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4 views

part_2

Uploaded by

Ahmad Aqeel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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v

Contents

Preface ix

1 Introduction and Overview 1


1.1 General Aspects of Solid–Liquid Separation in General and
Cake Filtration in Detail 1
References 11

2 Slurry Characterization 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Liquid Properties 14
2.3 Particle Properties 14
2.3.1 General Aspects 14
2.3.2 Characterization of Single Particles 16
2.3.3 Characterization of Particle Collectives 20
2.3.4 Characterization of Particle Collective Fractionation 24
2.4 Slurry 32
2.4.1 Solid Concentration 32
2.4.2 Stability 33
2.5 Sampling 35
References 38

3 Cake Structure Characterization 41


3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Porosity 42
3.3 Particle Arrangement 49
3.4 Pore Size 52
References 54

4 Characterization of Liquid Flow Through Porous Particle


Layers 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Dimension Analytic Approach for the Flow Through Porous Particle
Layers 57
4.3 Empirical Approach for the Flow Through Porous Particle Layers 61
References 63
vi Contents

5 Slurry Pretreatment to Enhance Cake Filtration Conditions 65


5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Thickening 66
5.3 Agglomeration 70
5.4 Fractionation/Classification/Sorting 75
5.5 Filter Aids – Body Feed Filtration 80
5.6 Thermal Conditioning 83
5.7 Chemical Conditioning 83
References 84

6 Filter Cake Formation 87


6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Filtration Mechanisms During the Initial Phase of Cake Filtration 88
6.3 Formation of Incompressible Filter Cakes by Pressure Filtration 94
6.3.1 Principle Model of Time-Dependent Filter Cake Growth 94
6.3.2 Experimental Determination of Process Characterizing
Parameters 98
6.3.3 Throughput of Discontinuous Cake Filters 104
6.3.4 Throughput of Continuous Vacuum and Pressure Filters 108
6.3.5 Aspects of Filter Design and Operation Regarding Cake Formation and
Throughput 113
6.4 Formation of Compressible Filter Cakes by Pressure Filtration 123
6.4.1 Fundamental Considerations Regarding Compressible Cake
Filtration 123
6.4.2 Experimental Determination of Process Characterizing
Parameters 130
6.4.3 Optimization of Compressible Cake Filtration 133
6.4.4 Aspects of Filter Design and Operation Regarding Cake Formation and
Throughput 136
6.5 Formation of Filter Cakes in Centrifuges 146
6.5.1 Fundamental Considerations Regarding Cake Filtration in
Centrifuges 146
6.5.2 Aspects of Centrifuge Design and Operation Regarding Cake
Formation and Throughput 152
References 169

7 Particle Washing 175


7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Principles of Particle Washing 176
7.3 Limits of Particle Washing Processes 178
7.4 Characterization of Particle Washing Results 180
7.5 Dilution Washing 182
7.6 Permeation Washing 186
References 201

8 Filter Cake Deliquoring 203


8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Characterization of Deliquoring Results 206
Contents vii

8.3 Desaturation of Filter Cakes 208


8.3.1 Boundary Surface and Surface Tension 208
8.3.2 Three-Phase Contact Line, Contact Angle, and Wetting 215
8.3.3 Capillary Pressure and Capillary Pressure Distribution 222
8.3.4 Desaturation of Incompressible Filter Cakes by Gas Pressure
Difference 231
8.3.4.1 Equilibrium of Cake Desaturation with a Gas Pressure Difference 231
8.3.4.2 Kinetics of Filter Cake Desaturation with Gas Pressure
Difference 234
8.3.4.3 Kinetics of Gas Flow through Filter Cakes and Energetic
Considerations 240
8.3.4.4 Measurement of Cake Desaturation Equilibrium and Kinetics 246
8.3.4.5 Transfer of Desaturation Results from Bench Scale to Rotary
Filters 248
8.3.4.6 Interrelation of Throughput, Cake Moisture, and Gas Consumption for
Rotary Filters 251
8.3.5 Desaturation of Incompressible Filter Cakes by Steam Pressure
Difference 257
8.3.6 Desaturation of Incompressible Filter Cakes in the Centrifugal
Field 261
8.3.6.1 Equilibrium of Filter Cake Desaturation in the Centrifugal Field 261
8.3.6.2 Kinetics of Filter Cake Desaturation in the Centrifugal Field 267
8.3.6.3 Aspects of Centrifuge Design and Operation Regarding Cake
Deliquoring 268
8.4 Consolidation of Compressible Filter Cakes by Squeezing 271
8.4.1 Fundamental Considerations Regarding the Consolidation
Process 271
8.4.2 Aspects of Filter Design and Operation Regarding Cake
Consolidation 274
8.5 Consolidation/Desaturation of Compressible Filter Cakes by
Gas Differential Pressure 278
8.5.1 Equilibrium of Filter Cake Consolidation/Desaturation 278
8.5.2 Cake Shrinkage and Shrinkage Cracking 285
8.5.3 Prevention of Shrinkage Cracks by Squeezing and Oscillatory
Shear 288
8.6 Electrically Enhanced Press Filtration 292
References 293

9 Selected Aspects of Filter Media for Cake Filtration 299


9.1 Introduction and Overview 299
9.2 Woven Filter Media for Cake Filtration 304
9.3 Porometry – Using Capillarity to Analyze Pore Sizes of
Filter Media 310
9.3.1 Introduction 310
9.3.2 Methods of Pore Size Determination 312
9.3.3 Theoretical Approach to Correlate Bubble Point and Largest
Penetrating Sphere 315
9.3.4 Experimental Validation of the Theoretical Findings 318

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