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Main Components of Distillation Column

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5 views

Main Components of Distillation Column

Uploaded by

AB Rehman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Main components of distillation column

By:  Dr.  PARVEEN  AKHTER  


                       CHEMISTRY   1
Main  Components  of  Distillation  Column  
Distillation  Column  is  made  up  of  several  components  and  
each  component  is  used  either  to  enhance  material  transfer.  A  
typical  distillation  contains  major  components  these  are  as  
follows:  
ü Vertical  Shell  
ü Column  intervals  
ü Re-­‐boiler  
ü Condenser    
ü Re7lux  Drum  
1-­‐  Vertical  Shell  
Separation  of  liquid  components  is  carried  out  in  vertical  
shell.  
2-­‐  Column  Intervals  
Column  intervals  are  used  to  increase  the  ef=iciency  of  the   2
system,  for  example  trays,  plates  and  packings.

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4  
There  are  =ive  major  types  of  
tray:  
 
Ø Bubble  cap  tray  
Ø Sieve  deck  tray/plate  
Ø Dual  Mlow  tray  
Ø Valve  tray  
Ø BafMle  tray  

Fig  #  1  Typical  Tray  area  


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Plate  Contractor  
Cross-­‐=low   plates   are   the   most  
common  type  of  plate  contactor  
u s e d   i n   d i s t i l l a t i o n   a n d  
absorption   columns.   In   a   cross-­‐
4low  plate  the  liquid  4lows  across  
the  plate  and  vapour  up  through  
the   plate.   A   typical   layout   is  
shown   in   Fig   #   2.   The   4lowing  
liquid  is  transferred  from  plate  to  
plate   through   vertical   channels  
called  "downcomers".    
Fig  #  2  Typical  cross-­‐Mlow  plate  (sieve)  

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1-­‐  Bubble  cap  tray  
The  bubble-­‐cap  plate  is  the  traditional,  oldest,  
type   of   cross-­‐=low   plate,   and   many   different  
designs   have   been   developed.   Standard   cap  
designs   would   now   be   speci=ied   for   most  
applications.  
The  most  signi4icant  feature  of  the  bubble-­‐cap  
plate   is   that   the   use   of   risers   ensures   that   a  
level   of   liquid   is   maintained   on   the   tray   at   all  
vapour  4low-­‐rates    
Fig  #  3  Bubble  Cap  tray  

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2-­‐Sieve  Deck  Tray

These   are   simple   metal   plates   with  


holes   in   them.   Vapors   pass   upwards  
through   the   liquid   in   plate.   This   is   A-­‐Downcomer  apron  
B-­‐Liquid  inlet  
the   simplest   type   of   cross-­‐=low   C-­‐Vapour  outlet  
plate.  The  vapor  passes  up  through   D-­‐Vapour  inlet  
E-­‐Liquid  outer    
perforations   in   the   plate;   and   the   F-­‐  Outlet  wall  

liquid   is   retained   on   the   plate   by  


the   vapour   4low.   There   is   no  
positive   vapour   liquid   seal,   and   at  
low   =low-­‐rates   liquid   will   "weep"  
through   the   holes,   reducing   the  
plate   ef=iciency.   The   perforations  
are   usually   small   holes,   but   larger  
holes  and  slots  are  also  present.   Fig  #  4  Sieve  Deck  tray  
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3-­‐Dual  Flow  Tray

Dual  =low  tray  is  a  sieve  tray  without  a  down-­‐comer.  Vapors  


move   up   to   the   tray   through   hole   while   the   liquid   travels  
down  in  the  same  hole.

Fig  #  5  Dual  Mlow  tray   9


4-­‐  Valve  Tray  (Floating  
cap  plates)  

In   such   tray   the   holes   are   covered   with   little  


caps  which  can  be  opened  or  closed  acting  like  
a  valve.  

Fig  #  6  Valve  tray  (Mloating  cap  plates  

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5- BafMle  Tray:  
Baf4le   tray   column   have   almost   same   4looding   capacity   as   cross-­‐
4low   trays.   In   a   baf=le   tray   column,   the   vapors   =low   upwards  
through   a   baf=le   opening   and   the   liquid   showering   down   from  
one  baf=le  to  the  next.  

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Fig  #  7  BafMle  Tary  
Selection  of  plate  type  
The   principal   factors   to   consider   when   comparing   the  
performance   of   bubble-­‐cap,   sieve   and   valve   plates   are:   cost,  
capacity,  operating  range,  ef4iciency  and  pressure  drop.  
Cost.   Bubble-­‐cap   plates   are   appreciably   more   expensive  
than  sieve  or  valve  plates.    
Capacity.   There   is   little   difference   in   the   capacity   rating   of  
the   three   types   (the   diameter   of   the   column   required   for   a  
given  =low-­‐rate);  the  ranking  is  sieve,  valve,  bubble-­‐cap.  
Operating   range.   Most   important   parameters,   operating  
range   is   meant   the   range   of   vapour   and   liquid   rates   over  
which  the  plate  will  operate  satisfactorily.    
ü The   ratio   of   the   highest   to   the   lowest   4low   rates   is   often  
referred   to   as   the   "turn-­‐down"   ratio.   Bubble-­‐cap   plates  
have  a  positive  liquid  seal  and  can  therefore  operate   12
         ef=iciently  at  very  low  vapor  rate.  
 
ü  Sieve  plates  rely  on  the  4low  of  vapour  through  the  holes  to  
hold  the  liquid  on  the  plate,  and  cannot  operate  at  very  low  
vapour   rates.   But,   with   good   design,   sieve   plates   can   be  
designed   to   give   a   satisfactory   operating   range;   typically,  
from  50  per  cent  to  120  percent  of  design  capacity.  
 
ü Valve   plates   are   intended   to   give   greater   4lexibility   than  
sieve  plates  at  a  lower  cost  than  bubble-­‐caps.  

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Any Question??????

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