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QUARTER 2 SCIENCE 8 MODULE WEEK 1-3

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20 views8 pages

QUARTER 2 SCIENCE 8 MODULE WEEK 1-3

Uploaded by

April Baccol
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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QUARTER 2: SCIENCE 8 MODULE

WEEK 1-3: EARTHQUAKE AND FAULT


____________________________________________________
What is an Earthquake?
Earthquake is sudden vibration or
violent movement of Earth’s surface
that caused by rapid release of stored
energy.
An earthquake is what happens when
two blocks of the earth suddenly slip
past one another. The surface where
they slip is called the fault or fault
plane. The location below the earth’s
surface where the earthquake starts is
called the hypocenter, and the
location directly above it on the surface
of the earth is called the epicenter.

Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks.


These are smaller earthquakes that happen in
the same place as the larger earthquake that
follows. Scientists can’t tell that an
earthquake is a foreshock until the larger
earthquake happens. The largest, main
earthquake is called the mainshock.
Mainshocks always have aftershocks that
follow. These are smaller earthquakes that
occur afterwards in the same place as the
mainshock. Depending on the size of the
mainshock, aftershocks can continue for
weeks, months, and even years after the
mainshock!
The Pacific Ring of Fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is known
for its very active tectonic plate
activities which consequently results in
active earthquake activities. 80% of the
strongest earthquakes occur here.
Countries including Philippines, Japan,
China, Canada, New Zealand, North and
South America, Chile, Russia, Indonesia,
Mexico and Antarctica lies in the Pacific
Ring of Fire.

Watch the top 10 strongest earthquake ever recorded in the different parts of the
world.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NT_fVQ1LdQY&t=1s
Layers of The Earth
The structure of the earth is divided into
four major components: the crust, the
mantle, the outer core, and the inner
core. Each layer has a unique chemical
composition, physical state, and can
impact life on Earth's surface. Movement
in the mantle caused by variations in
heat from the core, cause the plates to
shift, which can cause earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions. These natural hazards
then change our landscape, and in some
cases, threaten lives and property. Learn
more about how the earth is constructed
with these classroom resources.

Crust and Lithosphere


Earth’s outer surface is its crust; a cold, thin, brittle outer shell made of rock. The
crust is very thin, relative to the radius of the planet. There are two very different
types of crust,
 Oceanic crust is composed of
magma that erupts on the seafloor to
create basalt lava flows or cools
deeper down to create the intrusive
igneous rock gabbro. Sediments,
primarily muds and the shells of tiny
sea creatures, coat the seafloor.
Sediment is thickest near the shore
where it comes off the continents in
rivers and on wind currents.
 Continental crust is made up of
many different types of igneous,
metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.
The average composition is granite,
which is much less dense than the
mafic igneous rocks of the oceanic crust.
Mantle
 The upper mantle also known as the
asthenosphere is considered a “plastic
solid”. Rocks here are partially molten
due to high pressure and temperature.
The mantle is extremely hot because of
the heat flowing outward from it and
because of its physical properties. Heat
flows in two different ways within the
Earth
Core
Earth’s core is the very hot, very dense
center of our planet. The ball-shaped core
lies beneath the cool, brittle crust and the
mostly-solid mantle. The core is found about
2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) below Earth’s
surface, and has a radius of about 3,485
kilometers (2,165 miles).
 Inner Core- The inner core is a
hot, dense ball of (mostly) iron. It has
a radius of about 1,220 kilometers
(758 miles). Temperature in the inner
core is about 5,200° Celsius (9,392°
Fahrenheit). The pressure is nearly
3.6 million atmospheres (atm).
 Outer Core- The outer core, about
2,200 kilometers (1,367 miles) thick,
is mostly composed of liquid iron and
nickel. The alloy of the outer core is
very hot, between 4,500° and 5,500°
Celsius (8,13 2° and 9,932°
Fahrenheit).

TECTONIC PLATES
It is the outer shell of the Earth that is divided into several plates that glide above
the mantle. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell.

The plate tectonic movement causes the


formation of FAULTS.

A fault is a fracture or huge cracks


between two blocks of rock. Not every
crack in the ground is a fault.
These fault systems are the boundaries of
the huge plates that make up the Earth's
crust.
TYPES OF FAULTS

NORMAL SLIP FAULT- the hanging


wall moves downward, relative to the
footwall.

REVERSE SLIP FAULT/THRUST


FAULTS- hanging wall slides above
the footwall.

STRIKE-SLIP FAULT- the motion of the blocks of rocks is


horizontal.

Classification of Faults
Active- if an earthquake has
occurred along the faults in the last 10,000 years, these faults are
said to be active.
Inactive- if there were no earthquake has been observed for
about 50,000 years the faults are said to be inactive.

How earthquakes are measured?


Earthquakes can be measured by identifying its magnitude and
intensity using an instrument call seismograph.
Magnitude pertains to amount of energy released by an
earthquake at the epicenter using mathematical formulas and
information from seismograms.
Magnitude is measured using Richter scale developed by
Charles Richter, an American seismologist in 1935.

Intensity measures the observed effects of an earthquake on


people, geologic structures and man-made structures.
One popular and currently used scale is the Modified Mercalli
Intensity (MMI) Scale.
HOW DOES EARTHQUAKE OCCUR?
Earthquake happened when a rock
underground suddenly breaks along a
fault. This sudden release of
energy causes the seismic waves that
make the ground shake. When two
blocks of rock or two plates are
rubbing against each other, they
cause vibrations or disturbances that
travels along the surface of the earth.
_____________________END OF
DISCUSSION__________________________

ASSESSMENT:
TEST I.
A. Label the layers of the earth and say something about it.

1
2

4.

1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
B. Identify the type of fault
1.__________________
2.__________________
3.__________________

C. Label the parts of an earthquake

1
4

5
3

TEST II.

A.
 Enumerate the different layers of the earth and define each.
 Enumerate at least 10 countries that lies in the pacific ring of
fire.
 Enumerate the different types of faults and define each.

B.
 Differentiate active and inactive faults
 Differentiate magnitude of an earthquake into its intensity
 Differentiate epicenter of an earthquake into its focus.
 What are the things that you need to do before, during and
after an earthquake?

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