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Chemistry project

Class 12th

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13 views13 pages

Chemistry project

Class 12th

Uploaded by

asthadubey0009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Project Title:

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers:

•Objective:

The main objective of this project is to


understand the chemistry, properties,
reactions, uses, and environmental effects of
alcohols, phenols, and ethers. We will also
explore some laboratory experiments that
demonstrate their chemical properties.

•Introduction:

Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are important


classes of organic compounds that contain
oxygen atoms. These compounds have
diverse applications in industry, medicine,
and daily life. Understanding their chemical
structure, properties, and reactions is
essential in the study of organic chemistry.
Alcohols : Formed when a hydroxyl (\(-OH\))
group bonds with a saturated carbon atom
Classified by the number of carbon atoms
bonded to the hydroxyl group Classified by
the number of hydroxyl groups attached
Ethanol, a compound that contains a
hydroxyl group, is used in spirit for polishing
wood.
Phenols : Formed when a hydroxyl (\(-OH\))
group replaces a hydrogen atom in a benzene
molecule Also known as carbolic acid (\
(C_{6}H_{6}O\)) Have higher boiling points
than other hydrocarbons of the same
molecular mass More acidic than alcohols.
Ethers : Formed when an oxygen atom bonds
to two alkyl or aryl groups (\(-OR/-Oar\))
Classified by the type of alkyl or aryl groups
attached to the oxygen atom For example,
dimethyl ether (\(CH_{3}OCH_{3}\)).
ALCOHOLS:
•Definition: Alcohols are organic compounds
containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH)
groups attached to a carbon atom.
OR

Alcohols are derivatives of water, with one


hydrogen atom replaced by an alkyl group.
The general formula for an alcohol is \(\
text{ROH}\), where \(R\) is an alkyl group.

•Types of Alcohols:
1) Primary alcohols (R–CH₂OH):
A primary alcohol is an alcohol molecule
where the hydroxyl group (\(\text{OH}\))
is attached to a primary carbon atom. The
primary carbon atom has at least two
hydrogen atoms attached to it, or one
other carbon atom and two hydrogen
atoms. Examples Ethanol (\
text{C_2H_5OH}), 1-butanol (\
text{C_4H_9OH}), Methanol (\
text{CH_3OH}), and Propan-1-ol (\
text{C_3H_7OH}).

2) Secondary alcohols:
A secondary alcohol is a compound in
which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached
to a saturated carbon atom which has two
other carbon atoms attached to it.

3) Tertiary alcohols:
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which
a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a
saturated carbon atom which has three
other carbon atoms attached to it.

•Properties:

•Alcohols are polar, which makes them


good solvents.

•They have higher boiling points


compared to hydrocarbons.
•Alcohols undergo dehydration,
oxidation, and substitution reactions.

Examples: Methanol (CH₃OH), Ethanol


(C₂H₅OH)

PHENOLS:

•Definition: Phenols are aromatic


compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-
OH) attached to a benzene ring.
Phenol is an aromatic organic compound with
a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom
in a benzene ring. It is also known as carbolic
acid, hydroxybenzene, or phenolic acid.

•Properties:
•Phenols are more acidic than alcohols due
to the resonance stabilization of the
phenoxide ion.
•They react with sodium hydroxide to form
phenoxide salts.
Acidity
Phenol is a weak acid that can lose a
hydrogen ion
The negative charge on the oxygen atom is
delocalized around the ring
Solubility
Phenol is soluble in alcohols, petroleum-
based products, and ethers
The hydroxyl group in phenol forms hydrogen
bonds with water, making phenol soluble in
water
Reactivity
Phenol is highly reactive toward electrophilic
aromatic substitution
Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide and
carbon dioxide to make sodium salicylate
Phenol reacts with ammonia to produce
aniline
Phenol reacts with phosphorus pentachloride
to form chlorobenzene
Other properties
Phenol has a sweet, acidic scent at room
temperature
Phenol is toxic when consumed
Phenol has a strong burning flavor
Phenol has a higher boiling point than other
hydrocarbons with the same molecular mass
Phenol displays chirality within its molecules

Examples: Phenol (C₆H₅OH), 2,4-


Dinitrophenol

ETHERS:
•Definition: Ethers are organic compounds
in which an oxygen atom is bonded to two
alkyl or aryl groups.
In chemistry, an ether is an organic
compound that contains an oxygen atom
bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. The
general formula for an ether is \(R-O-R^{\
prime }\), where \(R\) and \(R^{\prime }\)
represent the alkyl or aryl groups.

Properties:

•Ethers are relatively inert but are highly


flammable.
•They are used as solvents in laboratories
and industries.
•Ethers are colorless, pleasant-smelling
liquids at room temperature
•They are less dense and less soluble in
water than alcohols
•They have lower boiling points than alcohols
•They are highly flammable
•They are excellent organic solvents.
Uses of ethers:
Ethers are used in perfumes, waxes, oils,
dyes, and as anesthetics
Vapors of some ethers are used as
insecticides, miticides, and fumigants
Ethers are used in many industries, including
automotive and plastics.

Experiments and Demonstrations:

Preparation of Alcohols (Example: Ethanol)

Reaction: Fermentation of glucose or


Hydrolysis of ethene.
Procedure: Prepare ethanol via fermentation
of glucose and test its properties (such as
solubility, boiling point).

Reaction of Alcohols with Sodium


Procedure: Add a small piece of sodium metal
to ethanol and observe the reaction.
Observation: Hydrogen gas is released, and
sodium ethoxide is formed.

Preparation of Phenols (Example: From


Chlorobenzene)

Procedure: Perform a nucleophilic


substitution reaction between chlorobenzene
and sodium hydroxide to produce phenol.
Test: Test for phenol using ferric chloride
solution (purple coloration).

Reactions of Phenols

Reaction with Bromine Water:


Add bromine water to phenol and observe
the decolorization, indicating the formation
of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol.
Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide:
Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to form
sodium phenoxide.

Preparation of Ethers (Example: Diethyl


Ether)

Procedure: Perform the Williamson synthesis


using sodium ethoxide and ethyl bromide.
Test: Test the physical properties such as
boiling point and solubility.

Reactions of Ethers

Reaction with Hydroiodic Acid:


When ether reacts with hydroiodic acid, it
undergoes cleavage to form alkyl iodides.

Applications:
Alcohols:
Used in pharmaceuticals, alcoholic
beverages, and as solvents.
Phenols:
Used in antiseptics, dyes, and plastics.
Ethers:
Used as solvents, anesthetics (diethyl ether),
and in industrial applications.

Precautions:

Handle chemicals carefully, especially


reactive substances like sodium and bromine.
Wear appropriate safety gear (gloves,
goggles, lab coat).
Perform experiments under supervision if
necessary.
Conclusion:

Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are significant


in both laboratory and industrial
applications.
Each group shows distinct chemical
properties due to the functional groups
present, and they undergo various
characteristic reactions.

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