Manual

on
Thesis Preparation

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya

Jabalpur 482004 (Madhya Pradesh), India

2018
Citation
Khare D and Bhale MS. 2018. Manual on Thesis Preparation
(Fourth Edition), JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. 74p.

Technical support
Nahatkar SB, Gour VK, Upadhyaya SD, Das SB, Shukla AK and Mehta AK
JNKVV, Jabalpur

Copyright © JNKVV, Jabalpur, 2018

Published by
Director Instruction
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya
Jabalpur 482 004 (MP), India
Tele-fax: 0761-2681608
E-mail: [email protected]
web:Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. www.jnkvv.org
 PREFACE

(to Fourth edition)

A thesis is a permanent documental evidence and a valid record of the
curricular research performed by a scholar at Master or Doctorate level
degree programme. It provides information on the scholar’s research work to
the future researchers. The objective of the document is to provide a set of
guidelines for a research scholar to prepare the thesis to satisfy the criteria of
being a permanent and life time record.
The University is offering Master degree programme in 19 and Doctorate in
16 subjects with intake capacity of 405 in Master and 108 in Doctorate
degree programme. The students are admitted based on merit of entrance
examination organized by third party.
During previous two years, new notifications have been made by the
University to improve quality of curricular research and its presentation viz.,
printing of text part on both side of the paper in the thesis, Best Thesis Award
at the University level, audio and video recording of oral comprehensive and
thesis viva voce examination at Doctorate degree level and testing of
plagiarism at Doctorate level prior to submission of thesis.
To address the problems of agriculture directly associated with the farmers
and to solve the riddles, mystery and enigma of agricultural sciences and
convert science into farmers’ friendly technologies in best possible way, the
University has signed Memorandum of Understanding with 43 institutes and
Universities.
The manual is meticulously supported by Dr. S.B. Nahatkar, Associate
Director Research, JNKVV, Jabalpur; Shri V.K. Gour, Ex. Professor, JNKVV,
Jabalpur; Dr. S.D. Upadhyaya, Professor and Head, Department of Forestry,
College of Agriculture, Jabalpur; Dr. S.B. Das, Professor, Department of
Entomology, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur; Dr. A.K. Shukla, Associate
Director Instruction; and Dr. A.K. Mehta, Professor, Department of
Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur with utmost care.
The manual includes the common errors made by the students while writing
the thesis. We hope the efforts will help students and advisors to make
curricular research and its reporting valuable. Suggestions for improvement
shall always be solicited.

Date: March 15, 2018

Place: Jabalpur
Dhirendra Khare
Director Instruction
JNKVV, Jabalpur
 PREFACE

(to third edition)

A Thesis is a scientific document embodying bonafide research work

carried by a student, on a given problem. It is a proposition advanced
and publicly debated, defended or maintained by candidate for degree in
a University.
Accordingly documentation of research conducted by postgraduate
students of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV) has
been an essential part of the degree requirements. Through publication
of a manual, a step was initiated during year 1978 for the uniformity in
the style of thesis presentation across the faculties and disciplines. Later
in 2004,the contents of the manual were modified in view of phenomenal
changes in the process of thesis preparation.
The present revised edition entitled 'Guidelines for Thesis Preparation is
an updated, modified attempt towards the continued precise uniformity
and presentation style. With the awareness of Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR) and Copyright Act, suitable additions have been included. The
reference citation system has been made computer-friendly.
The present manual embodies guidelines for various chapters of a thesis
with comprehensive set of instructions. It hopes that the manual will
prove to be the great help in preparation and uniform presentation.

Place: Jabalpur
Date: August 30, 2013

P.K. Mishra)
Director Instruction
JNKVV, Jabalpur
 PREFACE
(to Second edition)

Documentation of research conducted by post-graduate students of

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya is an essential part of the
degree requirements. An attempt was made to bring about uniformity in
the style of thesis across all faculties and disciplines through
publication of manual in the year 1976. The manual, however, no longer
served the purpose in view of phenomenal changes in the
process of thesis preparation witnessed in the recent past. Necessity
for a manual for thesis preparation using modern tools was urgently
felt. The present manual embodies guidelines for various chapters of a
thesis with comprehensive set of instructions for each chapter. It is
earnestly hoped that the manual will be well received by students as well
as thesis research supervisors. It is hoped that the manual will prove to
be a great help in preparation of thesis and in bringing about uniformity in
the style of the document.

Place: Jabalpur
Date: January 19, 2004

R.K. Gupta
Director Instruction
JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP)
 Contents

Title Page

Preface
1. Preamble 1
2. Format of Thesis 2
3. Guideline for preparation of preliminary pages of thesis 3
3.1 Cover page 3
3.2 Certificates of approval 5
3.3 Acknowledgment 6
3.4 Dedication 6
3.5 Table(s) of contents 6
4. Preparation of main text 8
4.1 Printing 8
4.2 Pagination 8
4.3 General 9
5. The text 10
5.1 Introduction 10
5.2 Review of literature 11
5.3 Material and Methods 13
5.4 Results 15
5.5 Discussion 18
5.6 Summary, conclusions and suggestions for 19
further work
5.7 References 20
5.8 Appendices 23
5.9 Research paper 24
5.10 Curriculum vitae 24
6. Abstract 24
7. Proof reading 25
8. Submission of thesis 25
9. Certificate on anti-plagiarism 26
10. Checklist of documents required at the time of 26
thesis submission before viva-voce
11. Evaluation of thesis 27
12. Oral Examination 27
13. Submission of hard bound thesis 28
14. Checklist of documents required at the time of 28
thesis submission after viva-voce
15. Soft copy of the thesis 29
16. Publication of work and authorship 29
 Proforma

S.No. Title Page

1. Title page 30
2. Certificate - I 31
3. Certificate - II for Masters Degree 32
4. Certificate - II for Doctorate Degree 33
5. Declaration and Undertaking by the candidate 34
6. Copyright © and IPR transfer certificate 35
7. Part 1 of Abstract 36
8. Information of student 37
9. No dues certificate 38
10. Certificate on conductance of result seminar 39
11. Certificate on successful completion of comprehensive 40
examination
12. Certificate on thesis preparation as per 41
prescribed manual
13. Undertaking for not joining of job during the required 42
residential period
14. Publication of research paper from Ph.D. thesis work 43
15. Application form for submission of thesis for 44
anti-plagiarism test certificate
16. Anti-plagiarism Certificate 45
17. Certificate of oral examination 46
18 Certificate of incorporation of corrections 47
19A. Corrected soft copy of thesis 48
19B. Corrected soft copy of the thesis in CD as PDF file 48
20. Semester wise report card 49
21. Postgraduate course completion verification certificate 50
22. Application form for issue of degree certificate 51
 Appendices

S.No. Title Page

1. Typing Instructions for preparation of manuscript 52

2. Details of the cover page 53
3. Notified and designated names of departments and 54
subjects of the degree thereof
4. Symbols of botany 55
5 Important connotations 55
6. Symbols and abbreviations 56
7. Abbreviations of recognized organizations 60
8. Foreign words and their abbreviations 63
9. Symbols and abbreviations of important units 65
10. Statistical and mathematical symbols and 67
abbreviations
11. Symbols and abbreviations for proof reading 68
12. Thesis evaluation report 69
13. Internationally accepted words for crops 70
 Addendums

S.No. Title Page

1. Punctuations 71
2. Greek alphabets 71
3. Roman numerals 72
4. Metric prefixes 72
5. Measurement 73
6. Symbols of chemical elements 74
1. Preamble

Thesis is a dissertation involving research, written by a candidate

for a university degree. This is an important document in every
student’s career. The manual on thesis preparation is designed
for students preparing thesis, which is a partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of Master and Doctorate degree by
the University. It is a sole responsibility of the student to fulfil this
requirement under the guidance of the advisory committee. The
purpose of this document is to set a guidelines and criteria to
maintain uniformity in theses submitted to the University. It is
desirable that the students, advisors and members of advisory
committee should carefully read this manual and follow the
guidelines laid here.

Author’s opinions should either be supported with data collected

during the period of investigation or either the data of other
investigations, that substantiate the opinion expressed therein. The
investigation should be so reported that, if desired, it may be
readily duplicated and verified. Therefore, the material and
methods of the investigation, the sources of the data used and
other aspects of the investigation should be carefully and
systematically indicated. A thesis should be written in the specified
format with readable, fluency and attractive style in British English
with internationally accepted words of crops.

It is also desirable that the thesis shall confirm the global policy on
plagiarism to protect the copyright ethics. For this all the submitted
thesis of Doctorate degree are scanned through anti-plagiarism
software. It is also expected that facts, figures, text, charts,
statements etc. shall genuinely be supported by authenticated
references.

The manual will help students in maintaining uniformity in the style

of presentation. The thesis is unlikely to be accepted, if it does not
conform to these standards.

The University has constituted Best Thesis Award to recognize

quality research work and its presentation and improve the
standard of curricular research.

1
2. Format of Thesis
The thesis shall consist of four main parts in the following order

2.1 Title page Pagination

Cover
Spine title No
Inner cover
2.2 Preliminary pages
Certificate I
Certificate II
Declaration and Undertaking
by the candidate With small Roman numeral as
Copyright Transfer Certificate footer at the bottom centre
Acknowledgements (i, ii, iii, iv…….)
Contents
List of chapters
List of tables
List of figures (if any)
List of plates (if any)
List of symbols (if any)
2.3 The text
Introduction
Review of Literature
Material and Methods With Indo-Arabic numerical
Results centered at the bottom of the
Discussion page as footer
Summary, Conclusions and
Suggestions for Further Work
References
2.4 Appendices (if required)
2.5 Vitae No
2.6 Abstract of the Thesis On separate sheet not bound
with thesis

Detail of each part of the thesis is discussed in forthcoming

chapters whereas Instruction for typing are provided in
the Appendix 1.

2
3. Guideline for preparation of preliminary pages of the
Thesis
3.1 Cover page
It is the first page of the thesis consisting of
 Title of the thesis
 Name of the Degree for which thesis is being submitted
 Name of the Scholar
 Enrollment number
 Name of the Department
 Name of the College
 Year of thesis submission

3.1.1 Title R. Ravishanker

A. BISEN
 An appropriate title
distinguishes the thesis from
all others from the same area
of study. It should be
complete and brief, i.e., not
2013 M.Sc. (Ag) Genetics and Plant Breeding

more than 15 words and

comprehensive, to convey
substance of the work
reported covering the main Ph.D.
theme of the work done.
Plant Pathology
 Start the title with key words.
Avoid suffix ‘’study on’’, ‘Effect
of’, ‘Influence of’ etc.
Abbreviations, scientific name
(unless very necessary),
chemical formulae, jargons
and the like should be
avoided in the title. A title
briefly identifies the subject, 2014
indicates the purpose of study
and introduces key terms,
concept, contents and the
scope of the study.
 It should be exactly the same
as approved in the synopsis.

3
  The font of the title should be Arial; size: 20-26; standard
bold.
 Do not put full stop at the end of the title.
 Start each word of the title with a capital letter except
punctuations.
 Words and phrases should not be split.
 Avoid abbreviations in the title.

3.1.2 Spine title

 The spine of thesis shall bear, name with short form of initials,
name of degree, Subject and the year of submission.
 The printing on the spine shall be towards the width side
when the volume is lying vertical for Ph.D. and length side for
Master.

3.1.3 Degree for which thesis is being submitted

Nomenclature of the subject in which degree has to be awarded
shall be as per Notification No.: Acad./II/Q-14(IV) No. 887 dated
12.6.2017 of the University as per recommendations made by
the V Deans Committee of ICAR (Appendix 3).

3.1.4 Name of the scholar

Write full name of the Student and capitalized each word.
3.1.5 Enrollment number
Write enrollment number allotted by the University below your
name within bracket.
3.1.6 Name of the Department
 Write full and correct name of the Department as given in
Appendix 3.
 Start each word with a capital letter except punctuations.
3.1.7 Name of the College
Write complete name of the college with pin code number after
name of the city.
It has to be followed by the complete name of the University,
name of the city, pin code and name of the State in short form
without full stop (MP).
3.1.8 Year of submission
Mention the year in which the thesis is submitted.

4
 General instruction for cover page
 Follow provided sample (Proforma 1).
 The alignment for all the matter in the title page should be
Center.
 Follow details of the cover page along with font, font size
and placement as presented on Proforma 1 and Appendix 2.
 Use correct spelling of fulfilment.
 Colour scheme for cover page

Faculty Colour of the cover page

Master Doctorate
Agriculture Green Dark green
Agricultural Engineering Yellow Golden yellow

3.2 Certificates of approval

Following certificates are mandatory without any alteration in
their formats:

Certificate I Certificate by the Chairman of the

Advisory Committee to state that the work is original and
conducted in his/her supervision. The format is given on
Proforma 2.

Certificate II Certificate by the advisory committee to

state that the work reported in the thesis is approved for
Master degree after examination of the thesis by one external
examiner and oral by advisory committee. The format is
provided on Proforma 3.

Certificate given for Doctorate degree based on the

satisfactory report of two external examiner and oral
examination by one external examiner along with advisory
committee. The format is provided on Proforma 4.
Typeface Arial 12; line spacing 1.5
Spellings Advisor and Adviser are correct to denote guide.
Spelling Advisor is used frequently across the globe.

5
3.3 Acknowledgement
It recognizes the persons to whom the student is
indebted for guidance and assistance and other
organizations rendered facilities and resources without
provoking IPR and copyright regulations. Financial/technical
assistance received by the student from any institute/agency
should be duly acknowledged. Care should be taken to avoid
the social obligations in this section. Gratitude may be
expressed to only those who really contributed to the work
directly or indirectly.
 It should not be too lengthy and should not exceed one
page.
 Cursive/italic scripts are not desirable.
 Place the heading acknowledgement at the top of the page
with centre alignment. Leave one line in between text and
heading.
 Text shall be single spaced with indent for first line of each
paragraph.
 Full name with signature of the student should be given at
the bottom of the acknowledgment with date and place as
demonstrated below

Place: Jabalpur
Date: March 21, 2017 (Manoj Kumar Shrivastava)

3.4 Dedication
The thesis should not be dedicated to anybody.

3.5 Table(s) of contents

The table of contents provides an analytical overview of the text
included and its sequence in the thesis. It includes major division
of the thesis viz., chapters, tables, figures etc. Titles and their
location in the thesis in terms of page number are presented.
Titles of the division and subdivision included in the list of content
should correspond exactly with those mentioned in the text.
The pages of title, certificates, acknowledgement, list of
content(s) and vitae are not included in the table of contents.

6
Each and every list should be presented in separate sheet with
the title at the top of the paper with Arial 12 size; Bold; Case title;
Alignment center; after heading two point space should be given
to start the table.
The table of contents should have the chapter headings and also
the sub-titles, if any, with appropriate page references.

List of Contents

Number Title Page

1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
3. Material and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Summary, Conclusions
and Suggestions for
Further Work
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusions
6.3 Suggestions for further work
7. References
8. Appendices

List of Tables
Number Title Page
List of Figures
Number Title Page
List of Plates
Number Title Page
List of Symbols
Symbol Stand for
List of Abbreviation
Symbol Stand for
List of Appendices
Symbol Stand for

7
  The list of content/table/figure/plate/etc., should be
numbered in Indo-Arabic numerals.
 Content of the list should be arranged in the order in which it
appears in the text.
 The title/caption of the content/ table/ figure/ plate/ etc., in the
text and in the list should be the same.
 The font Arial with size 12; line spacing single and spacing
after- 6 and before - 0 point should be adapted in the list.
 Titles should be written in sentence case.
 No terminal punctuation (full stop) should be used in the title.
 In the event of any other list, specify and follow the same rule
of typing.
 The subheadings may be indented with one tab of 2 cm in
from the main heading in subsequent lines.
 If the thesis is involving lot of symbols (Appendix 4 and 5)
and abbreviations (Appendix 6) attach a list of symbols and
abbreviations. Arrange the abbreviations alphabetically and
arrange symbols in the similar fashion.
 The space before title of next chapter should be 6 point.

4. Preparation of main text

4.1 Printing
 Preliminary pages shall be printed on one side of the paper.
 Printing from text i.e., Chapter Introduction to
Appendices shall be on both side of paper.

4.2 Pagination
Preliminary pages: Page numbers for the preliminary pages of
the thesis shall be in small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, etc.)
and should be centered at the bottom of the pages.

Text: The text pages be numbered with Indo Arabic numerals

consecutively throughout the thesis including the appendices,
Photographs, diagrams, etc. should be placed as footer on the
centre bottom of each page with the same font and size as of the
text. The pagination should start with the first page of Chapter 1
and should continue throughout the text (including tables,
figures, and appendices). Page of photograph, plate, figure etc.
should be counted in pagination.

8
 Numbering of chapter: The chapters should be numbered in
Indo Arabic numerals, as
1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
3. Material and Methods
4. Results and Discussion
5. Summary, Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Work
The subheadings under each chapter should be numbered in
decimal point style as:
Chapter Sub- Sub-sub- Sub-sub-sub-
heading heading heading
1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.1.1 …….....
1.2 1.2.1 1.2.1.1 …….....
2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.1.1 …….....
2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 …….....
4.3 General
 The thesis must be written in British English.
 There should be scientific impersonality, i.e., avoid using the
words: I, we you, me, my, our and us.
 Avoid sweeping statements and making exaggerated claims.
 Tables and figures should always follow their first mention in
the text.
 Avoid using abbreviations or symbols in the text of the thesis.
This may be shown in tables/figures and defined in footnotes.
 Use per cent in running matter and % symbol in bracket.
 Abbreviations should be used sparingly if advantageous to
the reader.
 All new or unusual abbreviations should be defined when
they are used for the first time in the text.
 Sentences should not begin with abbreviations or numbers.
 The final copy of the thesis has to contain all the
modifications/corrections suggested by the examiners and
the members of the Viva-Voce Board and is to be submitted
after the scholar successfully defends the thesis in the viva-
voce examination.
 Format of quoting references, Caption of figures, Equation
numbers, Heading of the tables should be followed
consistently throughout the thesis.
 Academic in-charge is advised to preserve the corrected
copy received from evaluator to avoid any discrepancy in
final thesis.
 Follow typing instructions given in Appendix 1.

9
5 The text

5.1 Introduction
Introduction is the first chapter and it reveals
Background information
Justify selection of the problem in terms of its rational, scientific
and practical significance. It requires critical analysis of relevant
background information of the study to justify the problem.

First mention of the organism (crop, pathogen, insect etc.) in the

main text should be complete and described by their Latin name
(binomials) accompanied by the authority. In subsequent
description, only English name be used and or binomials name
of the required genus is abbreviated to initial letter with name of
species without mentioning the name of the authority.
Botanical nomenclature should follow 'The Nomenclature of
Cultivated Plants' (1980 Publ., International Bureau of Plant
Taxonomy and Nomenclature, Tweede, Transitorium, Uithof,
Utrecht, Netherlands). Tables shall be avoided in this chapter.
Importance
Discuss importance of the selected problem by answering what
is the problem and why the proposed problem is selected by
explaining its economic importance and a statement pertaining to
the issue. Always include recent statistics depicting state,
national and international pictures related to problem with
references from authorized sources. Discuss limitations and
assumptions of the study.
Hypothesis
Justify the basis of the proposed research to solve the proposed
problem. Discuss hypothesis to be tested i.e., HO and HA. It must
be specific and related to available technique.
Objectives
 The chapter shall culminate with 2-3 well-defined objectives.
 Objectives of the thesis must be lucid, complete, concise
and self explanatory.
Other
 It should not exceed two pages for Master and three pages
for Ph.D. thesis.

10
  Write introduction preferably in present tense.
 The complete text of Introduction be devoid of subheadings.
 Any statement on importance, crop, problem, statistics etc.
shall be supported by the reference. These references shall
be included in the list of reference.
 The chapter introduction should be written at the end i.e.,
after writing all the chapters of the thesis. Writing of
introduction with conclusion helps in linking the various parts
of the thesis.
 The last paragraph must conclude the research gaps that
the proposed research would like to address.

5.2 Review of Literature

Review the most relevant literature aspect wise in a condensed
form with importance to the findings rather than the author. The
review should have link from one aspect to another avoiding
irrelevant references.
The main objectives of this chapter are to know what has already
been done on the proposed research programme; critically
analyze and justify the proposed research gap or unexplored
areas; demonstrate the gap where the findings of the thesis will
be applicable; other methods have been tried to solve it; show
that the proposed work is original or some work has already been
done with proposed gap or reporting of contrast results by the
workers.
Details of methods, place of work and other irrelevant
information should be avoided and may be cited if proposing
changes in the methodologies. Use recent literature relevant to
the aspects to be dealt in the research study.
For condensation of review, some words not of English origin
may also be utilized (Appendix 8).
Findings should be grouped subject wise and reference should
preferably be cited in the chronological order.
If one conclusion is drawn by several authors, then avoid
repetition of quotation i.e., in the event of more references
involving the same aspect restructure a common statement.
All the references cited in the text should be incorporated in the
chapter References with the same spelling of author(s) and year
of publication.

11
Citation of reference in the text In the event of single authored
publication, mention last name (surname) of the author followed
by the year of publication e.g., (Bhale, 2003) or reported by Bhale
(2003).
In the event of two-authored reference, mention last name
(surname) of the first author followed by last name of second
author and then year of publication. e.g., (Cardy and Beversdorf,
1984).
When more than two authors are involved then with the last
name of the first author use et al. followed by the year of
publication e.g., (Bhale et al., 1999) or Bhale et al.(1999) reported.
The word not of English origin but written in the text in Roman
shall be italicized e.g., viz., i.e., et al., Kharif , Rabi etc.
When the same author or two authors or senior author with his
coworkers is referred more than ones in different references
published in the same year, number it as ‘a’, ’b’ etc. after the
year based on sequence in which they appear in the text. e.g.,
The use of protein markers for variety fingerprinting has greater
discriminatory power than the use of morphological markers
(Cardy and Beversdorf, 1984a). Basic zymogram patterns
observed for each isozyme in cultivated soybean have been
diagrammed by Cardy and Beversdorf (1984b). These are cited
in chapter Reference as
Cardy BJ and Beversdorf WD 1984a. Identification of soybean
cultivars using isoenzyme electrophoresis. Seed Science
& Technology 12:943-954.
Cardy BJ and Beversdorf WD 1984b. A Procedure for the starch
gel electrophores is detection of isoenzymes in soybean.
Department of Crop Science, Technical Bulletin, 119/8401.
University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Quotation from the report of any institute should be cited as
JNKVV (2012); (ICRISAT, 2003).
In the event institute or organization is not clear one may cite it
as Anon. (2017) or (Anon., 2017). It is cited in chapter Reference
as Anonymous. 2017.
In this chapter finding of others are presented therefore the verb
tense becomes most important in conveying subtle meanings.
Review may be presented in past tense and should not exceed
10 printed pages for M.Sc. thesis.

12
 Work of scientist(s) can be reported as accentuated, addressed,
advocated, articulated, concerned, communicated, called
attention to, clarified, conveyed, described, depicted, discussed,
discovered, emphasized (gave emphasize to, put emphasis on,
lay emphasis on), elucidated, enquired, enumerated, expressed,
explained, explicate, focused, highlighted, substantiated, hoped,
identified, mentioned, of the view, observed, portrayed
presented, remarked, reported, revealed, showed, spelt out,
stated, stressed, suggested, thrown light on, underlined etc.
While reporting, importance has to be given to the work, not to
scientist.
Transliteration: In the event quotations, author’s names, and
titles of works have originally appeared in a non-Roman
alphabet, the information should be transliterated into Roman
alphabet for incorporation in the text.

5.3 Material and Methods

This section explains how the experiment was performed with
the incorporation of following information without any
interpretation. Impart enough detail to judge the validity and
accuracy of results, soundness and pertinence of interpretation
of the findings and their application. Material and methods
should be written in third person, normally in past tense.
Details of the location where experiment/study performed:
Period/season/year and place of study, climate or weather
conditions, soil type including physicochemical properties and
others as relevant to the study. The meteorological data included
has very high relevance and should not be included as ritual
rather be correlated with the results and findings therein. The
geographical position of the experimental site i.e., Altlong
information shall be given i.e., latitude, longitude and altitude.
Material used in the experiment/study: Material viz., crop,
organism, variety, genotype, pathogen, media, pesticide,
herbicide, fungicide, fertilizer, irrigation, chemical, medicine,
equipment, machinery, etc., on which experiment was conducted
along with source and nature of material, active ingredients and
equipment used be detailed. If the research is oriented towards
survey/social sciences descriptions of the processes for selection
of site, participants, sampling, data gathering and analysis are
the critical points. In survey type experiment, map of study area

13
is essential to have a prominent effect on the outcome of the
experiment. The maps shall be clear, with longitudes and
latitudes, a scale and a site locator. Use internationally
recognized name/nomenclature for describing material. Local
name of the organism shall be written with Scientific and English
common name.
Duration and time of experiment/study: Timing for conducting
research and duration of the experiment are important as
weather, soil and other environmental parameters vary with the
season. In case of sample survey, year of data collection be
given as reference year of the study and be interpreted and
discussed in relevant chapters.
Details of the methods used: Experimental design, number of
replications, lay out of the experiments, observations recorded,
methods adopted for experimentation and recording observation,
statistical tools applied and analytical methods employed should
find place in this chapter. Presentation of a rationale for the
methodological approach is essential. Give complete description
of all experimental procedures employed. Give only the
reference(s) in case of standard method(s) used. Describe new
methods or any improvement in detail to make it possible for the
reader to repeat the work without clarification.
This section should also specify the crop variety, methodology
for application of treatments, common cultivation practices
including sowing, fertilization, weed management, irrigation, plant
protection measures, harvest etc. For cropping system
experiments, it should be clearly stated that whether the study
was carried out on fixed location for the experimental period or
site is changed every year. In rainfed and dryland experiments,
initial moisture status at sowing (or at different stages), rainfall
distribution and evaporation (as a graph) should be given. If the
treatments are based on moisture conservation practices
(summer ploughing, manures, mulching, land configuration etc.),
moisture conserved, extraction and utilization (efficiency) data
must be given. In irrigation studies (based IW/CPE ratio), daily
evaporation and rainfall data in the form of a graph along with the
dates of irrigation mentioned year wise in the text are necessary.
The nutrient composition of manures (N, P, K, Fe, Zn, organic
carbon content etc.) should be given. For new herbicides, mode
of action should be clearly stated.
Treatments: Explain treatments in detail i.e., specification of
concentration, fertilizers doses etc.

14
 Statistical analysis: Statistics helps in presenting complex data
in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic and graphic form for an easy
and clear comprehension and facilities comparison, forecasting,
formulating and test hypothesis as appropriate be included.
Statistics also helps to improve the quality of data with the design
of experiments and survey sampling. It provides tools for
prediction and forecasting using data and statistical models. In
survey, PRA, sampling techniques, collection of data, and in field
experiments design of experiment and statistical techniques that
are used for data analysis and other purposes should be clearly
mentioned. Common tools may be described in short with
reference however new tool shall be explained in detail. Table of
ANOVA/ ANACOVA etc. has to be prepared with utmost care.
Symbols and abbreviations of internationally accepted units
(Appendix 9) and statistical and mathematical abbreviations and
symbols (Appendix 10) may be used to condense the section.
The references quoted in the chapter shall also be included the
Chapter reference.
Follow a logical order in describing the methods i.e., observation,
experiment etc. Explain method adopted to record each
observation. Mention unit of each observation and always use
internationally accepted standard unit preferably metric units.
Use only standard abbreviations. The full term for which an
abbreviation stands should precede its first use in the text except
in case of measurement units. The measurement units if any
shall be followed consistently. Use only standard abbreviations.

5.4 Results
In this section statistically analyzed and processed experimental
data are presented with the help of tables, graphs, figures, line
diagrams, photographs etc. in a systematic manner.
Tables, diagrams, graphs, line diagrams etc. should have self-
contained legend in bold and sentence case without full stop.
Legend of the table should be placed at the top whereas for
graphs, figures, line diagrams, photographs etc. at the bottom.

5.4.1 Tables
 Table should be numbered in Arabic numeral. The number
of columns and rows in a table should be as minimum as
possible.

15
  All the measurements should be in standard/ metric unit.
Use prefixes to avoid citation of unit as decimal or as large
numbers e.g., 0.010g or 10000µg should be written as
10mg.
 Use correct symbol or abbreviated forms of units (Appendix
9). Data should be restricted to one or two decimal figures
only. Transformation of the data should be mentioned.
 The column comprising of serial number may be avoided.
The letter size may be reduced with single space
without compromising the readability.
 Separate portrait or landscape sheet may be used for large
tables and other illustrations.
 Too many variables in one table have to be avoided.
 However small tables, figures and other illustrations may be
incorporated with running text at the bottom of the page with
text above.
 The units of the data should be defined. Appropriate
statistical tests should be applied to the presented data.
Footnote should be seldom used.
5.4.2 Graphs
 Message may be conveyed easily by presentation of the
facts in graphical form.
 A graph should present only one or a series of related facts
with ease of interpretation.
 Clumsy graphs should be avoided. Each graph should have
short and concised title and numbering with Arabic numeral.
 Explanation of the gradient, pattern or colour used for
differentiation should be given with the graph.
 The illustration should not repeat the data presented in
tables and vice versa.
 Lettering of the graphs should be kept to a minimum.
 In a graph, inclusion of the numerical data or formulae is
desirable.
 Use bar diagram for simple comparisons, linear graph for
trend analysis and/or progressive growth while pie chart for
contribution/share representation.
5.4.3 Line diagrams
 Original line diagram may be produced using computer
graphics with laser printing or drawn with black ink
supplemented with scale, if required. Explanation of symbols
used should be cited in the caption of the figure.

16
  Explanation of symbols used should be cited in the caption
of the figure. The line diagram should be supplemented with
scale, if required.
5.4.4 Photographs
 These should be effective with high contrast and trimmed to
essential details.
 Print photographs on a relatively hard glazed paper and
cover it with a wax paper or plain butter paper sheet but not
with transparent polythene sheet.
 Coloured Xerox may be used for coloured photographs in
the prescribed page size to avoid the use of hard sheet.
However, it must be considered that in due course of time
ink of photocopy is vanished early as compared to printed
photographs.
 Complete detail and number (Separate series of
photographs as Plate no. by Arabic numeral as per
appearance in the manuscript) of the photograph should be
given just below it.
 The text must not be printed on the back side of the page
containing only photograph.
 The text may not be printed on the back side of the page on
which photograph appears as per requirement.
 Provide magnification with photographs as per requirement.
 Size of the photographs shall be half or one fourth size of the
paper as per requirement.
5.4.5 General
 The arrangement of the tables, graphs, figures, line
diagrams, photographs etc. should proceed from left to right.
 Contents of similar nature should be arranged together at
one place. Repetition of data in 2-3 forms should be avoided.
 The tables, diagrams, graphs, line diagrams etc. are
arranged in logical order and numbered in separate series
i.e., series of tables, series of figures etc. by Arabic numeral.
Avoid short form of table, figure etc.
 Describe important features of each and every table, related
figures, graphs etc. in a logical and systematic manner.
 The number of the table, figure etc. referred should be cited
at the place of presentation in the text with title case i.e.,
Table or Figure etc.
 Tables, graphs, figures, line diagrams, photographs etc. are
incorporated as near as possible to the presentation of the

17
 same. Present the results break up into logical segments by
using subheadings and key.
 Presentation of the results should be in past tense but the
remarks should always be written in present tense.
 Emphasize results and findings according to the level of their
importance.
 Avoid presentation of non-significant or unimportant results.
 Number from one to nine should be spelt out (nine varieties,
six treatments etc.) except when occurring in a series of
numbers or in conjunction with a specific recognized unit of
-2
measurement (8mm, 5g m ).
 Avoid start of a sentence with a number.
 Never designate treatment as T1, T2 etc, during description
of the result in the text.
 Ensure that all figures, tables have suitable numbers
consistently followed throughout the thesis document.
 Appropriate title shall be provided to each table and typed on
the top of the table.
 Appropriate Caption has to be given to each figure and typed
below the figure.
 Table, figure and plates shall be cited in the text in proper
and suitable manner i.e., on the page, before or after the
page. It should be reported by number, not as figure above
or below.
 Mention source of data below the Tables/Figures, if any.
 Figures should be made as self-explanatory as possible.

5.5 Discussion
This chapter depicts findings of experiment(s) comparing,
collating and correlating findings cited in the review. It draws out
main achievements and explains results, makes links between
objectives and findings, formulates suggestions and
recommendations.
The result shall be explained and interpreted to justify the
statement made in the lead sentences. It shall be in terms of
background laid out in the introduction to show the relationship
of the present results to the original question and probable
reason(s) of variations. The necessary comparisons of results
with results reported by other workers as presented in the
chapter review of literature with the statement of agreement or
disagreement has to be presented. A proper explanation for
disagreement should be written with sound scientific base and

18
 care. Controversial issues should be discussed fairly and
carefully. It is the most critical part of the thesis, therefore shall
be written carefully.
The findings should never be hypothetical or irrelevant. It should
be discussed in the theoretical background, literature reviewed,
potential significance of application and result of the study in the
light of the objectives set out or assumptions made at the start of
the experiment and rejection or non rejection of the hypothesis
given in the introduction.
In the chapter the datum (a) is referred but tables are not
repeated. The data are explained on scientific ground and
interpreted for drawing appropriate conclusions.
Discussion can be made both in past and present tense as per
requirement.
5.6 Summary, conclusions and suggestions for further
work
Summarize each chapter i.e., Introduction, Materials and
Methods, Results and Discussion. Make strong and imperative
statement from observations. All the three parts should be
presented as sub heads.
5.6.1 Summary
It is a presentation of the whole manuscript in a condensed form
involving following points
 A short statement of the problem.
 The significant aspects of the investigation i.e.,
importance and objectives.
 A brief account of the method and procedure used
in collecting data or making observations with the
description of the important material used.
 Important findings in relation to each objective.
 It should be informative and complete in itself.
 References, tables, figures are not referred in the summary.
 It should be written in the past tense and never in third
person.
5.6.2 Conclusions
After summary, the conclusions of the investigation are
enumerated precisely with short, simple, complete and self-
explanatory statement.

19
 The conclusions may be drawn out of the Discussion section. It
should be based on the experimental data and should
correspond to objectives set forth. No objective should go
without conclusion.
Two to three recommendations shall be made on the basis of
findings for practical use.
It should be written in the past tense.
It should leave the evaluator/reader with the impression of
completeness and of positive gain.
5.6.3 Suggestions for further work
Concrete suggestions for further research are enumerated
based on the importance of the problem, method and material to
be used and objectives to be achieved.
The author must list the unanswered questions that have
occurred in the course of the study and which require further
research beyond the limits of the present thesis.

5.7 References
This section constitutes the last section of a thesis and includes
references cited in the text. It gives an alphabetical listing of the
references actually cited in the body of the thesis.

5.7.1 Format and style of reference citation

The prescribed sequence for reference in the thesis is

Name(s) of the author(s) Year of publication

Title of the paper Full form of the Volume of

Periodical the periodical

Number of the issue in parenthesis Page number (s)

Font size 11; Font Arial; line space single; gap after each
reference 6, first line hanging 1 inch.
For an ideal reference, write the surname of the author, leave
one space, write the initials without full stop, and again space,
put a comma again, surname of the other author, space, the

20
 initials (without stop), put year of publication with full stop and no
parenthesis. Title of the paper (with stop), Full name of the
journal (no stop) no italicize volume of the journal (no bold) and
number of issue in parenthesis and page number (with stop).

5.7.2 Important considerations

 All references cited in the text must be included in the
chapter References.
 Make sure that spelling of the author's name and dates (year
of publication) are correct and tally both in text and
Bibliography (References).
 Arrange all the references in alphabetical order.
 Several references cited together in the text should be
arranged chronologically.
 Publication by the same author(s) in the same year should
be listed as 2013a, 2013b etc.
5.7.3 System to arrange references
5.7.3.1 Citation of references from journals
Harman GE. 2006. Overview of mechanisms and uses of
Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology 96(2): 190-194.
Dewey DK and Lu KH. 1959. A correlation and path coefficient
analysis of components of crested wheat grass and seed
production. Agronomy Journal 47(3): 314-318.
Ahire RK, Kale AA, Munjal SV and Jandagni BM. 2005. Induced
water stress influencing proline accumulation, proteins
profiles and DNA polymorphism in chickpea. Indian
Journal of Plant Physiology 10:218-224.
5.7.3.2 Citation of book
Allard RW. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. Publ. John Willey
and Sons. Inc. NY. 485 p.
(485 p indicates the total number of pages in the book and
whole book is referred).
Allard RW.1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. Publ. John Willey
and Sons. Inc. NY. p 276.
(p276 indicates that the citation is from the page number 276).

21
 Allard RW. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding Publ. John Willey
and Sons. Inc. NY. pp 263-281.
(pp 263-281 indicates the citation is from the pages between
263-281).
Khare D and Bhale MS. 2014. Seed Technology. Scientific
Publishers, Jodhpur Rajasthan. 994p.

5.7.3.2 Citation for edited Book

Bhale MS and Gour A (Eds). 2012. Seedborne Disease of Field
Crops and their Management (India). (Prof. MN Khare
festchrift volume) Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
445 p.

5.7.3.3 Citation for a chapter from edited book, proceedings

etc.
Tomar VS and Rajput GS. 2009. Management options for
improving water productivity in agriculture pp. 433-442. In:
Sustainable Agriculture for Food, Bio-energy and
Livelihood Security, (Eds Behl RK, Singh DP, Tomar VS,
Bhale MS, Khare D and Upadhyaya SD). Agrobios
(International), Jodhpur, Rajasthan. 433-442.

5.7.3.4 Online citation including URL or DOI

FAO. 2004. FAO Statistical data, http://faostat.fao.org/
FAO. 2014. FAOSTAT database. http://apps.fao.org
Lawson W and Goutter K. 2005. CRC for Tropical Plant
Pathology, Australia URL: http:/www.Ipp.up.edu.au/
5.7.3.5 Citation for Abstracts, Thesis or Dissertations
Kumar S. 1999. Stability analysis in Linseed. Ph.D. Thesis,
JNKVV, Jabalpur. 196p.

5.7.3.6 Citation for Website

EPPO. Datasheets on Quarantine Pests: Stenocarpella
macrospora and Stenocarpella maydis.http.//www.eppo.org/
Quarantine/fungi/Stenocarpellama crospora/DIPDSP.ds.pdf.
People and plants on line http://rbgkew.org.uk/peopleplants.

22
5.7.3.7 Report
JNKVV. 2015. Research Highlights 2015. Publ., JNKVV,
Jabalpur. 42p.

5.7.3.8 Annual Report

JNKVV. 2017. Annual Report (2016-2017). JN Krishi Vishwa
Vidyalaya, Jabalpur . 137p.

5.7.3.9 Newsletter
Khare D and CB Singh. 1991. Genetic behavior of yield and
quality traits of Vicia faba L. FABIS 28&29:3-8.

5.7.3.10 Government publications

Anonymous. 1985. Seventh Five Year Plan 1985-90. Planning
Commission GOI, New Delhi.
5.7.3.11 Reference of other language
The reference in other language may be changed into English
version with the help of converter
Cramer PJS. (1907). Kritische Übersicht der bekannten Fälle von
Knospenvariation. Natuurkundige Verhandelingen der
Hollandische Maatschappij vanWetenschappen, Haarlem 6(3):
474.
Cramer PJS. (1907). Critical overview of the known cases of bud
variation. Nature Verh. Holl. Mij Wet., Haarlem 6(3): 474.

5.8 Appendices
It is not an essential part of the thesis but it is a useful device to
make available information/material related to text but not
suitable for discussion or inclusion in the text.
Example- Meteorological data
Details of the material used
Questionnaires
Interview schedule
Details of the place where experiment was conducted
In case of more than one appendix it should be properly
mentioned.
Each and every appendix should have self-explanatory complete
title.

23
5.9 Research Paper
Photocopy of two research papers published (at least one
published and one with proof of acceptance) for the research
work of Ph.D. degree programme are attached as Appendix. The
certificate on publication of research papers from Ph.D. thesis
work should be attached (Proforma 14).

5.10 Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae should be the last item in the list of appendices
(thus it is the last section of the manuscript).
Curriculum Vitae (not VITA) is a brief summary of the student's
academic background. It is not an autobiography or a resume. It
does not include contact information and is not intended as a tool
for seeking employment. It should list relevant activities up to the
time of their degree completion. It includes the following
information(s):
Name of the author Photo
Place and date of birth
Permanent address
Cell number
E-mail
List all institutions attended (not departments) in reverse
chronological order (most recent first).
List degrees (graduate and postgraduate) in reverse
chronological order (most recent first), including the degree
(major can be indicated) sought with this thesis.
Include year and name of the granting institution. List special
interests and studies.
List relevant professional experience, company or institution,
location and dates.
If applicable, list grants, awards and honours, indicating the
grantor (agency or institution funding the grant, award or honour),
the title of the project (in italics) and the date s typed separately
by adopting the typing Instruction of thesis.
6 Abstract
Abstract is not a part of bound thesis. Four copies of the Abstract
should be submitted with the thesis. An abstract consists of two
parts.

24
6.1 Part 1
Contains information of student and thesis with signature of
student, Chairman of Advisory Committee and Professor and
Head of the Department (Proforma 7).

6.2 Part 2
It is a condensed form of the thesis in one page (700-1000
words) that summarizes the contents and conclusion including
recommendations of the thesis and indicates the relevance of the
work.
The content highlights the objectives and topic covered,
methodology adopted and significant findings that draw the
conclusion. It should be complete in itself without referring any
reference, table, figure or other findings.
Abstract is written in past tense.

7 Proof reading
The author (student) and advisor(s) for technical and factual
errors are advised to scan hand written manuscript pre-print
proof. They must make corrections and suggestions on the body
of the text. Suggestions and corrections should be conveyed with
the help of normally accepted marks made on the body of the text
(Appendix 11).
It will help the typist to incorporate the suggestions/corrections at
correct place and manner.

8 Submission of loose bound thesis

Preliminary requirements: The thesis is submitted only after the
completion of course credit as per the University Rules. The
course completion certificate along with other details is to be
submitted by the Head of the Department/ section 15 days before
submission of the thesis to the Director of Instruction.
The student has to submit two copies of thesis for Masters and
three copies for Doctorate degree (it may be increased as per
requirement) with loose binding in the Department along with
four (Masters)/five (Doctorate) copies of the abstract before the
last date of thesis submission as notified in the academic
calendar.

25
 The advisor and advisory committee sign the Certificate I of
each copy of the thesis before submission and satisfy for
correctness and proper presentation. Final bound copies of the
thesis are not accepted before evaluation and oral examination.

9 Certificate on anti-plagiarism
All the Ph.D. degree has to check for plagiarism before
submission of thesis for evaluation. The soft copy of the thesis
has to be submitted with application (Proforma 21) to the
librarian, JNKVV, Jabalpur. The thesis will be tested by the
prescribed software. The certificate generated by the software
has to be attached as Proforma 15 with the loose bound thesis.
In the event the percentage of plagiarism is more than the
prescribed limit then the thesis has to resubmit for testing of
plagiarism after improvement. (Applicable after notification).

10. Checklist of documents required at the time of thesis

submission before viva-voce

SNo Document Copies/Proforma

1 Thesis 2 copies for Master
3 copies of Ph.D.
(remaining copies should be prepared after
incorporation of the suggestions suggested by
the evaluator)
2 Declaration and undertaking by the student - Proforma 5
3 Copyright transfer certificate - Proforma 6
4 Abstract of the thesis 4 - Proforma 7
5 Information of student 2 - Proforma 8
6 No dues certificate 1 - Proforma 9
7 Certificate on conductance of result 1 - Proforma 10
seminar
8 Certificate on thesis preparation as per the 1 - Proforma 11
prescribed manual
9 Certificate on successfully completion of 2 - Proforma 12
comprehensive examination (written for
Master and written and oral both for
Doctorate)

26
 SNo Document Copies/Proforma
10 Undertaking for non joining of job during 1 - Proforma 13
the residential requirement
11 Certificate on Publication of Research 1 - Proforma 14
Paper from Ph.D. Thesis work
12 Anti-Plagiarism Test Certificate 1 - Proforma 15
(Ph.D. Thesis only)

11. Evaluation of thesis

An external examiner evaluates the thesis of Masters and two of
Doctorate degree. An ideal proforma for Thesis evaluation report
for M.Sc. and Ph.D. is presented in Appendix 12. The candidates
and advisors must pay attention on the targeted and focused
points, while preparation of the Manuscript.
Student should incorporate all the suggestions and corrections
suggested by the examiner in the thesis with utmost care.
Advisor has to verify the modifications.
Correction in the thesis must be made by computer. In case
there are more than two typographical corrections in one page
then the page should be replaced.

12 Oral Examination
In the final thesis viva voce the student shall defend research
work with the help of power point presentation followed by
queries and discussion. Master degree oral examination will be
conducted by the Advisory committee.
Audio video visual recording: As per Letter No. 203/ RS/UA/-
3/2018 dated February 19, 2018 of the Office of the Hon’ble
Governor, Madhya Pradesh, audio-video visual recording of oral
comprehensive and final thesis viva voce examination conducted
by the external examiner in Ph.D. degree will start from the
session 2018-2019 to bring transparency, discipline and
confidence in the society. Apart from external examiner and
member of the advisory committee, all the staff members and
Ph.D. scholars of the Department have to be participate.
Professor of other Departments may also participate. After
completion of examination by the external examiner the
discussion will be open for all.

27
 Complete quality video and audio recording are essential of both
the oral examinations at Doctorate level. The recording of both
the oral examination shall be submitted to the Office of the
Director Instruction for preservation.
After successful conduction of the oral examination all the
corrections and suggestions, all the members of the Advisory
committee should sign on the Certificate II of the thesis for
Master degree and signature of the external examiner too, for
Doctorate degree.
13 Submission of hard bound thesis
These copies are bounded finally as hardbound with prescribed
colour of the cover page.

14 Checklist of documents required at the time of thesis

submission after viva-voce
Four copies of Masters Degree and five copies of Doctorate
degree thesis are to be submitted to the Director Instruction,
JNKVV, Jabalpur through proper channel for official notification
with following information

Sr. Document Copies

1 Thesis 4 copies for Master
5 copies for Doctorate
(for signature of Director Instruction)

Thesis corrections certificate as suggested by Proforma 16

the examiner
3 Soft copy of the thesis after correction in CD Proforma 17
as PDF
4 Certificate of oral examination Proforma 18
5 Semester wise student record
6 CCVC
7 Postgraduate course completion verification Proforma 19
certificate
8 Application for issue of Degree certificate Proforma 20

28
15 Soft copy of the thesis
With reference to letter F. No. 30(6-C)/2006 NAIP/ O&M dated 12
May 2011 of Deputy Director General (Education), ICAR, New
Delhi, all the postgraduate students must submit the true replica
of printed thesis, i.e., the same sequence of pages, images,
tables and paginations, after incorporation of suggestions and
corrections made by the external examiner as soft copy (in CD or
DVD) (Proforma 16A) as single file in Portable Document Format
(PDF) along with Certificate from In-charge Academic of the
Department (Proforma 16B). The PDF file should not be
password protected.

16. Publication of work and authorship

The publication of material extracted (partially or fully) from the
thesis work should essentially indicate the credit to the University
(under Acknowledgement section).
The authorship on research paper submitted for publication from
the thesis should be in order of
(i) First name - Student
(ii) Second name - Major Advisor
(iii) Third name (optional) - Member(s) of the advisory
committee significantly contributed in
the thesis work.

29
 Proforma 1

Molecular Characterization of Soybean Varieties

Thesis

Submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya

Jabalpur

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the Degree of

Master of Science
In
AGRICULTURE
(Genetics and Plant Breeding)

Anchal Bisen
170216001

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics

College of Agriculture, Rewa

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya

Jabalpur 482 004 (MP)

2017

30
 Proforma 2

CERTIFICATE - I

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………”
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree
of MASTER OF SCIENCE (Ag)/(Forestry)/ Agri. Business
Management / MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY / DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY* In ……………………….……. (subject* *) of Jawaharlal
Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur is a record of the bonafide
research work carried out by Mr./Mrs./Ms..***……………….. …………….
under my guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has
been approved by the Student’s Advisory Committee and the
Director of Instruction.

All the assistance and help received during the course of the
investigation has been acknowledged by him /her.

Place: Signature
Date:

(Complete Name)
Chairman of the Advisory Committee

Thesis Approved by the Student’s Advisory Committee

Committee Name Signature

Chairman/ Chairperson .......................................................................
Member ......
.......................................................................
Member ......
.......................................................................
Member ......
.......................................................................
......
* Master of Science/ Master of Technology/ Doctor of Philosophy
(whichever is applicable) Master of Science in Agriculture/ Forestry/
Agri. Business Management
* Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture/Agricultural Engineering with
name of specific subject
*** Name of the Student

31
 Proforma 3

CERTIFICATE - II#

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………”
submitted by Mr. / Mrs. / Ms . * …………………………………………….
to Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya , Jabalpur in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science/Technology /Agri. Business Management in………………**
in the Department ………………………………………………………..***
has been, after evaluation, approved by the External Examiner
and by the Student’ s Advisory Committee after an oral
examination on the same.

Place : Signature
Date: (Complete Name)
Chairman of the Advisory Committee

Members of the Advisory Committee

Committee Name Signature
Chairman/Chairperson ...........................................................................
Member ..
...........................................................................
Member ..
...........................................................................
Member ..
...........................................................................
..
Head of the Department/ Section (Name) .....................................
Director Instruction (Name).............................................................

# Certificate for Masters Degree

* Name of the Student
** Master of Science in Agriculture/Forestry/Master of Technology/
Agri. Business Management with name of specific subject
*** Name of the Department

32
 Proforma 4

CERTIFICATE - II#
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….……………
……………………………………………………………………………………”
submitted by Mr./Mrs./Ms. ….………………………….……………………
to Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in the
subject ……………………………………………….** o f the Department
……….…………………………………………………………… *** has been,
after evaluation, approved by the External Examiners and by
the Student’s Advisory Committee after an oral examination on the
same.
Name:........................................... Designation:..................................
Address:........................................

Place : Signature
Date: External Examiner

Committee Name Signature

Chairman/Chairperson ...........................................................................
Member ..
...........................................................................
Member ..
...........................................................................
Member ..
...........................................................................
..
Head of the Department/ Section (Name) .....................................
Director of Instruction (Name).....................................................

# Certificate for Doctorate Degree

* Name of the Student
** Subject (as per notified list document)
*** Department (as per notified list document)

33
 Proforma 5

Declaration and Undertaking by the Candidate

I ………….,..............................................................(name) S/o (D/o)(W/o)

Shri ........................................................ (Name) Certify that the work
embodied in thesis entitled ".......................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………….
. .................................... is my own first hand bonafide work carried out
by me under the guidance of .......................................... (name of
advisor) at.......................................................... (name of Department),
........................................................................(name of College and
place) during.................... (period year).

The matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted for the award
of any other degree / diploma. Due credit has been made to all the
assistance and help.

I, undertake the complete responsibility that any act of

misinterpretation, mistakes, errors of fact are entirely of my own.

I, also abide myself with the decision taken by my advisor for the
publication of material extracted from the thesis work and subsequent
improvement, on mutually beneficial basis, provided the due credit is
given, thereof and will not include any unauthorized name in research
publications.

Place: Complete Name and Signature

Date: of the candidate

34
 Proforma 6

Copyright © and IPR Rights

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya
Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
...............(Year)

Copyright and IPR Rights Transfer Certificate

Title of the Thesis........................................................................................

....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
Name of the candidate................................................................................
Subject........................................................................................................
Department..................................................................................................
College .......................................................................................................
Year of Thesis submission..........................................................................

Copyright and IPR Rights Transfer

The undersigned.................................................................... (name of the
candidate) assigns to the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, all rights under Copyright and IPR right Act
that may exist in and for the thesis entitled "...............................................
....................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................”
submitted for the award of M.Sc. (Ag.)/M.Tech./Ph.D. degree.
Date :
Place:

Major Advisor Signature of the candidate

Signature & Name (Full Name)

Notice: The author (candidate) may reproduce or authorize others to

reproduce material extracted verbatim from the thesis or derivative of
the thesis for author's personal and noncommercial use, provided that
the source and University copyright notices are indicated.

35
 Proforma 7

Abstract

Part 1 Front page of the abstract

It contains following information
1 Title of the thesis ………………………………………………………..
(Bold; sentence case; 14 Arial, single space)
2 Student
Name (Full) …………………………………………………………
Postal Address (Permanent) E-mail and contact number …….
3 Advisor
Name ………………………………………………………………..
Address (Office) ……………………………………………………
E-mail and contact number ……………………………………….
4 Degree awarded ……………………………………..…………………
5 Year of award of degree …………………………….…………………
6 Major subject ……………………………………………………………
7 Total number of pages in the thesis …………….……………………
8 Number of words in the abstract ………………………………………

Signature Signature Signature

(Name of the Chairman Professor and Head/ (Name of the student)
Advisory Committee) Section (Seal)

Part II Abstract
The abstract of the thesis should be structured precisely containing the
title, objective of research, results and future line of work limited to single
page, failing which the thesis will not be forwarded to the University for
issuing PDC.

36
 Proforma 8

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

To be filled in by the Student (Final Year only)

Note: The following particulars must be filled in very carefully. The

entries in the final transcript and degree would be made based on these
entries.

1. Name in full (in English) with correct: Mr./Mrs./Miss..........................

Spelling as entered in the certificate
Issued by the Board/University last
attended
2. Name in full (in Hindi) : .................................................
3. (a) Father' name in full : .................................................
(b) Guardians name in full : .................................................
4. Place of Birth : . ................................................
5. Date of Birth : / /
6. Date of joining the college (JNKVV) : / / Agriculture/Agril. Engg.
7. Name of the last school and : .............................................
College attended
8. Permanent address : Mr./Miss .................................
Village .................... Post ..................
Tehsil ..................... Dist .................
9. ID No. : ................................................
10. Other information e-mail & mobile no.:...............................................

(Signature of the candidate) Professor & Head

Department / Section

To be filled in by the Office of the Dean, College of

Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP)

Certified that the entries made above by the candidate Mr./Mrs. Miss
………………………………………………….have been verified from the
record and found correct.

Dean, College of Agriculture, .....................(MP)

37
 Proforma 9
No dues certificate

Name of the student.......................................... Category......................

I.D. No............................. Course of study M.Sc.(Ag)/ M.Tech./ M.Sc.
(Forestry)/MBA/Ph.D.
Department of.......................................................................................
College.................................................................................................
Admission as........................................................ Payment seat/ free seat
Date of discontinuance of study...............................................................
Whether residing in the hostel: Yes/ No
Certified that the student has completed the residential requirement upto
...................................................(date)

Chairman of Advisory Committee

I/C Academic (Department)
Signature and seal for no dues by the authorized person
Librarian......................................................................................................
Physical education.....................................................................................
Hostel warden...........................................................................................
NCC....................................................................................................
NSS....................................................................................................
In-charge scholarship.............................................................................
Sectional library....................................................................................
No dues of the registered courses duly signed by the concerned teacher
Major courses Minor courses
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. Supporting courses
5. 1
6. 2
7. 3

Chairman of Advisory Committee............................................................

Departmental store................................................................................
Accountant (College).............................................................................
I/c Academic......................................

Head of the Department/Section

Signature and seal
Signature of the student

38
 Proforma 10

Certificate on conductance of result seminar

This is to certify that the result seminar of Mr./ Miss............................has

been conducted on .......................(date) and found satisfactory.

Date:

Signature and seal

Professor and Head/Section
Department
College

39
 Proforma 11

Certificate on successfully completion of

comprehensive examination

Written Comprehensive Examination

This is to certify that Mr./Miss....................................................................

a M.Sc. / M.Tech. / Ph.D. student of the Department of…………………….
..................................... has appeared in the comprehensive written
examination on .................... (date) and passed it with satisfactory
performance.

Oral Comprehensive Examination

This is to certify that Mr./Miss............................................................... a

Ph.D. student of the Department of ..................................................... has
appeared in the comprehensive oral examination on
............................... (date) and defended it with successful performance.

Date:

Signature and seal

Professor and Head/Section
Department
College

40
 Proforma 12

Certificate on thesis preparation as per the prescribed manual

This is to certify that Mr./Miss............................................................... has

prepared the thesis entitled…………………………………………………..
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
as per the specification given in the 'Guidelines on Preparation of Thesis'
prescribed by the University.

Signature and seal of Chairman of Advisory Committee

Name
Designation
Department
College

41
 Proforma 13

Undertaking for not joining of job during

minimum residential requirement

Department………………………………
College……………………………………
JN Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

Undertaking

I, ...................................................................... the student of M.Sc. (Ag)/

M.Tech./M.Sc.(Forestry)/MBA/Ph.D. Department of ..................................
College of ................................................... declare in compliance of the
University Academic Rules, I have not joined any job during the minimum
prescribed residential requirement to complete the degree programme.

In the event of the false declaration, the University may withdraw the
degree.

Date Signature of the student

(Full Name)

Verified

Signature and name of the Chairman of Advisory Committee

Signature and name of the Professor and Head/Section

Dean of the College

42
 Proforma 14

Certificate

Publication of Research Paper from Ph.D. Thesis

This is to certify that Mr./ Miss ................................................................

Ph.D. scholar of the Department of…………………………………………..
........................................................................ (submitted the thesis
entitled ........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
on..................................(date) has published following two research
papers (at least one published and one accepted with proof of
acceptance) from the research work conducted for Ph.D. thesis.

1. ..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

2. ..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

Both the papers (it may be one paper and one typed manuscript with
proof of acceptance) are attached with the thesis as appendix at the end.

Date ……………………………………
Chairman of the Advisory Committee
Name ……………………………………..
Designation ………………………………
Department ………………………………
College ……………………………………

Signature and Seal

Professor & Head/
Head of the Section

43
 Proforma 15

Application form for submission of thesis for

Anti-Plagiarism Test Certificate
(Applicable after notification)

Department of …………….……………………………………
College of …………….……………………………………

No. Date: ………………..

To
The Librarian
Central Library
JNKVV, Jabalpur

Subject: Submission of thesis for Anti-Plagiarism Test Certificate

Name of the Scholar: ……………………………………………….

Enrollment Number: ……………………………………………….
Department: ……………………………………………….
Thesis Title: ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….

Name & Signature of Supervisor: …………………………………………

Signature and Seal of Head of Department: ……………………………..

Signature and seal of the Dean: …………………………………….…….

44
 Proforma 16

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

Central Library
Anti-Plagiarism Test Certificate
(Tentative)
Thesis:
Name of the author:
Enrollment number :
Department:
College:
Name of the Advisor:
Date of received for check:
Chapter wise plagiarism report

Chapter Percent of plagiarism Remark

Maximum Reported
permitted
Introduction
Review of Literature
Material and Methods
Result
Discussion
Summary, Conclusion and Suggestions for
further work
Average

I hereby certify that the thesis has been evaluated using Plagiarism
Check Software _________________on__________ (date). The system
reported that the thesis has average _______ percent of plagiarism
which is within the approved / more than limit and it is passed /failed with
A <15%
B 16-25%
C 26-40%
D >40% Thesis has percent of plagiarism more than prescribed limit,
therefore resubmit for test.

Date Signature and seal of the In-charge

45
 Proforma 17

Certificate of Oral Examination

Department of ................................................
College of .....................................................
JNKVV, Jabalpur

This is to certify that the thesis entitled.......................................................

....................................................................................................................
............. submitted by Mr./ Miss ..............................................................to
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur in partial fulfillment
of requirements for the degree of M.Sc.(Ag.)/ M.Tech./MBA/Ph.D.
...........................................subject) in the Department of .........................
College of.............................................. has been approved by the
external examiner after evaluation and by the Student's Advisory
Committee after an oral examination.

Place:.......................
Date:.......................
Chairman Advisory Committee

Members of the Advisory Committee Signature

1. Chairman/ Chairperson ..............................................................

2. Member.....................................................................................

3. Member.....................................................................................

4. Member.....................................................................................

Head of the Department /Section .......................................................

Director Instruction...........................................................................

46
 Proforma 18

Certificate of Incorporation of Suggestions/Corrections

Proposed by the Examiner

This is to certify that all the suggestions and corrections proposed by the
external examiner have been incorporated in the final thesis entitled
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

Subject...................................................................................................
Department............................................................................................
College..................................................................................................
Submitted by .........................................................................................
during the year...............................

Signature and seal of

Chairman of Advisory Committee
Name................................................
Department........................................
College..............................................

47
 Proforma 19A

Certificate
This is to certify that soft copy (CD or DVD format) of the thesis entitled
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
Submitted by Mr./Miss/Mrs....................................................................
Subject...................................................................................................
Department of............................................................................................
College of..................................................................................................
in the academic year.............................. consists of ................... pages.

It is the exact replica of the final hard copy as single Portable Document
Format (PDF) after incorporation of suggestions and corrections made by
the external examiner and is not password protected.

Signature and seal of

Academic In-charge
Name................................................
Department........................................
College..............................................
Proforma 19B
Corrected soft copy of the thesis in CD as PDF file

Name:........................
Subject:....................
Department:............
College:...............
Title:............

48
 Proforma 20

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP)

Department of .......................................
College of ..............................................

Semester wise Report Card for Postgraduate Course

(To be prepared by In-charge Academic of the respective Department)

Semester ............................................ Session.....................................

Full Name............................................ I.D. No...................................
Programme......................................... College...........................................

Title of Course Credit Marks obtained Remarks

course No. Hrs. Theory out Practical Total
of 100 out of 50

Repeat
Course

Total marks obtained............................(in words)....................................

Out of.........................................Result.................................................
OCGA at the end of......................... degree programme is......................
out of 10.00.
Name of Advisor...........................................
Prepared by.......................................... Checked by..................................
Date.............................................................

Signature of Dean of the College

Note: (a) The circle around the marks denotes failure

(b) If a student fails to obtain 60% marks in any course either
theory or practical he/she be deemed to have failed in the
theory paper or practical and will be required to repeat theory
or practical, as the case may be to clear/pass the same.
(c) Postgraduate degree is not awarded to the student with less
than 65% marks

49
 Proforma 21

Postgraduate Course Completion Verification Certificate

under 10 Point Scale

1. Name of the student (in English) : Mr./Miss .........................

2. ID No. of the student : .......................................
3. Subject of major study : .......................................

4. OGPA at the end of course Completion: .............Out of 10.00 scale

with credits completed
a) Credits of major courses :
(b) Credits of minor courses :
(c) Credits of thesis :
(d) Total credits of (a), (b) & (c) :

5. Ratio of credits load of major and Minor: ............................................

subjects
6. Semester of the session in which : ............................................
thesis accepted
7. Number of semester in which : .......................................
candidate completed the study
programme
8. Title of the thesis: ...............................................................................
...................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................

9. Whether paid all dues of the Colleges: Yes

The candidate has completed all the requirements viz. courses

and written and oral comprehensive examinations of postgraduate
programme for which he/she has registered and is eligible for the degree
of M.Sc. (Ag.) M.Sc.(Forestry), M.Tech. / MBA / Ph.D. .............................
(subject). No dues are outstanding against him/her.

Professor & Head/Section Dean of the College

Forwarded to the Registrar, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,

Jabalpur for further action.

Director Instruction

50
 Proforma 22

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

Application Form for Issue of Degree Certificate
(To be submitted in the College after completion of degree programme)

To,
The Registrar,
J.N, Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)

I,......................................(Full name) son/daughter/wife of Shri ...............

(full name) I.D.No. .................was a student of this Vishwa Vidyalaya from the
year................... to and passed the M.Sc.(Ag), M.Sc.(Forestry),
M.Tech./MBA/Ph.D. degree programme in the year ...................with ...............
OGPA out of 10.00 scale from the College of Agriculture,
................................/Agricultural Engineering, Jabalpur.

Degree of M.Sc.(Ag.), M.Sc.(Forestry), M.Tech./ MBA/ Ph.D. ......... (subject) has

been conferred upon me in the year ............ and I wish to get the above degree
in absentia/in person. Hence my above degree may please be given to me in
person or by post on the address given below.

Prescribed fees of Rupees Three Hundred and Fifty only (Rs. 350/-) for obtaining
the degree has been deposited along with admission fees at the time of
admission to aforesaid degree programme.

I request that the degree of M.Sc.(Ag.)/ Ph.D. may please be made available to
me.

Dated: Yours faithfully,

Name & Signature of Applicant

Postal address for the purpose of correspondence....................................

....................................................................................................................

(To be Filled in by the Office of the Dean)

Certified that Shri/Ku./Smt.....................................................son/ daughter/wife of

Shri ............................................I.D. No. .................... has deposited Rs. 350/-
(Rupees Three hundred and Fifty only) at the time of admission in
.......................... year for obtaining the degree.

Date: Signature & Seal of the Dean of the College

51
 APPENDICES
Appendix 1

Typing instructions for preparation of manuscript

Page Size A4 (8.268” X 11.693”)

Thickness of paper At least 85 GSM
Print on the page Both side
Certificate, Photographs and other as per requirement
may be printed on one side
Margin Top and Bottom 1”
Right and Left 1.5”
Font Arial
Font Size 12
Line spacing 1.5
Left indent 1”
Alignment Justified
Spacing between Before 6 Point; After 0 point
paragraphs
Main Title 14 Bold Case Capital; Alignment centre
Sub Title 12 Bold Case sentence; Alignment left
Page Number Bottom; Placement Centre
Number of Copies Four for Masters and Five for Ph.D. (It may increase in
case a copy has to be submitted to the agency
providing financial assistance)
Spell check British English grammar
Division sheet Every chapter of the text and reference matter should
be preceded by a division sheet marked with the title
of the chapter in Arial, capital, bold font of 18 size with
right alignment at the top of the paper without
pagination.
Start of the chapter Each chapter shall start form a new page with title in
capital, bold Arial, Font 14 with center alignment.
Leave 12 point spacing after title before start of the
next.

52
 Appendix 2

Molecular Characterization of Soybean Varieties

20-26 title case bold

THESIS
16 capital case bold
Submitted to
14 italic case normal

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

16 title case bold

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of

14 sentence case bold

Master of Science
16 capital case bold
In
14 italic case normal
AGRICULTURE
16 capital case bold

(GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING)

14 capital case bold
14 italic case normal
ANCHAL BISEN
16 capital case bold
(Enrollment Number)
14 sentence case normal

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics

College of Agriculture, Rewa
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya
Jabalpur, 482 004 (MP)
14 sentence case bold
2017
14 Bold Grey Colour

53
 Appendix 3

Notified names of Departments and subject of the degree

thereof

As per notification No. Acd/II Q-14(IV)/887 dated 12.6.2017 the

nomenclature of the subjects for award of Master and Ph.D. degree by
different Departments has been changed and adopted by the University
w.e.f. the academic session 2016-2017. It is in accordance to the
recommendation made by V Deans Committee of ICAR. Details of
degrees are as under:

S.No. Name of Department Revised nomenclature of degrees

Master/Ph.D.
Faculty of Agriculture
1 Agricultural Economics M.Sc. Ag. / Ph.D. (Agricultural Economics)
and Farm Management M.B.A. (Agri. Business Management)
2 Extension Education M.Sc. Ag. /Ph.D. (Agricultural Extension
and Communication)
3. Agronomy M.Sc. Ag. /Ph.D. (Agronomy)
4 Entomology M.Sc. Ag. /Ph.D. (Entomology)
5 Plant Breeding and Genetics M.Sc. Ag. / Ph.D. (Genetics and Plant
Breeding)
6 Plant Pathology M.Sc. Ag. /Ph.D. (Plant Pathology)
7 Plant Physiology M.Sc. Ag. /Ph.D. (Plant Physiology)
8 Soil Science & Agricultural M.Sc. Ag. /Ph.D.( Soil Science and
Chemistry Agricultural Chemistry)
9 Horticulture M.Sc. Ag. / Ph.D. Horticulture (Vegetable
Science)
M.Sc. Ag. / Ph.D. Horticulture (Fruit Sci.)
10. Agricultural Statistics M.Sc. Ag. (Agricultural Statistics)
11 Agricultural Biotechnology M.Sc. Ag. (Plant Biotechnology)
12. Food Science & Technology M.Sc. (Food Science and Technology)
13. Forestry M.Sc.(Forestry) / Ph.D.(Agroforestry)
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering
1. Farm Machinery & Power M.Tech./Ph.D.(Agril. Engg.) Farm
Machinery & Power Engineering
2. Soil & Water Engineering M.Tech./Ph.D. (Agril. Engg.) Soil & Water
Engineering
3. Post Harvest Process & Food M.Tech./Ph.D. (Agril. Engg.)
Engineering Processing & Food Engineering

54
 Appendix 4

Symbols of botany

Term Symbol Term Symbol

Actinomorphic Epicalyx Epik

Androecium A Female
At the rate of @ Gynoecium G
Bisexual Male
Bracteate Br Parianth P
Calyx K Zygomorphic in lateral plane ÷
Corolla C Zygomorphic in median plane .I.

Appendix 5

Important connotations

Acid equivalent a.e. Fertilizer Use Efficiency FUE

Analytical reagent AR Land Equivalent Ratio LER
Artificial insemination AI Lethal concentration LC
Capsulated granules CG Lethal dose LD
Chemically pure Cp Lethal dose for 50% control LD50
Colony forming units c.f.u. Linear energy transfer LET
Dispersible powder DP Maximum permissible dose MPD
Dose response curve DR Medial lethal dose MLD
Effective dose ED Relative humidity RH
Effective dose for ED50 Seed dresser SD
50% control
Electron microscope EM Seed treatment ST
Emulsifiable concentration EC Soluble liquid SL
Granular G Wetable dispersible power WDP
Ineffective dose ID Wetable powder WP

55
 Appendix 6

Symbols and Abbreviations

The following abbreviations shall be used both for singular and plural units
A CPM : Critical Path Model
abbr : Abbreviation CRD : Complete Randomized
ac : Acre Design
a.e. : Active equivalent Cry : crystal
a.i. : Active ingredient CU : Consumptive Use
AICRP : All India Coordinated Cusec : Cubic feet per second
Research Project cv(s) :Cultivar (s)
A.M. : Before noon / Anti Meridian D
Anon: Anonymous DAE : Days After Emergence
ANOVA : Analysis of Variance DAF : Days After Flowering
Atm : Atmosphere DAP : Days After Planting
AWHC : Available Water Holding DAS : Days After Sowing
Capacity DAT : Days After Treatment
B dcg : Decagram
B : Billion dg : Decigram
BCR : Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) Diam : Diameter
BD : Bulk Density dkl : Dekalitre
BP : Black Plastic Mulch dl : Decilitre
Bt : Bacillus thuringiensis dm : Decimetre
C DMRT : Duncan’s Multiple Range
C.S : Capsulated suspension Test .
C:N ratio : Carbon to Nitrogen ratio Dry weight g -1

CD (P=0.05%) : Critical Difference dSm-1 : Decisiemen per metre

at 5 per cent level dsm-2 : Decisiemen per square
Century (ies): cent (s) meter
CFB : Corrugated Fibre Board Box E
Cft : Cubic feet ECD : Efficiency of Conversion of
cg : Centigram Digested food
CGR : Crop Growth Rate ECI : Efficiency of Conversion of
Chapter: ch Ingested food
cl : Centilitre ed (s): Editor(s) e.g. : for example,
cm : Centimetre for instance
cm2 : Square centimetre edn : Edition
conc : Concentrated ER : Effective Rainfall
cong : Congress ET : Evapo-Transpiration
cont : Contents et al. : and others
contd: Continued ETC : Crop Evapo-Transpiration

56
 etc. : and so on; and other people / IAA : Indole, 3 Acetic Acid
things IBA : Indole Butyric Acid
ETL : Economic Threshold level IPE : Irrigation Production
F Efficiency
F. test : Fishers Test IPM : integrated pest management
FC : Field Capacity IR : Irrigation Requirement
fig./ Fig. : Figure IU : International Unit
Fr.wt : Per Gram Fresh weight J
FUE : Fertilizer Use Efficiency J : Joule
G JA : Jasmonic Acid
Govt : Government Jr: Junior
Gh: Growth hormones K
g : Gram Kc : Crop Co-efficient
GA : Genetic Advance kcal : Kilo Calories
GAM : Genetic Advance as per kg : Kilogram
cent of Mean kg ha-1 : Kilogram per hectare
gcc-1 : glam per cubic centimetre Kgha-1 mm-1 : Kilogram per
GCV : Genotypic Co-efficient of hectare millimeter
Variation kl : Kilolitre
GI : Growth Index km : Kilometre
GIR : Gross Irrigation Requirement km2 : Square kilometre
GIS : Geographic Information Kp : Pan Co-efficient
System Ky : Yield Response Co-efficient
H l : Litre
Hb: Hemoglobin L
H : Heritability in Broad sense L-1 : per liter
h : Hour LAD : Leaf Area Duration
H.I. : Harvest Index LAI : Leaf Area Index
H1 : Alternate Hypothesis LLDPE : Low Linear Density
ha : Hectare Polyethylene
ha-cm : Hectare-centimetre Ltd: Limited
ha-m : Hectare-metre LSD : Latin Square Design
HDPE : High Density Poly M
Ethylene m : Metre
hl : Hectolitre M : Million
Ho : Null Hypothesis m : molality
HP : Horse Power M : Molarity
ht : Height m-1 : per meter
I m2 : Metre square
Inst: Institute m-2 : per meter square
iq : Intelligence quotient m3 : Cubic metre
Intl: International m3h-1 : Cubic metre per hour
Infin: infinitive Max: Maximum

57
 mg : Milligram PPFD : Photosynthetic Photon
Min : Minimum Flux Density
min : Minute ppm : Parts per million
ml : Millilitre Pr : Phytochrome red
MLR : Multiple Linear Regression PUFA : Poly Unsaturated Fatty
mm : Millimetre Acids
mm2 : Square millimetre PWP : Permanent Wilting Point
Moles g-1F wt.h-1 : Number of pv : Pathovar
moles per gram fresh weight per Pl : Plate
hour ppt : Precipitate
mPa : Mega Pascal Publ : Publication/Publisher
ms: manuscript Q
ms-1 : Metre per second q : quintal
N R
N : Newton r : Correlation Co-efficient
Natl: National R : Multiple Correlation Co-efficient
NAR : Net Assimilation Rate R2 : Co-efficient of Multiple
NBT : Need Based Treatment Determination
ng : Nanogram RBD : Randomized Block Design
NIR : Net Irrigation Requirement rg : Genotypic correlation co-
nm : Nanometre efficient
No. : Number rh : relative humidity
NRA : Nitrate Reductase Activity RGR : Relative Growth Rate
NRS : Non-Reducing Sugars rp : Phenotypic correlation co-
NS : Non-Significant efficient
NUE : Nitrogen Use Efficiency RPM : Revolutions Per Minute
O RQ : Respiratory Quotient
od : Optical Density RSS : Reducing sugars
P S
P.M. : After noon / Post Meridian s : Second
pa : Pascal g-1.D. Sm-1 : Siemen per metre
PCA : Principal Components S2g : Genotypic Variance
Analysis S2p : Phenotypic Variance
PCV : Phenotypic Co-efficient SD : Standard Deviation
Variation SEm± : Standard Error of mean ±
per se : As such with mean SEm : Standard Error of mean
PET : Potential Evapo- SG : Soluble granules
Transpiration SL : Soluble liquids
Pfr : Phytochrome far red Spn. :New species
PLW : Physiological Loss in spp: species (plural)
Weight sp: species (singular)
PM : Physiological Maturity str: strain
ppb : Parts per billion subsp. : Sub species

58
 soc: society viz., : Namely
supp: supplementary vs. : Against
syn: synonym vol : Volume
T W
T : Absolute temperature WHC : Water Holding Capacity
t : Tonne WI : Weed Index
T : Trillion Wm-2 : Watt per square metre
t ha-1 : Tonne per hectare WR : Water Requirement
TSS : Total soluble sugars wt : per gram
U wt : Weight
USWB : United States Weather WUE : Water use Efficiency
Bureau X
UV : Ultra Violet X : Grand Mean
V
Var. : Variety

59
 Appendix 7

Abbreviations of the recognized organizations

At National level
CARI ICAR- Central Agroforestry Research Institute , Jhansi
CAZRI ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur
CCRI ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur
CFTRI Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore
CIAE ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
CIAH ICAR-Central Institute of Arid Horticulture, Bikaner
CIARI ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute , Port Blair
CICR ICAR-Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur
CIMAP Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow
CIPET ICAR-Central Institute on Post harvest Engineering and Technology,
Ludhiana
CIRCT ICAR-Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai
CISTH ICAR-Central Institute of Sub Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow
CITH ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar
CIWA ICAR- Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneshwar
CPCRI ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod
CPRI ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla
CRIDA ICAR-Central Research Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad
CRIJAF ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore
CSSRI ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal
CTCRI ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum
CTRI ICAR-Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry
DCR ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur
DFR ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pune, Maharashtra
DGR ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagarh
DKMA ICAR-Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, New Delhi
DMAPR ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand
DMFR ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pune, Maharashtra
DMR ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan
DOGR ICAR-Directorate on Onion and Garlic Research, Pune
DRMR ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed & Mustard Research, Bharatpur
DSR ICAR-Directorate of Soybean Research, Indore
DWSR ICAR-Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur
IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
IASRI ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
ICFRE Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
IGFRI ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi

60
IIAB ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi
IIFSR ICAR- Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram
IIHR ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru
IIMR ICAR- Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad
IIMR ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi
IINRG ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi
IIOPR ICAR- Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godawari
IIOR ICAR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad
IIPR ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur
IIRR ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad
IISR ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Research, Mau
IISR ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut
IISR ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow
IISS ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, Bhopal
IISWC ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun
IIVR ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi
IIWBR ICAR- Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal
IIWM ICAR- Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneshwar
NAARM ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research & Management,
Hyderabad
NAAS National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
NBAIMO ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro-organisms, Mau,
Uttar Pradesh
NBAIR ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru
NBPGR ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources, New Delhi
NBSMI ICAR-National Biotic Stress Management Institute, Raipur
NBSS&LUP ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur
NCIPM ICAR-National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi
NIAEPR ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New
Delhi
NIASM ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, MS
NRCB ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Trichi
NRCG ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune
NRCIF National Research Centre on Integrated Farming (ICAR-NRCIF), Motihari
NRCL ICAR-National Research Centre for Litchi, Muzaffarpur
NRCO ICAR-National Research Centre on Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim
NRCP ICAR-National Research Centre for Pomegranate, Solapur
NRCPB ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi
NRCSS ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer
NRRI ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack
SBI ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore
TFRI Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur
VPKAS ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora

61
At International level

ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia

ADB Asian Development Bank, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines
AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan
BI Bioversity International, Maccarese, Roma, Italy
CABI Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire,
UK
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Montpellier France
CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical Cali , Columbia
CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
CIMMYT Centro Internacional da Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, Mexico , Mexico
CIP Centro Internacional de Papa, Lima , Peru
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome , Italy
IARCs International Agricultural Research Centres
IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, CTA, Wageningen, The
Netherlands.
ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria
ICGEB International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi
ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics Patancheru,
India
IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development
IFDC International Fertilizer Development Centre, Alabama, USA.
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute (USA) Washington D.C., USA
IIMI International Irrigation Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
IITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigéria
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute Nairobi , Kenya, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
INIBAP International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantation,
Montpellier, France.
IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute delle Terme de Caracalla,
Rome, Italy
IRRI International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
ISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Research, The Hague,
The Netherlands
ISTA International Seed Testing Association, Zürichstrasse 50 8303 Bassersdorf,
Switzerland
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
IWMI International Water Management Institute, Battaramulla , Sri Lanka
WARDA West African Rice Development Association, Monrovia, Liberia
WFC World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
WTO World Trade Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

62
 Appendix 8

Foreign* words and their abbreviations

Abbreviation Word Meaning

ab aeterno From eternity
ab init. ab initio From the beginning
ab From the cradle
incunabulum
ab antiquo From olden time
adhoc For the special aim
A.M./am ante meridiem Before noon
A.D. anno domini In the year of the lord
B.C. Before Christ
c. or Ca citra Approximate
cf., confer Compare
de novo From the beginning; arising from an
unknown source
e.g., exampli gratia For example
et al., et alii And others (in case of more than two
author et al., replace the list of
coworkers in the text)
et alibi And else where
etc. et cetera And the rest (never use it as and etc.)
ex situ Away from place
ib./ibid. ibidem In the same work or place or reference
id. idem The same person
i.e., id est In reference to; that is
in apt Until; In appropriate
infra Below
in situ In the original or appropriate place
in toto In full, wholly
in vacuo In a vacuum
in vitro In glass; Biology taking place outside a
living organism, away from the host

63
 Abbreviation Word Meaning
in vivo Biology taking place in a living
organism; within a living thing, within
host
kharif Rainy season of cultivation
loc. cit. loco citiato In the place cited
modus Method of working
operandi
n.b.; NB noto bene Note well
op.cit. opere citato For the work cited
passim In various places; here and there
per annum By the year
per capita By the head
per se By itself
pm post meridiem After noon
prècis Exact
qv quod vide Which see
rabi Winter season of cultivation
sans Without, deprived of
status quo Existing condition
supra Above
su generis Of its own kind
viva voce Orally
viz., vide licet Namely
vs. versus Against
viś-á-vis Directly opposite
vide See
zayad Summer season of cultivation

* Non English words

64
 Appendix 9

Symbols and abbreviations of important units

Fahrenheit 0F
Acre ac; a
Active ingredient a.i. Farm Yard Manure FYM
Angstrom Å Figure Fig.
Average Av. Filial F
Bacillus thuringiensis Bt Foot 'ft
Basic number of X Fruit damage FD
chromosome Gram g
Biological oxygen BOD Haploid number n
demand Hectare ha
Calculated F value Cal.F Helicoverpa armigera HaNPV
Centigrade 0C Nuclear Polyhedrosis
Centilitre cl virus
Centimeter cm Horse power hp
Concentration Conc. Hour hr
Correlation r Hours hrs
Cost Benefit CB Hours after treatment HAT
Critical difference CD Hundred weight cwt
Cultivar c.v. Inch “
Days d Kilo calorie kcal
Days after germination DAG Kilogram kg
Days after sowing DAS Kilometer per hour km/hr
Days after spraying das Kilovolt kV
Days old crop DOC Larval equivalent LE
Degree of freedom df Litre l
Diploid number of 2n Maximum Max.
chromosome Mean sum of squares MSS
Dissociation constant pK Meter m
Doses D Meter row length mrl
Electron volt ev Meter square m2
Emulsifiable EC Microgram µg
concentrate Micron (1 X10-6 metre) µ
Entomo-pathogenic EPF Milli curie mc
fungus Milli equivalent meq
Evening Even. Milli micron mµ

65
Milligram mg Relative humidity RH
Milliliter ml Relative mobility Rm
Millimeter mm Respiratory quotient RQ
Millimol mM Revolution per minute rpm
Million hectare mh Rhesus factor Rh
Million tonnes mt factor
Million metric tones MMT Rupees `
Minimum Min. Sabouraud’s broth SDB
Minute min Second s
Minute Mole mi n Soluble concentration SC
Molecular weight mol wt Soluble granules SG
Morgan Unit M Soluble liquid SL
Morning Morn. Species Spp.
Nanometre nm Standard deviation S.D.
Neem seed kernel NSKE Standard error SE
extract Standard error of mean SEm 
Non significant NS Standard SMW
Normal N meteorological week
Not applicable NA Standard week SW
Number no. Strain S
Numbers nos. Strontium bismuth
Oil dispersion OD SBT
tantalate
Ounce oz Sum of squares SS
Parts per million ppm T calculated Tcal
Parts per 100 million pphm Table F value Tab.F
Per day Day-1 Temperature Temp.
Per gram g-1 Ultra violet UV
Per hectare ha-1 Volume per volume v/v
Per milliliter ml-1 Watt W
Pint pt Week wk
Pod damage PD Weight per volume w/v
Potato dextrose agar PDA Wettable dispersible WDG
Pound lb granules
Pressure per square psi Wettable Granules WG
inch Wettable Power WP
Quintal q year yr
Refractive index nD

66
 Appendix 10

Statistical and mathematical symbols and abbreviations

Symbol/abbreviation Stand for
‘F’ Analysis of variance
≈ Approximately identical
χ2 Chi square test
CV Coefficient of variation
CD Critical difference
3√ Cube root
3
X Cubed
0
Degree
df Degree of freedom
d.f. Degree of freedom
≤ Equal or less than
≥ Equal or more than
℮ Estimated
≡ Identical
∞ Infinitive
∩ Intersection
≠ Is not equal to
LSD Least significant difference
< Less than
> More than
‰ Per million
% Percentage
± Plus or minus
r Radius of circle
∟ Right angle
₹ Rupee
√ Square root
2
X Squared
SD Standard deviation
SE Standard error
SEd Standard error of difference
SEm Standard error of mean
‘t’ test Student ‘t’ test
∑ Summation
∫ The integral of

67
 Appendix 11

Symbols and abbreviations for proof reading

Apostrophe or single quotation mark V

Close up

()
Comma ,
Delete Бδ

Insert λ

Begin a new Para ¶

Do not begin a new Para No ¶

Period o
Double quotation mark ““
More space #

Transpose element Agrci ulture

Raise
]

Lower
[

Move left [
Move right ]
Full stop
Set in italic Ital
Use capital

Use lower case L=

68
 Appendix 12

Directorate of Instruction
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP)
Thesis Evaluation Report of M.Sc./M.Tech./Ph.D.
1 Name of the student
2 Subject
3 Department
4 College
5 Year
6 Title of the thesis
7 Technical evaluation of thesis
The choice of the problem and its importance
Planning of experiment
Review of literature
Research technique methodology adopted
Collection of data
8 Bibliography
Sufficient and relevant
Quotation of all the references in the text and
vice versa in standard fashion
9 Presentation of data
Clarity of expression
Tabulation and summarization of data
Illustration, curves, histograms graphs and
photographs
10 Grammatical construction & typographical errors
Correctness
Punctuation etc.
Suggestions for improvement (if any)
11 General remark about the thesis such as practical
application, modification and suggestions for further work etc.
12 Whether the thesis should be accepted or not Accepted
without modification Accepted with suggested modification
Not accepted (give reasons)
13 Whether this research is valid contribution towards the
betterment of agricultural technology
if so, in what respect

The performance of the candidate was satisfactory/ not satisfactory hence, I recommend
that the thesis submitted by
Mr./ Ms.....................................................................
be accepted/not accepted for award of M.Sc.(Ag)/M.Sc.(Forestry)/M.Tech./MBA/Ph.D.
Degree in the subject of
............................................................................................................................. ........

Grade to the thesis Good / Average / Poor

Date: Signature, name and address of the evaluator

69
 Appendix 13

Internationally accepted words for crops

Avoid Accepted
Bajra Pearl millet
Jowar Sorghum
Kodo Kodo millet
Kutki Little millet
Lathyrus Grasspea
Moong Mungbean
Paddy Rice
Redgram/arhar Pigeonpea
Sesamum Sesame
Urid Uridbean

70
 ADDENDUMS
Addendum 1
Punctuations

Punctuation Symbol Punctuation Symbol

Apostrophe ‘ Hyphen -
Colon : Parenthesis ( )
Coma , Question mark ?
Dash _ Semicolon ;
Exclamation mark ! Full stop .
Slash/oblique/virgule /

Addendum 2

Greek alphabets
Upper Case Lower Case Greek Letter Upper Case Lower Case Greek Letter
Letter Letter Name Letter Letter Name

Α α Alpha Ν ν Nu
Β β Beta Ξ ξ Xi
Γ γ Gamma Ο ο Omicron
Δ δ Delta Π π Pi
Ε ε Epsilon Ρ ρ Rho
Ζ ζ Zeta Σ σ, ς Sigma
Η η Eta Τ τ Tau
Θ θ Theta Υ υ Upsilon
Ι ι Lota Φ φ Phi
Κ κ Kappa Χ χ Chi
Λ λ Lambda Ψ ψ Psi
Μ μ Mu Ω ω Omega

71
 Addendum 3

Roman numerals

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC IC C

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 99 100

CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM XM M

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 990 1000

Addendum 4
Metric prefixes

Prefix Symbol Multiple

deka da 10
hecto h 102
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
tera T 1012
deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro µ 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
femto f 10-15
atto a 10-18

72
 Addendum 5

Measurement

1 mile 1.60934 km 1760 yard

1 kilometre 1000 m
1 kilometre 0.621371 mile
1 nautical mile 1.854 km 2026 yard
1 metre 1.09361 yard
1 yard 0.914m
1 fathom 1.829m 2 yard
1 rod 5.029m 5 1/2 yard
1 furlong 201.16m 220 yard
1 metre 3.28 feet
1 foot 12 inch
1 foot 30.48 cm
1 inch 2.54 cm
2
Square inch 6.452 cm
3
Cubic inch 16.387 cm
2
Square foot 0.092m
2
Cubic foot 0.028m 1728 cubic inch
Are 100 square metre
Hectare 10,000 square metre 2.471 acre
1 acre 0.404 hectare 4840 yard
Pint 0.473 litre 16 oz
Quart 0.946 litre 32 oz
Gallon 3.785 litre 4 quart
Bushel 35.24 litre
Pound, avdp 453.592g 16 oz
Pound, troy 373.24g 12 oz
Ounce, avdp 28.35g 16 dram
Ounce, troy 31.103g 480 grain
Dram, avdp 1.177g
Grain, troy 0.065g
Carat 0.200g Precious stone
6
Ton, metric 10 g 2,204.6 pound
Ton, long 1016 metric ton 2,240 pound
Ton, short 0.907 metric ton 2,000 pound

73
 Addendum 6
Symbols of chemical elements
Actinium Ac Hafnium Hf Promethium Pm
Aluminum Al Helium He Protactinium Pa
Americium Am Holmium Ho Radium Ra
Antimony Sb Hydrogen H Radon Rn
Argon Ar Indium In Rhenium Re
Arsenic As Iodine I Rhodium Rh
Astatine At Iridium Ir Rubidium Rb
Barium Ba Iron Fe Ruthenium Ru
Berkelium Bk Krypton Kr Samarium Sm
Beryllium Be Lanthanum La Scandium Sc
Bismuth Bi Lawrencium Lr Selenium Se
Boron B Lead Pb Silicon Si
Bromine Br Lithium Li Silver Ag
Cadmium Cd Lutetium Lu Sodium Na
Calcium Ca Magnesium Mg Strontium Sr
Californium Cf Manganese Mn Sulfur S
Carbon C Mendelevium Md Tantalum Ta
Cerium Ce Mercury Hg Technetium Tc
Cesium Cs Molybdenum Mo Tellurium Te
Chlorine Cl Neodymium Nd Terbium Tb
Chromium Cr Neon Ne Thallium Tl
Cobalt Co Neptunium Np Thorium Th
Copper Cu Nickel Ni Thulium Tm
Curium Cm Niobium Nb Tin Sn
Dysprosium Dy Nitrogen N Titanium Ti
Einsteinium Es Nobelium No Tungsten W
Erbium Er Osmium Os Uranium U
Europium Eu Oxygen O Vanadium V
Fermium Fm Palladium Pd Xenon Xe
Fluorine F Phosphorus P Ytterbium Yb
Francium Fr Platinum Pt Yttrium Y
Gadolinium Gd Plutonium Pu Zinc Zn
Gallium Ga Polonium Po Zironium Zr
Germanium Ge Potassium K
Gold Au Praseodymium Pr

74
75