Name Date

16.1 Adjectives as Modifiers (Adjectives With Nouns

and Pronouns) • Practice 1
Adjectives With Nouns and Pronouns An adjective is used to describe a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives answer the questions What kind? Which one? How many? or How much? about the nouns or
pronouns they modify.

ADJECTIVE QUESTIONS
What Kind? white fence unhappy child
Which One? this photo each one
How Many? two snacks many others
How Much? enough time more pizza

Exercise 1 Recognizing Adjectives and the Words They Modify. In the sentences below
underline each adjective, and circle the noun or pronoun it modifies.
EXAMPLE: A hungry lion stalked the frightened animals
animals .
1. Laura bought a blue blouse with white lace trimmings.
2. Several athletes complained about the old stadium.
3. The writer, tall and impressive, entered the auditorium.
4. Each one in the class will develop an original project.
5. I made three attempts to reach the local representative.
6. A gracious hostess greeted us at the flower show.
7. The branches, dry and peeling, showed the effects of the drought.
8. We packed the fragile glassware in a reinforced container.
9. The investigator hopes to get some answers from the lone witness.
10. The decorator suggested using three large paintings to cover the bare wall.

Exercise 2 Using Adjectives in Sentences. Complete the sentences below by filling in an

appropriate adjective in each blank space.
EXAMPLE: My foreign car is equipped with radial tires.
1. A teacher scolded the student.
2. My mother just bought a suit.
3. Maxwell Elementary School, and , will soon be closed.
4. A visitors waited to see the prime minister.
5. The front of the house is painted and .
6. This edition of the book is .
7. Do you have time to pay for the bike?
8. police cars followed the van.
9. one is by far the version.
10. A , crowd greeted the hero.

 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Adjectives as Modifiers (Adjectives With Nouns and Pronouns) • 23

Name Date

16.1 Adjectives as Modifiers (Adjectives With Nouns

and Pronouns) • Practice 2
Exercise 1 Recognizing Adjectives and the Words They Modify. In each of the following
sentences, draw an arrow pointing from each underlined adjective to the noun or pronoun it modifies.

EXAMPLE: His sharp, witty remark was hardly appropriate.

1. The many rings of Saturn glowed in the blurry photograph.

2. The tired old man stumbled down the road.

3. Several books have been written about the last days of Roman power.

4. Willie Mays leaped for the high fly ball and made a brilliant catch.

5. Her third attempt was good, but on her fourth and final try, she broke a ten-year-old record.

6. The house, dreary and uninviting, has not been lived in for seventeen years.

7. Irving Berlin wrote many wonderful songs.

8. The feathery fins of the angel fish drifted in the clear blue water.

9. The marble statue was pale and dramatic against the dark velvet curtains.

10. The crusty little turtle crawled across the deserted parking lot.

Exercise 2 Using Adjectives in Sentences. Write a sentence for each pair of adjectives. Then
underline the two given adjectives in the sentence, and draw an arrow from each adjective to the word
it modifies.

EXAMPLE: colorful, yellow The colorful flower garden features bright yellow marigolds.

1. energetic, young

2. dusty, quiet

3. valuable, costly

4. sweet, juicy

5. bright, shining

24 • Grammar Exercise Workbook  Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Name Date

16.1 Adjectives as Modifiers (Articles, Nouns Used as

Adjectives) • Practice 1
Articles The definite article, the, refers to a specific person, place, or thing. The indefinite articles, a and
an, refer to any one of a class of people, places, or things. A is used before consonant sounds. An is used
before vowel sounds.

USING A AND AN
Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds
a cold drink an envelope
a hammer (h sound) an honorary guest (no h sound)
a one-sided game (w sound) an oboe (o sound)
a unicorn (y sound) an unlikely event (u sound)

Nouns Used as Adjectives Nouns are sometimes used as adjectives. When a noun is used as an
adjective, it comes before another noun and answers the question What kind? or Which one?

Nouns Used as Adjectives

river river bank (What kind of bank?)
bottle bottle opener (Which opener?)

Exercise 1 Using the Indefinite Articles A and An Correctly. In the space provided, place the
article a or an.
EXAMPLE: an old person a happy audience

1. honest woman 6. one-time experience

2. compound verb 7. horse trade
3. union meeting 8. egg salad sandwich
4. only child 9. helping hand
5. uneasy parent 10. uniform test

Exercise 2 Recognizing Nouns Used as Adjectives. In each sentence below underline the
noun used as an adjective and circle the noun it modifies.
EXAMPLE: This is the only food market
market for a while.
1. How often do you play table tennis?
2. Our village square is two blocks from here.
3. My older sister joined an exclusive supper club.
4. Speak to the organizers about making a rule change.
5. The producer was not pleased with the audience participation.
6. A new work order arrived this morning.
7. For my birthday my brother bought me a new desk lamp.
8. With this strobe light you can achieve special effects.
9. The basketball game was suddenly canceled.
10. Which radio station do you listen to the most?

 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Adjectives as Modifiers (Articles, Nouns Used as Adjectives) • 25

Name Date

16.1 Adjectives as Modifiers (Articles, Nouns Used as

Adjectives) • Practice 2
Exercise 1 Distinguishing Between Definite and Indefinite Articles. In the blank write the
article that will correctly complete each of the following sentences. The word in parentheses tells you
which kind of article.
EXAMPLE: What an unusual subject! (indefinite)
1. Did you see mayor yet? (definite)
2. She bought new dress and umbrella. (indefinite)
3. Our history teacher mentioned emperor. (definite)
4. old man and young woman slowly approached. (indefinite, indefinite)
5. She was given once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. (indefinite)
6. road we must take to bridge is blocked. (definite, definite)
7. He was eager to make friends because he was only child. (indefinite)
8. Read book on World War II, and then write report. (indefinite, indefinite)
9. Where did you put combination to safe? (definite, definite)
10. Some say apple a day keeps doctor away. (indefinite, definite)
11. He devoted entire first issue of the magazine to story about motorcycles.
(definite, indefinite)
12. That is interesting observation on state of our economy. (indefinite, definite)
13. exhibition was financed by wealthy woman from Mexico. (definite, indefinite)
14. For low price of one dollar, you can have taste of this incredible treat.
(definite, indefinite)
15. “I am thinking of island in the Pacific,” said Irene, planning vacation for her
parents. (indefinite, indefinite)

Exercise 2 Identifying Nouns Used as Adjectives. Each of the following sentences contains
one noun used as an adjective. Underline the modifying noun and circle the noun it modifies.
EXAMPLE: Fifteen baby buggies
buggies were blocking the path.
1. They brought a long grocery list to the market.
2. Did you attend the evening performance?
3. Guitar music soothes me.
4. Have the street lights been repaired yet?
5. The local bus will take you right to the train station.
6. The art show will run for three weeks.
7. Did you read the magazine article about Aspen, Colorado?
8. The child was a mirror image of her grandmother.
9. Tina and Terrie played catch near the baseball field.
10. With the scraps of fabric, Mona made some doll clothes.

26 • Grammar Exercise Workbook  Prentice-Hall, Inc.

 THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

1. A phrase is a group of words without a subject and verb, used as one part of speech. (There are
several types of phrases including the verb phrase, noun phrase, and prepositional phrase.)

2. The prepositional phrase consists of the preposition, its object, and modifiers of the object. The
object of the preposition is always a noun, pronoun, or a group of words used as a noun.
To find the object of the preposition, first say the preposition, then ask, "Whom or what?"
s v
The coin fell (between the cracks.)
Between is the preposition in the above sentence. To find the object of the preposition ask
"Between what?" The noun "cracks" answers the question, so it is the object of the preposition.

3. Prepositional phrases are used as adjectives or adverbs.

A.. When prepositional phrases are used as adjectives, the phrase comes immediately after the
noun or pronoun it modifies. The phrase answers one of the following questions about the
word it modifies: Which one? What kind of? How many? Whose?
My check (for the dress) is in the mail.
The prepositional phrase, "for the dress," tells which check. The phrase is used as an
adjective modifying the noun "check."

B. When prepositional phrases are used as adverbs, they may be found any place in the sentence.
The adverb phrase tells how, when, where, or under what condition about a verb, adjective, or
adverb.
The boy fell (on the steps.)
The phrase "on the steps" tells where the boy fell. It modifies the verb "fell" and is used as an
adverb.

4. The following is a list of frequently used prepositions:

about away from beside during on underneath
above apart from besides except onto until
according to around between for out (out of) up
across aside from beyond from outside upon
after at by in (into) over with
against because of by means of including past within
along before by way of like through without
along with behind concerning near to
amid or amidst below despite of towards
among beneath down off under
Directions: Circle all the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.

1. After the movie the group of teenagers went to McDonalds for a burger.

2. Without sugar the blueberries were too sour for the dinner guests.

3. Sally worked from midnight to noon on her science project.

4. Over the river and through the woods to grandfather’s house we go.

5. He ate three boxes of popcorn with butter during the movie.

6. Despite his fear of water Jack saved the drowning puppy.

7. Janet took her lunch with her to the seminar.

8. At the Country Fair the child with the freckles won the talent contest.

9. For breakfast she likes bananas with strawberries.

10. Down the dark alley the cat chased a rat with long whiskers.

11. The police searched throughout the apartment complex for the escaped criminal.

12. During the summer Gordie fishes under the large oak tree beside Silver Creek.

13. By noon Jimmy decided a nap on the hammock would be nice.

14. Geese live in flocks while cattle live among herds.

15. Around the world music brings together people of all nationalities.

16. He likes movies about war; she prefers movies with a romantic theme.

17. Away from home for the first time Mary wrote numerous letters to her family.

18. Mud squished beneath her feet as Ann walked through the woods during a rainstorm.

19. The sculptures above the entrance (was, were) designed by a nineteenth century artist.

20. Inside the auditorium a group of dancers (was, were) practicing.

Note: Be certain you don’t confuse the object of the preposition with the subject. Doing so can result
in subject/verb agreement problems. Choose the correct verb in sentences 19 and 20 above.

M:\9-TLC\TLC Web Design\Handouts Worksheets\Grammar.Punctuation.Writing\Prepositional

Phrase.doc orange
 Name
RETEACHING: A simple sentence

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND is a sentence that expresses only one

complete thought. A compound
sentence is a sentence made up of
SENTENCES two simple sentences joined by a
comma and the word and, but, or or.
Read each pair of sentences. Then make a
compound sentence by joining the two sentences
with a comma and a conjunction. Write the new
sentence on the line provided.

1. Margaret’s poem is long. It is not complicated.

Margaret’s poem is long, but it is not complicated.
2. Margaret does not discuss Maizon in this poem. She does tell about her father’s death.
Margaret does not discuss Maizon in this poem, but she does tell about her father’s death.
3. The poem mentions Margaret’s mother. It quotes advice from Ms. Dell.
The poem mentions Margaret’s mother, and it quotes advice from Ms. Dell.
4. Margaret could have refused to write the poem. She could have refused to read it
to the class.
Margaret could have refused to write the poem, or (and) she could have refused to read it to the class.
5. The poem was well written. Ms. Peazle was proud of Margaret’s efforts.
The poem was well written, and Ms. Peazle was proud of Margaret’s efforts.
6. The class did not say anything about the poem. They did react to it.
The class did not say anything about the poem, but they did react to it.
7. Maybe no one knew what to say. Maybe the students were afraid to say the
wrong thing.
Maybe no one knew what to say, or maybe the students were afraid to say the wrong thing.
8. The students were silent. Ms. Peazle knew what to write.
The students were silent, but Ms. Peazle knew what to write.

TE
On a separate piece of paper, write a paragraph about a time when a teacher
I
& WR

or other adult helped you express your feelings or get over a sadness or
IN K

TH disappointment. Include compound sentences in your paragraph.

8 Scholastic Success With Grammar • Grade 6 8

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Compound-Complex Sentences

- A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Examples:

1. After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their other teammates for lunch, and they
went to the movies.

^ If we remove the dependent clause “after the two soccer players lost their game,” we have a
compound sentence. The dependent clause makes this sentence compound-complex.

2. The man believed in the system, and he knew that justice would prevail after the murderer was sent
to jail.

How to Write a Compound-Complex Sentence

Structuring your compound-complex sentences properly is imperative to avoid run-on sentences and
sentence fragments. Successfully arranging a compound-complex can help you clearly express
nuanced thoughts or complicated ideas. Here is a quick guide on how to form a complete sentence in
the compound-complex structure.

1. Choose your main clauses. Compound-complex sentence structure always includes two
independent clauses. Your independent clauses should contain a subject and a verb phrase,
enabling them to stand on their own. “I’m going to the mall” and “I need to grab my wallet” are
two examples of simple sentences that are also independent clauses.

2. Choose your dependent clause. Attaching a dependent clause to your sentence turns it from
a compound sentence to a compound-complex sentence. Modifying the independent clause “I
need to grab my wallet” with the dependent adverbial clause “before I go” will turn one of your
clauses into a complex sentence.

3. Join the clauses with a conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions such as “for,” “yet,” “and,” and
“but” are the connectors that help link your main clauses together. “I’m going to the mall but I
need to grab my wallet before I go.”

4. Add your punctuation. A comma usually precedes the coordinating conjunction. In this case,
your coordinating conjunction is “but”, before which you will add a comma to make the final
sentence “I’m going to the mall, but I need to grab my wallet before I go.” If the phrase starts
with a dependent clause, the comma should come right after your clause.

EXERCISE
A. Identify whether the sentences are simple, complex, compound or compound-complex.
Underline dependent clauses where it applies.

1. Vampires Dairies is my favorite television show, but I also love True Blood.

2. The student wiped the white board that was filthy with last week’s notes.

3. The trendy fashion designer released her new line on Wednesday.

4. Trina and Hareem went to a bar in Hollywood to celebrate their anniversary.

5. Wicked Regina cast a spell on the entire city, so the citizens decided to rebel.

6. While waiting for the paint to dry, Angela went to Home Depot, and Martin organized the kitchen
appliances.

7. After listening to the Kanye West CD, I have new respect for his music.

8. After the teacher chose groups, John and Sara were selected as partners for a project, yet Sarah
did most of the work.

9. He came back to the city where he was born.

10. She did not feel that she was guilty.

11. My father in law has three pets.

12. Our aunt cooked noodles for us.

13. He should not worry about his studies.

14. It was the most wonderful place to live.

15. People ran out after hearing the sound.

16. Your game needs more practice.

17. They can never be late from today onwards.

18. I imagined that I lived in a palace.

19. People who are quarrelsome cannot be happy.

20. The farmers who are opposing the bill cannot go home unsatisfied.

21. They are protesting as if they are very unhappy.

22. Many tries but few get success.

23. He arrived before the drama had begun.

24. He who always does his duty is loved by all but a man who does not work is hated by all.
 25. God made the world and manmade the boundaries.

26. If you have patience, you will get everything.

27. I agree with you for it is made for the welfare of the society.

B. Combine the sentences to make one compound - complex sentence.

1. Susan teaches the kids who live in the neighborhood. They meet in the evenings. She comes
home from work.

2. The doctor wants to prescribe physical therapy. He asked me to see a specialist. He

recommended Dr. Smith.

3. Anthony told us about the assembly of the products. Unfortunately, he didn't tell us about where
they were made.

4. We managed to finish the exercise on time and passed the exam. However, it was very difficult.

5. The man spoke little English. Mary understood him, but couldn't help.

6. We didn't have much time, so we didn't read the final chapter. However, we still enjoyed the
book.

7. We will miss our father greatly. He taught us many lessons. Those lessons have helped us
succeed in life.

8. The eagles attract many tourists. They live in the local mountain range. Unfortunately, the
politicians still refuse to protect them.

9. We finished our work early, so we decided to go out for a drink. We went to Allan's Pub.

10. The students who attended the university went on strike. They protested the tuition hikes.

11. Sandy wanted to ask her uncle questions about his experiences. Her uncle fought in WW II.

12. The boys refused to ask the teacher any questions. They failed the exam.

13. I don't like the food. The staff prepares the food. I also do not like their unfriendly attitude.

14. Sheila loves red. The Mustang is red, but she might wait a few months.

15. He can join us if he asks the man who invited us to the party. He can also stay home.

Direct and Indirect Speech

1 Changing Time Expressions

 Direct Speech Reported Speech

Time expressions

that day
Today
then
Now
the day before
yesterday
… days before
… days ago
the week before
last week,
the following years
next year
the next day / the following
tomorrow
day
Place

Here there

Demonstratives

This that
these those

• Direct speech: “I’m seeing my brother tomorrow.”

• Indirect speech: She said she was seeing her brother the following day.

Here are some other examples:

• Direct speech: “I had a headache yesterday.”

• Indirect speech: You said you’d had a headache the day before yesterday.

• Direct speech: “It’s been raining since this afternoon.”

• Indirect speech: He said it’d been raining since that afternoon.

• Direct speech: “I haven’t seen them since last week.”

• Indirect speech: She said she hadn’t seen them since the previous week.

2 Reporting Questions

Types of questions Direct speech Reported speech

With questions word (what, “Why” don’t you speak He asked me why I didn’t
why, where, how…) English?” speak English.
 Without question word (yes He asked me whether/if I
“Do you speak English?”
or no questions) spoke English.

When you report a question you need to change the interrogative form into an affirmative sentence,
putting the verb tense one step back, as with normal reported speech.

There are two types of questions that we can report – questions that have a yes/no response, and
questions that begin with a question word like ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘who’ etc. When we report a yes/no
question, we use ‘if’. For example:

• Direct speech: “Do they live here?”

• Indirect speech: You asked me if they lived here.

As you can see, in the reported version of the question, ‘do’ is eliminated because it is no longer a
question, and the verb ‘live’ becomes ‘lived’.

For questions starting with question words like ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘when’, ‘who’, etc., we report the question
using the question word but change the interrogative form to the affirmative form. For example:

• Direct speech: “Where do they live?”

• Indirect speech: You asked me where they lived.

• Direct speech: “When are you leaving?”

• Indirect speech: He asked us when we were leaving.

• Direct speech: “How will they get here?”

• Indirect speech: She asked me how they would get here.

When we report a question we normally use the verb ‘ask’. As with the verb ‘to tell’, the verb ‘to ask’ is
normally followed by an object pronoun, though it is possible to omit it.

3 Reporting Orders and Requests

When you give someone an order, you use the imperative form, which means using just the verb without
a subject. For example:

• “Call me back later.” • “Don’t do that!”

• “Have a seat.”

To report an order we use ‘tell’ and the infinitive of the verb. For example:

• You told me to call you back later. • He told me to have a seat.

 • She told us not to do that.

When you make a request, you normally use words like ‘can’, ‘could’, or ‘will’. For example:

• “Could you call me back later?” • “Can you not do that please?”

• “Will you have a seat?”

To report a request, we use the verb ‘to ask’ and the infinitive form of the verb. For example:

• You asked me to call you back later. • She asked us not to do that.

• He asked me to have a seat.

C. Sentences are given indirect speech. Change them into indirect speech.

(i) The teacher said to the boys, ‘Have you done your homework?’

(ii) The little girl asked the man, ‘Will you help me?’

(iii) Janaki said, ‘I have been reading this book.’

(iv) Mother said to the daughter, ‘Go and change your dress.’

(v) Susie said, “I had read this book before I gave it to you.

(vi) Mike said, ‘I will bring my piano.’

(vii) The officer told the clerk, ‘Bring me that file.’

(viii) Jane asked, ‘Have you read that book?

(ix) Malathi asked, ‘Where is your watch?’

(x) Sophia said, ‘I watched this movie last week.’

D. Sentences are given indirect speech. Change them into indirect speech.

(i) Helen asked me, “What does he do for a (vi) Dillon asked me, “Do you smoke?”
living?”
(vii) Sol asked me, “What are you doing now?”
(ii) They asked me, “How are you going?” (viii) Sylvia asked me, “Why did you come late?”
(iii) Craig asked Anne, “Are you married?” (ix) Jenny asked me, “How many times did you
(iv) “Sally asked Harry, “How long have you ring?
been back?” (x) Emma asked me, “Are you Ok?”
(v) Jack asked Jill, “Can you go up the hill?”
Writing a Letter to the Editor
A letter to the editor is written in the format of a formal letter.
• Sender’s address: Give the complete address of the sender.
• Date: The date on which the letter is written comes next, immediately after the sender’s
address.
• Receiver’s address: The address of the recipient (the editor of the newspaper or magazine
you intend to send your letter) should be written.
• Subject line: The main purpose of the letter is mentioned in the subject line.
• Salutation/Greeting: The salutation can be Sir, Ma’am, Respected Sir, Respected Ma’am,
etc.
• Body of the letter: The body of the letter should explain the purpose of the letter. Introduce
yourself and provide all the details of the matter being discussed.
• Complimentary closing: Thank you very much, Thank you or Thanking you can be the
complimentary closing that you can use.
• Ending the letter: End the letter with your signature, name in block letters and designation,
if there is any.

Sample Letter to the Editor to Highlight the Effects of Air Pollution

56 C, Uppal
East Hyderabad
Hyderabad – 500095
3rd January, 2022

The Editor
The Indian Express
Secunderabad
Hyderabad – 500003

Subject: Increase of air pollution in East Hyderabad

Respected Sir/Ma’am,

I am Drishya, a member of NGO Prada. I am writing to you to bring to your notice the increasing
effect of air pollution in our neighbourhood and in the surrounding areas.

East Hyderabad has seen a rapid increase in the use of private transportation and the number of
industrial sectors that have come up in recent years. This has increased the risks of serious health
hazards, including breathing difficulties, chronic diseases, lung damage, nausea, fatigue, etc. The
hospitals around the area have already seen an unexpected rise in the number of patients showing
symptoms of chronic illness, and it is important that people and government authorities are made
aware of this dangerous situation at the earliest.
Owing to the seriousness of this situation, I request you to kindly highlight the issue so that some
action can be taken to curb the effect of air pollution and decrease the risk of people being affected
by it.

Thanking you
Yours sincerely,
Signature
DRISHYA RAGUNATH
Member of NGO Prada

Sample Letter to the Editor Regarding Frequent Breakdown of Electricity

102 F, DMC Street

S G Palaya
Bangalore – 560029
January 2, 2022
The Editor
The Times of India
Indira Nagar
Bangalore – 560036
Subject: Frequent breakdown of electricity
Respected Sir/Ma’am,
I am Dakshith Bala, a resident of S G Palaya. I have been living along with my family in S G
Palaya for more than ten years now, and we have not faced much problems with electric supply
in our area. Recently, we have been experiencing frequent breakdown of electricity for more
than eight to nine hours.
These frequent breakdowns of electricity are affecting the day-to-day activities to a great extent.
The residents of the area have been undergoing a lot of inconveniences due to this. No work
goes as planned because we are not aware when we would have power supply and when we
would not. There are continuous fluctuations in voltage which is also causing trouble by ruining
the working condition of the electronic devices that are of regular use. School going children,
working individuals, women and old people are affected by this situation.
It is necessary that the authorities of the Electricity Board take some responsibility to install
powerful transformers and streamline the power supply. It would be of great help and relief to all
the residents if you could highlight the situation in a column of your esteemed newspaper. We
believe that this will get the attention of the authorities and some action would be taken at the
earliest to relieve us of the difficulties we are facing due to the frequent breakdown of electricity.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours sincerely,
Signature
DAKSHITH BALA
Resident of S G Palay