
their peers and analyzes the responses to identify trends.
________________9. A student is curious about different cultural traditions and reads books and articles
to learn more about them.
________________10. A student designs an experiment to test the effectiveness of different study
techniques on memory retention, collects data, and draws conclusions based on
the findings.
From your work, let us define INQUIRY and RESEARCH
INQUIRY: is the process of seeking information or knowledge by asking questions. It involves curiosity
driven exploration and investigation.
RESEARCH is a systematic, structured process of investigating a specific question or problem to establish
facts, principles, or develop new knowledge.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INQUIRY
• Inquiry is often broader and can be informal. It can be as simple as asking questions to satisfy
curiosity or gain understanding about a specific topic. (Scope)
• Inquiry can involve observing, asking questions, exploring, and investigating various sources of
information. (Process)
• The primary goal of inquiry is to gain understanding or insight. It can be a preliminary step to
identify areas of interest or potential research topics. (Purpose)
 Example: A student wondering why the sky is blue and searching for explanations online or
asking their teacher.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
• Research is more formal and rigorous. It follows a defined methodology and aims to produce
reliable, replicable results. (Scope)
• Research involves a series of well-defined steps, including identifying a research problem,
reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data,
and reporting findings. (Process)
• The primary goal of research is to generate new knowledge, validate existing theories, or solve
specific problems. (Purpose)
Let us summarize the Characteristics of INQUIRY & RESEARCH in a table as in Table 1.
Activity 2
CHARACTERISTIC INQUIRY RESEARCH
SCOPE
PROCESS
PURPOSE

Now, you know the difference between INQUIRY & RESEARCH

HERE are the 10 reasons why RESEARCH is important:
Importance of Research
• Advancement of Knowledge: Research helps in expanding the existing body of knowledge by
discovering new facts, theories, and principles. It provides a deeper understanding of various
subjects and phenomena.
• Problem Solving: Research identifies, analyzes, and provides solutions to real-world problems. It
helps in finding effective ways to address issues in fields such as medicine, technology,
education, and social sciences.
• Informed Decision-Making: Research provides evidence-based information that aids in making
informed decisions. Whether in policymaking, business strategies, or personal choices, research
ensures that decisions are based on reliable data.
• Innovation and Development: Research fuels innovation by encouraging new ideas, products,
and technologies. It drives progress and development in various industries, leading to economic
growth and improved quality of life.
• Quality of Life: Research in medical and healthcare fields leads to the development of new
treatments, vaccines, and health interventions. It contributes to better health outcomes and
overall well-being.
• Educational Benefits: Research promotes critical thinking, analytical skills, and a deeper
understanding of subjects. It enhances the learning experience for students and educators alike.
• Policy Formulation: Research provides the foundation for creating effective policies and
regulations. It helps governments and organizations develop policies that address societal needs
 and challenges.
• Social Change: Research in social sciences and humanities helps in understanding social issues,
cultural dynamics, and human behavior. It informs efforts to promote social justice, equality, and
positive change in society.
• Environmental Protection: Research in environmental science contributes to the understanding
of ecological systems and the impact of human activities. It informs conservation efforts and
sustainable practices to protect the planet.
• Economic Benefits: Research drives economic growth by fostering innovation, improving
productivity, and creating new markets. It supports the development of industries and enhances
competitiveness.

Lesson 2: TYPES OF RESEARCH

Objectives:
• Enumerate and explain the different types of Research;
• Differentiate Qualitative from Quantitative Research.
There are several types of research, each serving different purposes and employing various
methodologies. Here are some of the main types:
Types of Research
• Basic Research (Pure Research)
• Purpose: To gain a deeper understanding of fundamental principles and theories
without a specific practical application in mind.
• Example: Investigating the properties of a newly discovered material.
• Applied Research
• Purpose: To solve specific, practical problems using scientific methods.
• Example: Developing a new drug to treat a medical condition.
• Descriptive Research
• Purpose: To describe characteristics or phenomena as they exist.
 • Example: Conducting a survey to gather information on consumer preferences.
• Analytical Research
• Purpose: To analyze and interpret existing data to understand relationships or patterns.
• Example: Analyzing historical economic data to identify trends.
• Exploratory Research
• Purpose: To explore a new or unclear topic to gain insights and identify potential
research questions.
• Example: Conducting interviews to understand the challenges faced by remote workers.
• Explanatory Research
• Purpose: To explain why or how certain phenomena occur.
• Example: Investigating the factors that contribute to student success in online learning.
• Quantitative Research
• Purpose: To collect and analyze numerical data to identify patterns, relationships, or
trends.
• Example: Using statistical analysis to determine the effectiveness of a new teaching
method.
• Qualitative Research
• Purpose: To gather non-numerical data to understand concepts, experiences, or social
phenomena.
• Example: Conducting in-depth interviews to explore people's experiences with a
healthcare system.
• Mixed-Methods Research
• Purpose: To combine both quantitative and qualitative research methods to provide a
comprehensive understanding of a research problem.
• Example: Using surveys and focus groups to study consumer behavior.
• Experimental Research
• Purpose: To test hypotheses by manipulating variables and observing the effects.
• Example: Conducting a controlled experiment to test the impact of a new teaching
strategy on student performance.
• Correlational Research
• Purpose: To determine the relationship or association between two or more variables.
• Example: Studying the correlation between physical activity and mental health.
• Longitudinal Research
 • Purpose: To study the same group of individuals over an extended period.
• Example: Tracking the development of children from early childhood to adolescence.
• Cross-Sectional Research
• Purpose: To study a population at a single point in time.
• Example: Conducting a survey to assess the health status of a community.

GENERALLY, Research can be classified as QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE

The primary basis for classifying research into qualitative and quantitative is the type of data
being collected and the methods used for data collection and analysis. While qualitative research
focuses on understanding the depth and complexity of a phenomenon through detailed, non-numerical
data, quantitative research seeks to measure and analyze variables using numerical data to identify
patterns and make predictions.
This classification helps researchers choose the appropriate approach depending on their
research questions, objectives, and the nature of the subject they are studying. Often, researchers may
use a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods, known as mixed-methods research, to
gain a more comprehensive understanding of their research problem.
Here is the detailed difference between QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE Research:
The key differences that form the basis of this classification:
Qualitative Research
• Nature of Data:
• Collects non-numerical data.
• Data is descriptive and detailed, often in the form of words, images, or objects.
• Purpose:
• Aims to understand underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
• Seeks to provide insights into the problem or help develop ideas or hypotheses for
potential quantitative research.
• Data Collection Methods:
• Interviews, focus groups, observations, and open-ended surveys.
• Methods are often more flexible and unstructured.
• Analysis:
• Involves identifying patterns, themes, and categories.
• Analysis is interpretive and subjective, often involving the researcher’s perspective.
• Outcome:
 • Produces rich, detailed, and in-depth understanding of the subject.
• Findings are often presented in narrative form.
Quantitative Research
• Nature of Data:
• Collects numerical data.
• Data is measurable and can be quantified.
• Purpose:
• Aims to quantify the problem by generating numerical data or data that can be
transformed into usable statistics.
• Seeks to identify patterns, make predictions, or test hypotheses.
• Data Collection Methods:
• Surveys with closed-ended questions, experiments, and standardized tests.
• Methods are structured and formal.
• Analysis:
• Involves statistical analysis and mathematical techniques.
• Analysis is objective and aims to eliminate researcher bias.
• Outcome:
• Produces quantifiable and generalizable results.
• Findings are often presented in graphs, charts, and tables.
ACTIVITY 3: Show the difference between Qualitative from Quantitative Research in a Table similar of
what you made in Table 1.

Let us now, see what are the researches under Qualitative Research, Quantitative Research
& Mixed Methods

Qualitative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Focuses on describing characteristics or phenomena as they exist, often using non-
numerical data.
• Exploratory Research
• Aims to explore new or unclear topics to gain insights and formulate hypotheses, often
 using interviews, observations, and open-ended questions.
• Qualitative Research
• Directly focuses on collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts,
experiences, or social phenomena.
• Analytical Research
• When it involves interpreting existing qualitative data to understand relationships or
patterns.
Quantitative Research
• Basic Research (Pure Research)
• Can be classified as quantitative if it involves numerical data and statistical analysis to
test theories or principles.

• Applied Research
• Often involves quantitative methods to solve specific, practical problems using numerical
data.
• Quantitative Research
• Directly focuses on collecting and analyzing numerical data to identify patterns,
relationships, or trends.
• Experimental Research
• Involves manipulating variables and using numerical data to test hypotheses and
observe effects.
• Correlational Research
• Studies the relationship between two or more variables using numerical data and
statistical techniques.
Mixed Methods
Some research types can employ both qualitative and quantitative methods, depending on the
approach:
• Mixed-Methods Research
• Combines both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a comprehensive
understanding of a research problem.
• Longitudinal Research
• Can involve both qualitative and quantitative data, depending on the research design
and objectives.
• Cross-Sectional Research
 • Can use both qualitative and quantitative data, often depending on the nature of the
study and the data collected.

HERE are samples of Qualitative Research, Quantitative Research & Mixed Methods:
Research Titles and Classification
• Qualitative Research:
• Exploring the Experiences of Remote Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
• A Phenomenological Study of Grief Among Parents Who Lost a Child
• Understanding the Impact of Social Media on Teenagers' Self-Esteem
• Cultural Influences on Dietary Habits in Urban Communities
• Teachers' Perceptions of Inclusive Education in Primary Schools
• Quantitative Research:
• The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Performance in College Students
• A Statistical Analysis of the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mental Health
• Assessing the Impact of Online Learning on Student Academic Performance
• The Correlation Between Socioeconomic Status and Access to Healthcare
• Measuring the Effectiveness of Different Fertilizers on Plant Growth
• Mixed-Methods Research:
• Evaluating the Effectiveness of a New Teaching Method: A Mixed-Methods Approach
• Investigating the Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction Among Nurses: A Combined
Qualitative and Quantitative Study
• The Impact of Community Development Programs on Rural Livelihoods: A Mixed-
Methods Study
• Exploring Consumer Behavior in the Digital Age: Integrating Survey Data and In-Depth
Interviews
• Analyzing the Role of Parental Involvement in Child Education: A Mixed-Methods
Approach
ACTIVITY 4 – FORMULATING RESEARCH TITLE
Given the various samples, give at least 2 samples for Qualitative Research, Quantitative Research
& Mixed Methods.

NOTE: All activities will be submitted using short size coupon bond. Follow this format:
Name: _______________________________________
Date Submitted: _______________________________
ACTIVITY No.______
TITLE
Objective

Answers