Industrial Engineering

Dr. D.K. Dwivedi

Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Module - 03
Lecture - 04
Work Study and Human Component and Method Study

Dear students, in today’s presentation, I shall be talking about the Work Study and the
role of Human Component in success of the work study. The same time will also be
introducing the one of the work study technique; that is the Method Study. Work study is
carried out by work study man and for when, he will be carrying out work study; he will
be interacting with the different persons. So, for the success of the work study, it is
necessary that the relationship of between the work study man and the other persons
involved with whom he will be interacting, during the work study or maintained in
reasonably good form.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:19)

The success of the work study to a great extent is determined by the kind of relationship
which exist between the work study man and the three kind of the people with whom he
will be dealing, in these are management, supervisors and the workers. The job of
improving in the given method for improved productivity is done by the work study man
and which will be able to help to increase the productivity of the organization.
But, the success of this implementing, the improved method and increasing the
productivity to a great extent is in depend decided by the support of the management. So,
if the management is there in the support of the work study man, it will be easy for the
work study man to carry out the required changes, which will be good for improvement
of the productivity of the organization.

So, one by one, I will be taking up, that how work study man relationship with the
management, supervisor and workers can be important in the work study. What work
study, does actually is that, it is such a kind of tool available with the one management,
which helps to find out the various deficiencies in the different areas; where work is
done, work study is one of the most penetrating tool with the management.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:58)

And when, it is carried out systematically, it helps to point out various deficiencies; it
exposes the places, where time and efforts are being wasted. And to eliminate these
wastages and use of the wastage of the resources, many times causes are looked into. So,
that those causes can be taken care of and when these causes are looked into, many times
it is found that, these are related with the bad planning insufficient control and the lack of
the training, and on these aspects management is suppose to looked into. So, for
increasing the productivity through the use of work study, further emphasizes, these
deficiencies, if by using work study technique method is improved and that will further
confirm the deficiencies in above areas.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:00)

So, if these deficiencies are pointed out, it can lead to expose the management people,
who are suppose to be responsible for those activities. So, the through the work study,
which is carried out by the direct observation an analysis of a given situation, indicates
the shortcomings in the activities, affecting the productivity of given operation. And
these shortcomings may appear in form of idle time, due to the lack of material, which is
to be taken care of by the material control department or the section.

It may be inform of frequent breakdowns, which may be due to the poor maintenance of
the equipment being done by the maintenance department. Idle time, due to the short
batches, may be due to the marketing policy of the management, like increased variety
being produced in small batches frequently leads to the increased idle time. Due to the
short batch batches, which are to be produced and excessive rejections of the component
being manufactured by the organization, due to the faulty processing.

Faulty processing, many times lead is caused by the carelessness of the workers, if they
have not been trained, they have not been told about the importance of the proper
working, that will lead to the significantly high percentage of the rejections. So, proper
workers training is important, if you see all these points like poor material control,
causing the idle time, due to the lack of material, poor maintenance causing due to the
idle time, due to the frequent breakdowns.
Idle time caused by the short batches which are to be produce, due to the improper
marketing policy and excessive rejections. Also, lead to the increased ineffective time
due to the fault processing and all these ineffective times and idle times are caused by the
different activities, which are taken care of by the management. And if these deficiencies
are pointed out, it will expose the inactiveness on the part of the management.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:25)

And that is why, if the activities, if these deficiencies are exposed, then management will
not feel good about them self and because nobody likes to get exposed. Therefore, work
study man has to be very tactful in handling the people including workers, supervisors
and in and the management. If the deficiency of someone is exposed, then he does not
like to be in that kind of position and that is why the work study man, when he is
pointing out the deficiencies, he has to be very tactful.

So, he is able to convey the message at the same time, it does not lead to very
comfortable situation, that tactless work study man. Otherwise, can find himself in very
difficult position, where the people who are been exposed will join hands and obstruct
him from making any task or any good work. On as a part of the work study which has to
contribute for increasing the productivity. So, if the handling of the people by the work
study man is not proper and it is tactless, then people will come together and will
obstruct him from carrying out any useful work.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:05)

And therefore, success of the work study, it is necessary that work study man handles the
people from the management, supervisors and workers, tactfully. And it is necessary,
that to get the support of the management, he is able to convince the top management of
the organization. And to gain the support of the top management, it will be better, if he
informs and he gives the enough idea about the importance of the work study.

And it is capabilities, as far as a increasing the productivity of the organization is

concerned and betterment of the organization is concerned. So, for this purpose he
should run the appreciation courses, under the training program on the work study by
inviting the top bosses and the CEO of the organization. Running of these courses help
the work study man to importance of the work study and to the management people and
which in turn helps him to gain their acceptance.

And their confidence in carrying out the work study, the supervisor is the representative
of the management on the shop floor and role of the supervisor is very important in
success of the work study, because the supervisor is the person, who has been
responsible for carrying out and the things smoothly in the shop floor.

If the work study man, through the application of the work study is able to bring in
significant improvement in the productivity of the department or of the plant. Then,
supervisor may feel that, he is deficiencies will be pointed out and his position will
become awkward. And that is why; the work study man may face the maximum
challenge and the difficulties from the supervisor.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:40)

The most difficult problem for the work study man may be the hostile attitude of the
supervisor, because he has been the person, who was responsible for the process
planning. For hiring and firing of the persons, for the job planning, for giving the
instructions and for developing the methods, for carrying out the different jobs. If his
work is being challenged, he may he will not have very good attitude towards the work
study man.

And that is why, for the success of the work study, it is necessary that his support is
obtained without his support, it is difficult for the work study man to get any work done
effectively. Because, you know that people take their attitude from their top bosses, since
the workers work under the supervisor and that is why, they will be taking their attitude
from the supervisor attitude.

So, if the supervisor feels that the work study is not fruitful, it is just nonsense then the
workers will also not be cooperating with the work study man in carrying out the
suggestions being given by him. So, if the supervisor thinks that, work study is nonsense
and workers will also not cooperate with the work study man in carrying out the
suggestions, so that improved method can be developed.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:21)

The hostile attitude of the worker of the supervisor, towards the work study man is
caused by the various factors like the work for which he has been responsible for the
years is being challenged. This is the kind of feeling supervisors have and any
improvement through the work study, will further indicate the deficiencies on his
supervision.

And the supervisor may further feel that some of his authorities and the power will be
transferred to the work study man. So, has to reduce his status because most of the job on
the shop floor, like job planning, the development of the methods, hiring of the people
and giving the responsibilities and settling the disputes related with the shop floor are
settled by the supervisors.

And with the entrance of the work study man, some of these responsibilities may be
given and to the work study man like development of the method for carrying out the job
and improving the productivity of the section. So, that is why, the supervisor may feel
that some of his authorities will be transferred to the work study man, which in turn will
reduce his status.

Supervisor also finds it difficult to digest, that he has to learn anything from the new
person of the same field. Because, work study man has the only tool, that he can
investigate the work systematically and can come up with the number of alternatives for
carrying out the same job and can help also to develop the better method. So, he is a
comparatively newer person, while the supervisor has been there in the shop floor for
many years.

So, it becomes difficult for the supervisors to digest, that he has to learn anything from
the new person, who is coming in form of a work study man. So, what a work study man
should do to deal with the supervisors having very hostile attitude towards them. To deal
with supervisors, it is necessary, that his confidence may win by the work study man.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:51)

By explaining the importance of the work study and it is objective and the methodology
which will be used by him to improve the existing methods. And he should avoid giving
the direct orders to the workers and he should always route the instructions, through the
supervisors only. So, that a supervisor does not feel any threat in his presence as far as
authority and the powers are concern.

And the work study man should avoid the response to the any questions, from the
workers, which are beyond the scope of the work study. He can explain the things related
with the work study to workers, but he should avoid, the response to the questions being
asked by the worker beyond the scope of work study. He should not express opinion to
the workers, about work should done in the shop floor, this may be considered as a
criticism of the supervisor.
And the supervisor may come against the work study man in carrying out in any
effective job and to win the confidence of the supervisor, he can further ask the advice.
He can seek the advice of the supervisor for selection of the job, which should be taken
up for the method study and for improvement of the given the situation. Because,
supervisor has been very close to the work and he may be having number of ideas on
what on which method and which area needs improvement and how it can be improved.

So, the inputs from the supervisors can be very useful for work study man in improving
the given job and the selection of the given, job for increasing the productivity of the
organization. The workers are also dealt by the super work study man, because whatever
method, he will be developing, whatever time study he will be conducting, he will have
to interact with the workers.

So, the if the workers act sincerely on the instructions of the work study man, then it
becomes a easy for the work study man to get the things done and to carry out this study
systematically. But, if the workers do not cooperate the success of the work study
chances for the success of the work study also decreases significantly, that is why for the
success of the work study.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:45)

It is necessary that relationship between the workers and the management are reasonably
good, if the workers do not have faith on the sincerity of the management towards them,
they will not contribute effectively in that case. Workers should have, that is why
confidence on the management sincerity and for the better or reasonably good
relationship. It is necessary, that the management has a sound personal policy for the
workers and provides the reasonably good working conditions. And has the right attitude
towards them, for looking into their problems and addressing their grievances. So, that
they will have the workers will think that management is sincere towards them and does
not consider only as a tool of production.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:42)

So, here we have seen that the need of, it is required that work study man should have
the reasonably good relationship with the management people with the supervisors and
with the workers for carrying out any effective job and improving the methods for better
for productivity of the organization. We have seen that, the work study involves the
method study and the work measurement as a two techniques.

The work study is basically used for a improving the methods of a given job and setting
the standard of performance. So, that the productivity of the organization as a whole can
be increased, this is the one of the techniques for increasing the productivity of the
organization. So, here now I will introduce the need of the method study and the
different basic steps related with the method study.

As we know that, in the manufacturing industry the various types of the resources are
used, which are which may be in form of the man material machine money and the
technology. These resources are to be used very effectively, if the productivity is to be
improved and the attitude of the zero tolerance, towards the wastage of any form should
be developed for having better productivity. This resource that is why must be used in
most effective and efficient manner.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:32)

The method study is defined as a procedure of systematic recording analysis and critical
examination of existing or proposed method of doing the job, for the purpose of the
development and the application for is application of easier and effective method. Here,
there are the few things in this definition, like work study can look into the existing
method and can develop a proposed method for carrying out the given job.

And it is done by a systematic recording of the things, which are being done a while
carrying out a given job after recording. It is the critical analysis to find out, what is
redundant and what is required, what is not required and then developing the new
effective and easy method; so that the economy and the efficiency of a given situation
can be improved. Basically it involves, so it is procedure, which involves the systematic
recording analysis and critical examination for developing new efficient and effective
method for carrying out the given job.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:58)

There are many objectives of the work study, which can be achieved when work is
method study is applied, method study objectives include, the improving the process and
procedure. The different processes, which are being used for producing a particular job,
those can be improved or the entire procedure right from the preparation of the raw
material, holding, cutting or the processing conditions, post processing conditions,
packing etcetera.

Entire procedure itself can be improved instead of just one a step or one process,
improving the plant layout, this is very important. The objective, which can be achieved
by the method study of improving the plant layout, which helps to helps to identify the
locations of the different stations, which where they should be placed for the reduced
moment of the man and material and avoiding the unnecessary long moments and in
course of the production.

So, setting of the different stations equipments machineries and the department etcetera
will help in improving the existing plant layout or of the layout of the organization for
reduced irrelevant moment. And reducing the unnecessary moment of the material and
the man in course of the operation or the production, improvement in use of man
machine and the materials, it helps to increase the effective utilization of the man by
reducing the time required for carrying out job by the man.
It helps to increase the machine utilization and it is also helps to reduce the wastage of
the material in course of production. Another important objective is the improvement in
design of the plant and the equipment, through the use of ergonomics the design of the
plant work place and the equipments can be developed. In a such way, that they need less
time and less effort of the worker for carrying out the same job.

Improvement in flow of production and the processes can also be achieved for reduced
wastage of the material man movement and efficient production system. Economy in
human effort can also be achieved by reducing the unnecessary fatigue of the operator,
for this work places and the work method and the movements, during the work are
developed in such a way, that they need the less effort from the operator. So, that
unnecessary fatigue during the operation is reduced.

The method standardization, when in method study, entire methodology being used for
developing a method developing a job is investigated systematically, it helps to find out
the different components related with the method. And a detailed investigation further
helps to find out, that what are the things which are important and the productive for
producing a given job. So, when detailed breakup is available of given method, that helps
to establish the method and in a standardized a form.

Improving the working conditions and the safety standard, this is one of the aspect of the
method study, where what are the working conditions, which should be developed for
efficient working of the equipments and the operators. So, that they can continue to
perform without need of extra unnecessary breaks and improved safety standards also
helps to decrease the accidents, during the operations and a which in turn helps to
increase the productivity of the organization.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:54)

The method study procedure, a method study is carried out by following seven steps, one
by one and these steps are like a selection of the job for method study. The selection of
the job for method study is very important, because the time and the resources are
invested in carry out the method study. That is why, the job should be selected in such a
way, that it is economically important for the organizations and it is productivity also
will contribute significantly in increasing the economy of the organization.

The second step in method study procedure is the record of the information and the
events; it involves the recording of the different events and the activities, which are
carried out, while performing a given job. So, these activities are recorded,
systematically in such a way, that these can be analyzed systematically and easily later
on.

That is why, for the recording purpose the different techniques are used for recording,
the job recording the methodology, which is being used to carrying out the given job.
Next, after the recording, when all the relevant details have been noted down and
recorded properly, it is important to examine them critically. So, the recorded
information is examined critically to see that, what are the relevant and the important
elements of the job and what are the unproductive activities are the part of the job.

So, the methodology for carrying out the job can be improved by either simplifying by
combining, some of the steps of the methodology or by eliminating, some of the steps
which are not required. The decision about that can be taken, only after the critical
examination of the different steps, which are being used for carrying out the given job.
And after identifying that, what are the things, which are to be eliminated, what are the
steps, which are to be combined and what are steps to be simplified.

And we finally come to know that, what should be done for improving the given job and
when that those components are applied, like this job is to be done in this in this manner.
This person should do it and this sequence it should be done and this is how it should be
done and this is the person, who will be doing it.

And when, these five components are applied and obtained these five components helps
to develop the most practical economical and effective method for considering a method
for carrying out the given job keeping in mind the real limitations of a given situation.
And after, developing the new one improved method, it is defined, definition involves
that, what are the exact things, which will be required carrying out the given job.

So, right from the raw material, the processing conditions, the post treatments, the
packing, the time for each element, everything is defined in the exact manner in which it
is to be done. So, that definition helps to specify each and everything which is to be done
for carrying out, the job by the improved method. And once things have been defined
properly the new method is installed as a standard practice.

So, this may require, that the additional tooling, additional raw material, additional
training to the workers, if required that is given first and after that the new method is
implemented as a standard practice. And after implementing, it is required to check the
things regularly, so that people will not switch back to the original or the old method. For
that purpose, it is required to have proper follow ups.

So, that the new job is maintained as a standard practice and if required some corrections
can be made in the in new method as from the practicability point of view. Now, one by
one all the seven steps of the method study will be a discussed in detail and then we will
start with the first step of selection of the job for the method study. Practically, any job
can be taken for carrying out the method study, but since the method study involves the
use of resources time manpower. And that is why; it should not be carried out for those
jobs, which are not important for the organization from the economics point of view.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:06)

However, attempt can be made for those jobs, which are important from the economy
and productivity point of view. In addition to the jobs, which are important from the
economy point of view, the jobs which are unpopular among the employees and which
are considered to be dirty or also selected for the method study.

The jobs like which needs extra effort and which are causing excessive fatigue to the
workers are considered to be unpopular among the workers and they do not want to work
under those conditions and on those operations. So, if such kind of the jobs where
workers consider the certain jobs unpopular. If they are taken by the work study man, for
improvement and then that helps to develop favorable environment for the worker study
man.

So, by improving such unpopular jobs, he would learn earn goodwill from the
employees. As well as the management, which will further help him for the studies in
future of those jobs which workers about which opinion of the worker may not be very
good, this point will be elaborated in the next slide.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:35)

And from the consideration may be given to the jobs, following kind of the jobs for
selection, for carrying out the method study. That the factors, which are to be considered,
for selection of the job, for carrying out the method study are the three and these are very
important, unlike economic factors. The jobs, which is being selected should be
important from the economy point of view of the organization, it should increase the
productivity of the organization.

Technical factors like factors the technical factors, it involves that the technical expertise
require to handle the given job or to handle the given method for improvement should be
available. Either, work study man should be the expert of the field or the required expert
of a given field is available to him for the technical inputs. And the third factor, which is
also very important is that the feeling of the human being, when work study is carried
out.

If the study of a particular method is going to cause unrest and ill feeling, for the
management by the workers, then that kind of a study should not be carried out, all these
factors will be elaborated one by one. Economic factor is very important, because it is
important for the economy of the organization and it is productivity.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:29)

So, if the economic importance of a job is not much, then it should not be taken up for
the study, because it the method study for a job of a small importance will necessary lead
to the investment of the manpower and the resources. And which ultimately will not
deliver the desired results in terms of the economy and productivity of the organization.
Therefore, it is not wise to start and continue the long time method study, for the jobs of
low economic importance.

Therefore, priority should be given for those jobs, which offer greater potential for the
cost reduction and such kind of jobs can be easily identified. They will either be having
higher labour content, because they will like, they are consuming more time, for carrying
out the given job or excessive man or machine idleness. The machine remains idle or the
manpower remains idle for long time. The reasons for those can be looked into for
improving the existing method and so as to reduce the idleness of the man and machine
and also to look reduce the labour content or the work content related with the job.
(Refer Slide Time: 38:06)

Other cases, where a study can be carried out from the economic point of view includes
the high frequency of occurrence of the given job, means many times that same job is
repeated and carrying carried out. And the bottleneck in the production line, a particular
station is consider to being the bottleneck in entire production line and because of which
other machines are also underutilized. So, that station can be taking enough for in
method study.

Higher proportion of the accidence, under the certain environment, is a good case for
carrying out the method study. Excessive movement of the material and man, over the
long distances, this is important, because it will be taking up the lot of wastage of the
time man and the wastage of the resources. So, if by the method study the excessive
movement of the man and material can be reduced, it will simply increase the
productivity of the organization.

Another the possible job, which can be taken up for the method study is the system or the
station, causing the high scrap and reprocessing cost. So, the reasons for high scrap can
be looked into for a increasing the productivity and improving the existing method. The
high payment of the overtime bills can also be one of the case where method study can
be carried out.
(Refer Slide Time: 39:46)

Among the technical factors, the most important thing in the work study and method
study of a given situation is that the either work study man should have the expertise of
the given field in which study is to be conducted or the technical expertise should be
available to him.

(Refer Slide Time: 40:07)

The method study engineers must have necessary technical knowledge about the job to
be studied. Only the surface knowledge will not help him to look into the technical
aspects of the given and to come up with the better solution. That is why, if we take up
this example to clarify the importance of the technical expertise, for carrying out the
method study. Like, if a particular machine tool is proving bottleneck and from the
output of this machine is not reaching the assembly line in the required quantity.

(Refer Slide Time: 40:47)

Then, through a preliminary study indicates that machine is running at lower speed and
the feed, then that is recommended for the fair of work and tool material used. So, if the
work study man thinks that simply by increasing the speed and the feed of the machine,
the production rate can be increased and it may be incorrect and the wrong also. In many
cases, because simply increasing the speed and feed, can lead to the poor the quality of
the product or increased the tooling cost.

Because, increase in feed and their speed, mainly the failure of the tools or machine, it
itself may not be able to withstand under those high speed and feed conditions. So, this
kind of possibility can be only explored by the machine tool expert. It may be possible
that machine, itself is not ready enough to operate at a higher speeds and to take the
deeper cuts.
(Refer Slide Time: 41:56)

It would be important to look into that an increase in speed and feed may also lead to the
poor quality of the job and the reduced tool life. So, the technical expert in the field of in
machine tools and metal cutting can give the more a proper solution to the given
problem. Like, what should be done for increasing in the productivity of a given
situation, where the low output is being achieved, due to the lower use of lower speed
and the depth of cut or the feed, so which are being used.

(Refer Slide Time: 42:37)

So, if the person is not having enough expertise, about the technical aspects of the job,
which is to be looked into and he may not be able to come up with the better solution,
another important aspect in selection of the job is the human factors. Human factor is
important; because work study and the method study will frequently lead to the improved
method. An improved method will increase the productivity of the man and machine or
of the entire department.

So, improvement in productivity of the labour and utilization of the resources in form of
labour can make some of the workers redundant. And therefore, the increase in
productivity of the labour with the application of the work study and method study is
considered as a threat for their jobs by the workers.

Because of this possibility of redundancy of the some of the workers and that is why
emotional reactions can be expected from the workers, towards the work study man and
in carrying out the method study. Therefore, changes in method study are important
consideration from the human factors point of view.

(Refer Slide Time: 44:12)

If the method study of the particular job can lead to the unrest and ill feeling, towards the
management, then it should not be taken up. It may be important from the economics
point of view, but if the workers and their unions come against the work study man in
carrying out. The work study of particular job, which can lead to the significant
redundancy of the workers, then it, should not be taken up immediately.
Under such conditions, it is always good to take up those jobs which are considered to be
dirty an unpopular among the workers. So, that the work study man can gain their
confidence and can win their confidence and achieve their support, which will help him
ultimately to look into those methods, which are actually to be targeted by the method
study.

(Refer Slide Time: 45:26)

Now, this will possibly ensure the cooperation for from the workers, for other jobs which
are which are really important for the productivity and economy of the organization. So,
here if you summarize, that it is important to recognize the problem. And after
recognition, it is necessary to formulate and define it properly, that what kind of problem
is there; related with the job, which is to be studied by the method study.

And instead of making the general statements, like the costs are too high increase the
production reduce the shop floor accidents. It is necessary to deal and so necessary to
determine and define exactly, what is to be done for the betterment of the organization
by the method study.
(Refer Slide Time: 46:13)

The next step in the method study is the recording, after the selection of the job, for the
method study and defining the problem to be addressed related with the job. Next step is
to record the different events and activities, which are being carried out during the job.
For the purpose of recording, that all the relevant facts related to the particular job are
recorded, so that they are available for the required analysis and improving the existing
method.

Success of the method study, largely depends upon the accurately and clearly the data
recorded, which is subsequently analyzed for developing the improved method. If the
recorded data is not accurate and it is not correct, then it the work method study may not
be able to come up with the better method, for a given situation. And therefore, success
of the method study to a great extent depends on the accuracy and the correctness of the
events and the facts related with the job.

As they form basis for the critical examination and the development of the new method,
some of the techniques which are used for collection of the data, about the task will be
covered in some of the following slides. And these techniques, which will be covered,
are not exclusive to each other and these are not used for any particular method study
problem.
Any technique can be used and or for one case two or three number of techniques can
also be used. These are independent of each other, depending upon the situation and the
objective of this study a particular recording technique is selected.

(Refer Slide Time: 48:32)

These recording techniques are like discussions information can be collected, through the
discussions, through the observations, through the records, through the motion pictures
and films, through the charts and through the diagrams. You see the method which is
being carried out for the method, which is being used for carrying out a particular job
information in detail about that can be collected through these techniques.
(Refer Slide Time: 49:14)

And then, these can be entered suitably for the analysis purpose, the observation is one it
is common practice, where the information is collected about the present method of
doing a job. Where, the people simply visit is to the shop floor and they observes the
things the way by which, they are being carried out. The method study person visit is the
site, where work is currently being done and observes various step in the method, which
is being followed.

There are many instances, where also the data needed is obtained only observing the
work site, but for this method to be effective. It is necessary, that the work study man has
thorough knowledge about the way by the thing should have been done and he has the
background information required related with the job.

Discussion is the another technique of collecting the data, where discussion with those,
whoever do the job, actually or who supervise the work can provide the vital
information, which may not be obtainable by the observation only. The many things
which cannot be seen by the work study man, just by the observation, information about
those aspects can be obtained, through the discussions with the workers and the
supervisors, which are closer to the work.
(Refer Slide Time: 50:39)

So, the discussion technique is commonly used, where a regular work is involved or
where one is trying to analyze the past work in order to improve the efficiency of the
work. Even, where observation by itself may accomplish the data collection task and
discussion may be used for developing a good human relationship. So, for those jobs,
which are carried out regularly or the data is available in form of records and more clear
information is to be obtained.

Discussion are found very useful, with those who are either directly involved in carrying
out the job or those who are supervising the things. In addition to the obtaining
information desired, for a developing the improved method, discussions also help in
developing the better human relationship with the supervisor and the workers.
(Refer Slide Time: 51:50)

The records is the another way of collecting the information, for improving the existing
method like the valuable information can be obtained, from the past records, concerning
the production, cost, time, inventory and the subcontracts. And for certain types of the
information, concerning past practice, sometimes this is only way to obtain the authentic
data.

(Refer Slide Time: 52:08)

The films, these are another way of collecting the information, about what is being done,
the films can be used to focus attention at a particular point or the general picture of the
entire shop floor as whole. The motion in an operation in general can be seen of the
operator or the different operators and during the job. The films are also very effectively
used for obtaining the information, about the group of the peoples, movement or the
movements of the body parts of the operator during the operation.

These things help to develop the better method for carrying out the job at the work place
itself or for better organization of in the in the large shop floors. The films are also used
for developing the SIMO charts, which is also known as Simultaneous Motion Charts,
using the film. Where, micro motion films are made and those are analyzed one by one
frame by a frame to see what is being done at the different movements. And those
activities are recorded in SIMO chart for seeing and for analyzing the jobs, which are of
very short cycles.

(Refer Slide Time: 53:47)

The charts are very commonly used methods of recording the information; various types
of the charts are used in method study, which will be covered in detail. And these charts
are used mainly to show the sequence and the movement of the man material or of the
body parts during the operation. The charts can be developed with time scale or without
time scale itself.

The charts with the time scale are the multiple activity chart and the SIMO chart and the
charts without time scale, which are developed are the outline process chart known OPC
and the flow process chart known as FPC and the travel chart.
(Refer Slide Time: 54:36)

The diagrams are also very effectively use to show the movement of the material and the
man, during the operation and these diagrams are the flow diagram, string diagrams,
cyclegraph, chronocyclegraphs and the travel chart. So, now I shall summarize this
presentation in which we have seen that the relationship between the work study man
and the other human beings, who are involved in the in the organizations activities is
very important, for the success of the work study and the method work study. At the
same time, I have introduced the method study technique, which is one of the technique
of the work study and we have seen the basic procedure of the method study and some of
the recording techniques. These recording techniques will be covered in detail in other
lectures.

Thank you.