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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

Assessing the Feasibility, Usability, and Durability of Recycled

Construction and Demolition Waste in Road Construction in Morocco
Amine NAIM1, Ikrame HATTAB2, Rajaa ZAHNOUNE2, Mohamed ELGHOZLANI3,
Omar TANANE1, Abdeslam EL BOUARI1, Reda ELKACMI2,*
1Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (LCPMC), Faculty of Sciences Ben
M’Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
2
Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
Laboratory of Materials Engineering for the Environment & Natural Resources, Team: Natural
3

Substances & Molecular Synthesis and Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of

Sciences and Technics, BP 509 Boutalamine, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes,
Morocco
*[email protected]

Keywords: Construction Waste, Demolition Waste, Recycled Aggregate, Unbound

Aggregates, Environmental Performance

Abstract. Growing concerns about environmental sustainability and increasingly restrictive waste
management regulations have led to the use of construction and demolition wastes (CDWs) as
recycled aggregates for civil engineering projects, such as construction and infrastructure
development. In this context, this paper presents an experimental laboratory analysis of the
technical and environmental properties of recycled aggregates obtained from selected CDWs,
conforming to European standards. The technical evaluation encompassed composition tests,
particle size distribution (granulometry), density, water absorption, shape, the Los Angeles test,
and the Micro-Deval test. The environmental assessment focused on the presence of potential
contaminants, such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), PCBs (polychlorinated
biphenyls), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene). The laboratory test results
are discussed and compared with current requirements. The paper concludes with key findings and
recommendations derived from this investigation.
1. Introduction
Construction and demolition wastes (CDWs) are one of the massive wastes produced in large
quantities worldwide [1,2]. Each year, CDWs generation exceeds 3 billion tons worldwide, and
the current situation indicates a trend for future increases [2,3]. For example, in Morocco,
approximately 14 million tons of construction and demolition wastes are made in 2015, which
represents about 50% of total waste and it is estimated to be around 16 million tons in 2030 [4].
These wastes typically come from demolition, modification, extension, construction,
reconstruction and maintenance of buildings and other infrastructure as well as the building rubble
result of some catastrophic activity [5–7]. Therefore, the majority of CDWs are landfilled without
any treatment or control, which increases negative impacts on public health and environment [8–
10].
Current environmental policies intend to recycle and use CDWs as a substitution of natural
aggregates in different fields. In general, the largest demand for natural aggregates, especially in
civil engineering projects, leads to the high CO2 emissions during mining and depletion of virgin
raw aggregates [1,11,12]. Indeed, the use of CDWs aggregates can contribute to a sustainable
world and create a trade potential for recycled aggregates [1,5,13–15]. CDWs are mainly

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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

composed of heterogeneous and persistent material such as concrete, bricks, mortar and other
materials (wood, plastics, glass and metals) [5]. The CDWs aggregates’ composition can vary
considerably from country to country, depending on different factors such as the source of the
waste (roads, built structures, etc.), the construction materials (concrete, masonry bricks, wood,
etc.), and the demolition technique used [5,16,17]. Nonetheless, the overall waste volume contains
between 40 and 85% of the inert fraction [5,18,19], making it suitable to reuse in concrete blocks
[16,20,21], cement [22–25], beach regeneration [2] and road construction project [26–30].
A huge amount of experimental studies have shown that the most suitable management
application for recycled CDWs aggregates is in embankments, shoulders, road subgrades,
foundation layers and unbound bases for road construction, where unbound aggregates are used
[5,31–33]. This is supported by the fact that it is easy to obtain quick results compared to other
application that require much more intensive research [17]. However, the suitability of recycled
CDWs aggregates depends on their physico-chemical and mechanical properties [2,29,34–37].
Therefore, different countries, such as European countries, have developed and implemented
standardized limits for controlling the production and use of recycled CDWs aggregates in road
construction projects, taking into account heterogeneity, density, water absorption, shape,
toughness and hardness of the aggregates [5,38,39].
On the other hand, the environmental performance of CDWs is critical in evaluating their
possible reuse. CDWs may include slight proportion of waste materials including heavy metals
and organic chemicals, which may impact negatively the environment [40]. When recycled CDWs
aggregates are used in roads construction, rain or seepage water can leach these harmful elements,
posing a particular risk to the environment and human society [41,42]. Many researchers have
found organic contaminants like polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) in CDWs [40,43]. The impact of these pollutants on health, ecology, and the environment
is of particular concern because of their specific toxicity [44–46]. Hence, scientists include a risk
assessment based on both their residue levels and toxicity in surface and groundwater resources
with a comparison to regulatory standards or risk thresholds. Generally, recent studies have
revealed that the use of recycled CDWs aggregates for road construction project don’t present any
greater risk of leaching than natural aggregates, with the exception off sulfates, that must be
correctly analyzed [17,47].
This study involved the laboratory characterization of the recycled CDWs aggregates obtained
from a demolition site in the region of Casablanca city (Morocco). To test the quality of the
aggregates, an environmental characterization of persistent potentially toxic compounds (namely
PAHs, PCBs and HMs) in the aggregates was undertaken. Additionally, their physico-chemical
and mechanical properties were determined according to the European standard EN 13242 [48].
The test results are then presented and discussed, in light of the use of recycled CDWs aggregates.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
The construction and demolition wastes (CDWs) used in this study was collected from a
demolition site in the region of Casablanca city (Morocco) as shown in Fig. 1. It was a technical
center designed in a ground and one floor , built in 1992 and demolished in 2018.

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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

Fig. 1. The collection of CDWs from a demolition site in Casablanca.

Several types of materials were found on the demolition site of the building:
- Metallic materials (iron,copper,aluminum,metal alloys:staineless steel);
- Organic materials (wood,paints,coatings);
- Mineral or inorganic materials (rock,glass,brick and masonry);
- Composites materials (reinforced concrete,cement).
Ten (10) samples with a minimum quantity of 80 kg were taken from different points on the
site. The CDWs were previously selected and the pollutants (e.g. plastics, glass, metals and wood)
were removed. Then, the collected samples were homogenised and reduced in the laboratory using
a quartering method described in EN 932-2 standard [49]. The samples were subsequently stored
in containers protected from contact with other materials.
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Environmental performance
Construction and demolition wastes (CDWs) can contain small amounts of hazardous waste that
have the potential to adversely affect human health and the environment. Therefore, to ensure that
the recycled CDWs aggregates can be used without concern for contamination of the surrounding
environment, the samples were tested for their environmental performance. Potential contaminants
such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), BTEX
(Benzene-Toluene-Ethylbenzene-Xylene) and Mineral Oils were determined in compliance with
the standards EN 15934 [50] and 16703 [51]. The tests were conducted by an independent certified
commercial laboratory. Each test was performed with three random samples and average values
were presented for all tests.
2.2.2 Physical- chemical and mechanical properties
So as to determine the physical-chemical and mechanical characteristics of aggregates;
composition test, granulometry, bulk density (ρb), real density (ρr), water absorption (WA), the
water-soluble sulphate (SO4%) content and Flattening coefficient were measured according to the
conditions and procedures adopted by the European standard EN 13242 [48]. Mixtures of
aggregates recycled from construction and demolition waste are heterogeneous in terms of
composition. Therefore, to distinguish the constituent materials and to evaluate their relative tenors
, recycled CDWs aggregates were examined according to the European standard EN 933-11 [52].
The particle size distribution and the fines content were carried out by dry sieving in accordance
with the procedure from EN 933-1 [53].Water absorption (WA) and real density (ρr) were
determined by the pycnometer method according to standard EN 1097-6 [54]. Additionally, the

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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

bulk density (ρb) of aggregates was studied according to standard EN 1097-3 [55]. The water-
soluble sulfate content of recycled CDWs aggregates was determined in accordance with EN 1744-
1 standard [56]. The Flattening coefficient was determined in accordance with the EN 933-3 [57]
standard to identify the shape of the aggregates obtained.
To evaluate the mechanical properties of the CDWs gravels, the Los Angeles and the Micro-
Deval tests were performed. The Los Angeles test (LA) was carried out according to EN 1097-2
[58] to determine the fragmentation resistance of gravels. The standard subjects a coarse aggregate
sample to abrasion and crushing in a rotating steel drum containing a specified number of steel
spheres. Once the rotation cycle (500 tours) was completed, the crushed aggregates were then
sieved through a 1.6 mm sieve. The mass passed through the sieve was expressed as a percentage
of the total aggregate mass.
The Micro-Deval test was determined according to the EN 1097-1 standard [59] to check the
wear resistance of coarse aggregates and therefore their quality. The test consists to roll the sample
of aggregate mixed with water and spherical steel balls in a sealed rotating drum. After a full
rotation cycle, the aggregates were sieved through the 1.6 mm sieve and then dried at 105◦C until
a constant mass was achieved. The loss of mass (%) was calculated as the Micro-Deval coefficient.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Environmental performance
The content of PAHs, PCBs, BTEX and mineral oils in the CDW samples was given in Table 1.
As stated in the results attained, the content of total PCBs from CDWs was not detected. Similarly,
the tenor of total PAHs from CDWs was not detected, excluding of Naphthalene that contain 0.8
mg/kg, also below the legal limit, which can be considered negligible compared to the specified
maximum content (40 mg/kg). Furthermore, the concentration of mineral oils in the leachate was
850 mg/kg, and this concentration was always below the limit value (1000 mg/kg). Consequently,
the release of organic compounds to the leachates was not detected.
To sum up, the tenors of inorganic and organic elements in the leachates were much lower than
the specifies maximum contents. Thus, it may be said that construction and demolition wastes are
inert for the use in road construction project.

Table 1 Purport of PAHs, PCBs, BTEX and mineral oils (mg/kg) from CDWs samples.
Average Content in Specified Maximum Reference
Test (mg/kg) Content in (mg/kg) Standard
PolyChlorinated
Not detected EN 15934 [50]
Biphenyls (PCBs) 0.5
Mineral Oils 850 1000 EN 16703 [51]
Volatile Organic Compounds
Benzene Not detected 1
Ethylbenzene Not detected
Toluene Not detected 1.25 EN 15934 [50]
Xylene Not detected
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Naphthalene 0.8
Anthracene Not detected
Phenanthrene Not detected
Fluoride Not detected 40 EN 15934 [50]
Benzanthracene Not detected
Chrysene Not detected

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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

Benzofluoranthene Not detected

Benzopyrene Not detected
Benzoperylene Not detected
Endopyrene Not detected
3.2 Composition of recycled CDWs aggregates
The CDWs composition varies considerably amongst countries, depending on construction
technologies and components (e.g., concrete, brick, ceramic materials, etc.) and the source of the
waste (e.g., built structures, bridges, roads, etc.) [15,16]. The proportions of the different
constituents present in the collected CDWs were listed in Table 2. The classification of the
different constituents follows the specification in EN 13242 [48]. It appears that, about 50% of the
CDWs aggregates originate from natural aggregate and 17% of concrete and mortar. The CDWs
aggregates were classified as Rc17, Rg2- and Rcug50 (Rcug = Rc + Rb + Rg). It was also shown that
the CDWs samples contain about 32% by weight of other materials (e.g. steel, wood, plastics, etc.)
and traces of masonry clay and bituminous materials; and did not contain any traces of glass or
float materials. Based on these parameters, the CDWs aggregate used was classified as Rb10-, Ra1-
, Rg2- , and FL5-.
Table 2 Classification of recycled CDWs constituents.
Category
Constituents Description Contents in %
EN 13242 [48]
Concrete, concrete products, mortar,
Rc 17 Rc17
concrete masonry units
Rcug = Rc + Ru + Rg with Ru :
Rcug Unbound aggregate, natural stone, 67 Rcug50
hydraulically bound aggregate
Clay and cesium silicate masonry units
Rb (e.g. bricks and tiles), aerated non- 0.44 Rb10-
floating concrete
Ra Bituminous materials 0.75 Ra1-
Rg Glass 0 Rg2-
Other materials (e.g. steel, plastics,
X 32 -
wood, etc.)
FL Floating material (cm3 /kg) 0 FL5-

The physico-mechanical and chemical properties were determined using the standardised
methods established in EN 13242 [48]. Table 3 shows the properties of the collected CDWs
aggregates.

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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

Table 3 Results of the physical and mechanical tests of recycled CDWs aggregates.
Class Category
Proprety Results
EN 13242 [48] EN 13242 [48]
Granular Class ( mm) 0/40 0/40 -
Fines content < 0.063
9 f9 -
mm (%)
Flattening Coefficient
19 FL20 -
(%)
Bulk Density (Kg/m3) 1700 - -
Real Density (Kg/m3) 2500 - -
Water Absorption
5.2 - -
Coefficient (%)
Sulphate Content (%) 0.04 - SS0.2
Los Angeles (%) 40 LA40 E
Micro Deval (%) 37 MDE40 E

The CDWs were crushed and sieved in the laboratory according to EN 933-1 in order to produce
a dimensional distribution of the aggregates with a maximum particle size of 40 mm. the grading
curve in Fig. 2. shows the results of the sieve analysis performed on the CDWs samples. Recycled
aggregates show continual curves, stipulating greater possibilities of synergy between particles
and the chance of a greater degree of compaction [17,60]. It was observed that CDWs aggregates
have approximately the similar size distribution than natural aggregates [61]. The fine fraction (<
0.063 mm) represents lower than 9%, which classified it as f9 according to EN 13242 [48].

Fig. 2. Particle size distribution curves of recycled CDWs aggregates

The shape of the aggregates was determined by the flattening coefficient, defined in EN 933-3
[57]. The flattening coefficient of the CDWs aggregates was approximately 19%, which classified
it as Fl20 according to EN 13242 [48]. Usually, an aggregate favorable shape (spherical, cubic or
nodular) has a flattening coefficient generally between 5% and 20% [62,63]. Particles that are too
elongated or too flat tend to shatter in their small dimension during compaction [17]. The angular
morphology of the ground waste particles can be observed in the SEM images in Fig. 3. A good
angularity of the aggregates increases the inter-granular friction that gives the track a very high
degree of elasticity and strength [62,63].

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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of recycled CDWs aggregates.

The bulk (ρb) and real (ρr) densities of the recycled CDWs aggregates were 1700 Kg/m3 and
2500 Kg/m3, respectively. Overall, CDWs aggregates were the less dense than those of natural
aggregates (NA) [35,64]. This reduction in CDWs density is a consequence of constitution of
CDWs, in particular the crushed natural aggregates and the mortar attached to the surface of the
particles [17]. However, it was reported that the size of the recycled CDWs aggregates affect the
density. In fact, the smaller the size of the recycled CDWs aggregates is, the higher the amount of
attached mortar on the recycled aggregates surface; which means that some of the small particles
of recycled CDWs aggregates were entirely mortar [64].
Moreover, the water absorption (WA) of the recycled CDWs aggregates was 7.2%. This result
confirms what was observed in the literature review [34,36,65]. Generally, recycled CDWs almost
have higher water absorption values than natural aggregates that have water absorption (WA)

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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

values between 0.5% and 1.5% [35,66,67]. However, these higher WA values of the recycled
CDWs aggregates could be attributed to their lower density and therefore higher porosity
compared to natural aggregates [64]. In addition, the high amount of porous materials, such as
bonded mortars, included in the recycled aggregates constituents also contributes to the increase
in water absorption (WA) values. Furthermore, by comparing the WA results with the WA values
recommended in EN 13242 standard [48], it can be said that recycled aggregates belonging to
category WAcm7.2
In addition to the usual characteristics (e.g. granulometry, density, water absorption, shape ...),
the water-soluble sulphate (SO4%) content should necessary be measured. Indeed, in the presence
of water, there will may be a reaction between sulphates and hydrated cement, causing ettringite
[17]. This mineral have a volume much larger than the initial material, leading to disorders on
the structure (risk of expansions) and geometric vulnerability of the section [34]. So, it is therefore
necessary to measure the quantities present in the aggregates resulting from the deconstruction and
demolition waste (e.g. gypsum, plaster). Furthermore, the EN 13242 standard [48] specifies that
the water-soluble sulphate content must remain ≤ 0.7% in mass for aggregates. Table 3 confirms
that the specimens hold small amounts of water-soluble sulphate with value of 0.04% far below
the limit of max SS0.7 or even the lowest limit SS0.2. Pre-screening to eliminate the gypsum
fragments from the CDWs recycling operation decreases the sulphate percentage and increases the
aggregates rank.
The mechanical performance of the recycled CDWs aggregates was investigated according to
the Los Angeles (LA) test and the Micro-Deval (MDE) test. From the experimental results reported
in the Table 3, the values of LA and MDE coefficients were 40% and 37%, respectively. However,
these values are acceptable and are in accordance with the requirements of the EN 13242 standard
[48]. It was reported that the recycled aggregates has a significantly higher LA and MDE
coefficients than the natural ones [66,67]. This can be probably due to the presence of old cement
paste surrounding natural aggregates and ceramic materials, etc. in the recycled CDWs aggregates
which is less resistant to fragmentation wear resistance [68–70]. Furthermore, the wear resistance
of gravels is in a lesser degree governed by the particle shape, whereas the production of fines is
more important for recycled aggregates [71]. By analyzing the coding system proposed by the EN
13242 standard [48] and on the basis of the LA and MDE coefficients obtained, it was possible to
estimate that the recycled aggregates belonging to category LA40 and MDE40.
Conclusion
The purpose of this paper, as mentioned earlier, was to investigate and promote the utilization of
construction and demolition wastes (CDWs) generated from a demolition site in road construction
projects. Based on the results obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- The collected CDWs are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly, especially in
terms of safeguarding soil and surface or groundwater from potential contamination.
Therefore, these recycled CDW aggregates can be categorized as inert materials and can
be reused in sustainable road construction projects.
- The water absorption (WA) of the recycled CDW aggregates is higher (7.2%), and their
densities (ρb and ρr) are lower compared to natural aggregates due to the porous cement
paste adhered to the aggregates.
- The mechanical performance of recycled CDW aggregates was evaluated using the Los
Angeles (LA) test and the Micro-Deval (MDE) test. The results indicate that the LA and
MDE coefficient values were 40% and 37%, respectively.
- According to the specifications outlined in the EN 13242 standard, the recycled CDW
aggregates meet the requirements and are suitable for specific applications, particularly in
civil engineering and road construction.

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Materials Research Proceedings 40 (2024) 19-32 https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-3

- Based on the physical and mechanical results, the recycled CDW aggregates are suitable
for use as unbound granular material (referred to as "GNT") of type 5, provided that the
crushing and screening processes are properly managed to obtain aggregates of class
0/31.5.
- According to the Moroccan catalog of standard structures for new pavements, these
recycled aggregates can be employed as shoulder materials of type MS1.
In summary, the findings presented in this study support the use of recycled CDW aggregates
as a viable substitute for natural aggregates in road construction and various civil projects,
contributing to the economic and environmental sustainability of countries
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work would not exist without the help of a great number of great people. The authors would
like to thank all those who contributed to this study.
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