English Language By Torture Miss

Subordinate Conjunctions
A dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause, is a clause with two specific qualities. Firstly, it does not
express a complete unit of thought on its own; it cannot stand as its own sentence. Secondly, it depends upon an
independent clause—one that can stand on its own as a complete sentence—to form a complete idea. A handy list of
subordinating conjunctions is given below:

after if than where

although in order that/ to that where above
as once though whereas
because provided that unless wherever
before since until whether or not
even if so that when while
even though whenever why

Comma Placement and Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions that fall in the middle of a sentence are generally not preceded by a comma. When a
subordinate clause begins a sentence, however, the whole clause (but not the subordinating conjunction itself) is
followed by a comma. Example:
Whenever, Batman was away, Robin drove the Batmobil.
Whenever Batman was away, Robin drove the Batmobil.
Robin drove the Batmobil, whenever Batman was away.
Robin drove the Batmobil whenever Batman was away.
Subordinating Conjunction Exercises

A. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. _________ the basement flooded, we spent all day cleaning up. (After / Although / Before / Even if)
2. I don’t want to go to the movies _____________ I hate the smell of popcorn. (if / Because / Whenever / So that)
3. ___________ spring arrives, we have to be prepared for more snow. (Because / Until / Although / Now that)

B. Combine each pair of sentences using a conjunction from the word bank.

After Before Although Whenever While Even though Where That Because When Since Until

1. The teacher let us listen to music. We worked on our papers.

2. I cannot find a good restaurant. I can eat for a good price.
3. She can visit her grandma. Her family travels to Florida this summer.
4. Michael wants to go to school. He can find a good job.
5. It is crazy. We have three tests on Friday.

Before Whenever In order that Where That Because While Than

6. _____________________ Jose needs help, he calls his two brothers.

7. _____________________ Sheldon works for the post office, he never works Sundays.
8. I would rather read a book _____________________ watch a stupid television program.

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9. _____________________ Roger goes to Miami, he will buy a new bathing suit.
10. _____________________ travelers have time to pass through security, it is recommended that they arrive two
hours before their flight.
11. _____________________ Maria is an avid jogger, her sister Julia prefers just to sit on the couch.
12. I do not believe _____________________ Hector’s father is a doctor.
13. Maryam loves the city _____________________ she now lives.

If before once while even if because until even though

14. I would not see that movie _____________________ you gave me $100.
15. _____________________ it is raining so hard, the game was cancelled.
16. _____________________ Sam was driving to school yesterday, he saw an accident.
17. I will love you _____________________ the end of time.
18. _____________________ he is the manager’s son, he might still be fired because his work is so bad.
19. _____________________ you need help, just call me.
20. _____________________ Hank gets settled in, we will visit him.
21. Leslie always drinks a cup of hot chocolate to relax her _____________________ she goes to sleep.

C. Combine each pair of sentences by using a subordinating conjunction at the start of the new sentence.
1. We are going to work faster. We don’t need to be done until Saturday.
2. There is a lot to do. I leave for my vacation.
3. My brother wants to go to the lake. He loves to swim.
Simple, Complex & Compound
A clause is a group of words and sentences are made up of clauses. Based on structure, sentences are of three types:

Simple A simple sentence has just one clause.

Complex A complex sentence joins clauses together using words like after, because, who, where etc.

Compound A compound sentence joins simple sentences together, using words like and, but or so.

How to identify Complex sentences:

A complex sentence uses a subordinate clause to add extra detail. This extra clause usually starts with a subordinating
conjunction, such as: after, although, as, because, even, if, now, once, since, so, than, unless, while, where, when,
whenever, where, wherever, while
The subordinate clause could also start with a relative pronoun, such as: that, which, who, whose, where, when
How to identify Compound sentences:
A compound sentence has two or more coordinate clauses connected by coordinating conjunctions or correlative
conjunctions.
What are three different ways in which you can create a compound sentence structure from a pair of simple
sentences?
There are three ways of joining independent clauses into a compound sentence:

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1. with a coordinating conjunction;
2. with a semicolon; or.
3. with a semicolon and a transitional expression.
The seven coordinating conjunctions are:

F A N B O Y S

for and nor but or yet so

Some conjunctions are used in pairs. They are known as correlative conjunctions. Such as:

Both ….. and Neither … nor Not only … but also Either … or

Not… but Whether … or not As …. as

D. Identify the sentences as simple, complex and compound

1. He is neither intelligent nor industrious. 13. I did not know that this food was meant only for the
staff.
2. He was dejected but he didn’t stop trying.
14. She is innocent, so she has appealed to the court.
3. I know the man whose car had been stolen.
15. If you are not ready with the song, it is better to let
4. This is the girl that I told you about.
them know.
5. Do you know a shop where they sell bags?
16. She will come home or I will stay back at her place.
6. I don’t know what she did then.
17. In the evening, I am going to the park.
7. Slow and steady wins the race.
18. The sun looks amazing today.
8. Bread and butter was served for breakfast.
19. I remember the day that we met very well.
9. The dog followed the boy everywhere.
20. Nithi is not keeping well, yet she decided to go to
10. I asked him why he was crying. work.
11. He put on his shirt and went out. 21. After they reach the hotel, they will inform us.
12. You can stay or leave. 22. We are going to the park.

23. The group explores innovative ways to handle the volume and variety of plastics used in the community.
24. As soon as the generator turned on, a loud hum filled every corner of the room.
25. The scientists were on a research expedition in frigid coastal waters when they observed the pod of whales.
26. Humans are the only animals known to blush.
27. Hurricane season is approaching, so you should make a plan for evacuation in case a storm heads your way.
28. The mimic octopus can change its coloring, and it can even contort its body to look like other creatures.
29. I exhaled loudly, and the instructor calmly offered reassurance.
30. No one else had arrived at the park yet, so Kayla sat outside the gate to wait.
31. Although the interpreter speaks English with a British accent, his native language is actually Italian.
32. Since his mom often had to work late at her new job, Jeb started taking on more of the household chores.
33. The incessant ticking and chiming echoed off the weathered walls of the clock repair shop.

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34. The temporary sheds and stalls for the sellers in the market collapsed in the recent rain.
35. I have seen the boy who stood first in the examination.
36. I will get to watch television, but first, I will have to buy a hamburger from a nearby shop.
37. The teacher punished the student who told a lie.
38. The sun is shining through the clouds, so I think we can go swimming.
39. The sky is cloudy; it’s going to rain.
40. The animal welfare program has tremendous success, for the seal population increased significantly.
Conjunctive Adverbs
A conjunctive adverb is a part of speech that is an adverb by design but has the characteristic of a conjunction. It can be
used to link different clauses or sentences, to show cause and effect, sequence, and contrast between the two clauses or
sentences.
Using Conjunctive Adverbs – Points to Remember
Since conjunctive adverbs have the special feature of behaving like a conjunction, there are a few points you will need to
be aware of and bear in mind when using them in your sentences, especially in writing.
1. Rule 1: Always use a comma if the conjunctive adverb is used to link or separate an independent clause and a
dependent clause. This rule applies when conjunctions like and, or, so or but are used before the conjunctive
adverb.
2. Rule 2: When you are using a conjunctive adverb to link or show the relationship between two independent
clauses, make sure you separate them with a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after it.
3. Rule 3: When conjunctive adverbs are used to separate or link two independent clauses which have the ability to
stand as two distinct sentences, a period can be used in between them and the second clause would begin with
the conjunctive adverb.
4. Rule 4: If the conjunctive adverb appears in the beginning of a second clause in a sentence, you should use a
comma after the adverb. In case the conjunctive adverb used in the beginning of the second clause is a
monosyllabic adverb, a comma need not be used.
5. Rule 5: If the conjunctive adverb is used in the middle of a clause, it should be preceded and followed by a
comma. This, however, need not be the case always, especially when conjunctive adverbs are made use of in
short clauses.
Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive Adverbs Uses Example

However Used to denote Aaron went to many stationery stores in that area; however, he did
contrasting opinions, not find what he was looking for.
suggestions or
Besides statements The computer I am thinking of buying does not meet my
expectations; besides, it is very expensive.

Instead Remya had planned to go out with her family to the circus; instead,
she went to the beach.

Also Used to add ideas See to that you carry your umbrella and torchlight when you go for
the trip. Also, make sure you take a few copies of your ID proof for
verification.

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Furthermore Our parents are coming home this weekend and, furthermore, we
will be going to Bangalore.

Besides The train is already running late. Besides, we got caught in the early
morning traffic.

Additionally Diu Art Cafe is known for its amazing food. Additionally, the cafe
often features live music and dance shows.

Moreover Ajith is an engineer and, moreover, he is a good singer.

Similarly Used to represent Adjectives are used to describe nouns. Similarly, you can use
similar ideas and adverbs to describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
statements or compare
Likewise two ideas The student who stands in the beginning of the line has to pass the
ball and move to the end of the line. Likewise, the next student has
to move to the beginning of the line and do the same.

Certainly Used to emphasise Certainly, that was your responsibility.

something that is being
Of course said Of course, the western dance is the most anticipated programme of
the day.

Then Used to represent Pravin moved all the furniture; then, he cleaned the entire house.
cause and effect/
Therefore Used to express one’s It became too dark; therefore, we decided not to go to the park.
complete agreement
Thus with something that is Sandy received the maximum votes; thus, became the chairperson
happening or of the academic year 2022-23.
suggested; to show
Finally that something is Finally, her parents permitted her to go for the trek.
happening as a result
Hence of something. The hills are steep, and hence, it is very dangerous to drive at night.

E. Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate conjunctive adverbs from the list given below.
(Therefore, then, additionally, however, finally, hence, thus, certainly)
1. Kirtik left home early; ___________, he did not reach school in time for the assembly.
2. Darin was waiting for his result the whole day. ________, the results were published around 6 p.m.
3. The kids were already feeling cold; ____________, we decided not to turn on the AC.
4. The question papers did not reach us on time. __________, that caused a huge discomfort among the students and
teachers.
5. You would be informed what all you should carry with you when you come for the trip; ____________, you will be
given an itinerary so that you can be well aware of the activities that will take place.
6. The students had not completed their project, and ___________, they were not allowed to go for their games period.
7. I will complete my Chemistry project, and ________, I will start working on the Math assignment.
8. Aaron practiced very well, and ________, he got the second prize.