GONZAGA JESUIT COLLEGE

FIRST TERM LESSON NOTE

2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION

MATHEMATICS
JSS2
Indices and Standard Form For easy understanding

visit:https://youtu.be/0Ne0b279K-o

https://youtu.be/aIiB6Pzjlpk

Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

-Put numbers in standard form .

-Simplify numbers and expressions in standard form.
-Express whole and decimal numbers in standard form.
-Round off number to a given numbers of significant figures and /or decimal places.
Indices & the Law of Indices
Introduction
Indices are a useful way of more simply expressing large numbers. They also present us with
many useful properties for manipulating them using what are called the Law of Indices.
What are Indices?
The expression 25 is defined as follows:
25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

We call "2" the base and "5" the index.

Law of Indices
To manipulate expressions, we can consider using the Law of Indices. These laws only apply
to expressions with the same base, for example, 34 and 32 can be manipulated using the Law
of Indices, but we cannot use the Law of Indices to manipulate the expressions 35 and 57 as
their base differs (their bases are 3 and 5,
respectively).
Six rules of the Law of Indices
Rule 1: Zero Index: 𝑎0 = 1
Any number, except 0, whose index is 0 is always equal to 1, regardless of the value of the
base.
An Example:
Simplify 20:
Solution: 20 = 1

Simplify 80

Solution: 80 = 1

Rule 2: Multiplication Law: 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛

1
To multiply expressions with the same base, copy the base and add the indices.
An Example:
Simplify : 5 × 53: (note: 5 = 51)
51 × 53 = 51+3 Using 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑎𝑚+𝑛= 54
= 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625

Rule 3: Division Law: 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛

To divide expressions with the same base, copy the base and
subtract the indices. An Example: Simplify: 5(𝑦9 ÷ 𝑦5)

Solution
5(𝑦9 ÷ 𝑦5) = 5(𝑦9−5) Using 𝑎𝑚 ÷
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
= 5𝑦4
An Example:
Simplify 6 ÷ 𝑦2
Solution
𝑦6 ÷ 𝑦2 = 𝑦6−2
= 𝑦4
Rule 4: Power Law: (𝑎𝑚) = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

To raise an expression to the nth index, copy the base and multiply the indices.
An Example:
Simplify (y2)6:
Solution
(𝑎𝑚)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

(𝑦2)6 = 𝑦2×6 = 𝑦12

An Example:
Simplify
(2𝑦3)8Solutio
n

(2𝑦3)8 = (28𝑦3×8)
= 256 × 𝑦24
= 256𝑦24

Rule 5:Negative Index:𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎 1𝑛

An Example:
Simplify
2-2:

2
Solution
Using 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎 1𝑛

2−2 = =

An
Example
Simplify
33 ÷ 37

Solution

33 ÷ 37 = 33−7 = 3−4 =
𝟏

Rule 6: Roots Power:

𝟏

Example: Simplify
𝟐 𝟕 𝟑 Solution
𝟐𝟕 𝟑

Example: Simplify
𝟏 𝟔 𝟐 Solution
𝟏𝟔

Rule 6: Fractional Index:𝒂𝟒𝟑 𝟒

An Example:
Simplify 1252/3
Solution

𝑚 𝑚

Using 𝑎

Exercise
Simplify the following problems
1 1 1

1.2𝑥−4 2. 4𝑥−2𝑎3 3. 𝑎−3 × 2𝑎−2 4. 2𝑎−32 5. (81)−43 6. 256−34 7. 36 ×

27 8. 81 ÷

𝑎−16

1 −3 3 9 −12

3
 16 9. (1002 ) 10. (0.04) 11. (3 ) 12. ( ) 25

WEEK TWO
STANDARD FORM

Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

-Solve problems involving multiplication and division of numbers in standard

form. -Convert any given number to standard form and vise versa

Standard Form
This is a means of shortening the writing of large or small numbers.
As well a number is in standard form if the number can be written in the form 𝑝 × 10𝑛

Example:
a. 1,988 000 000
b. 276, 000 ,000
c. 3154, 000, 000
Solution
1. 1,988 000 000 = 1988 × 106
= 1.988 × 103 × 106
From first law of indices we have as
= 1.988 × 103+6
= 1.988 × 109
2. 276, 000 ,000 = 276 × 106
= 2.76 × 102 × 106
From first law of indices we have as
= 2.76 × 102+6
= 2.76 × 108

3. 3154, 000, 000= 3154 × 106= 3.154 × 103 × 106

= 3.154 × 109

Expressing standard form to numbers in figures

Example: Express the following standard form to numbers in figure
1. 3.564 × 105
2. 2.5746 × 107
3. 0.008765 × 103
4. 0.42 × 104
Solution
1. 3.564 × 105 = 3564 × 10−3 × 105
= 3564 × 10−3+5
= 3564 × 102
= 3564 × 10 × 10 = 356400

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 2. 2.5746 × 107 = 25746 × 10−4 × 107
= 25746 × 10−4+7
= 25746 × 103
= 25746 × 10 × 10 × 10
= 25746000
3. 0.008765 × 103 = 8.765 × 10−3 × 103
= 8.765 × 10−3+3
= 8.765 × 100
= 8.765 × 1
= 8.765
4. 0.42 × 104 = 42 × 10−2 × 104
= 42 × 10−2+4
= 42 × 102 =
4200Example:
Simplify the
following and leave
your answers in
standard form
1. 216.8 × 20000
2. 4000 × 25
3. 15.101 × 0.0001
4. 0.0402 ÷ 0.02
5. 0.009 ÷ 600

Solution
1. 216.8 × 20000 = 2.168 × 102 × 2.0 × 104
= 2.168 × 2.0 × 102+4
= 4.336× 106
2. 4000 × 25 = 4.0 × 103 × 2.5 × 101
= 4.0 × 2.5 × 103+1
= 10 × 104
= 101+4
= 105
3. 15.101 × 0.0001 = 1.5101 × 101 × 1.0 × 10−4
= 1.5101 × 101+(−4)
= 1.5101 × 101−4
= 1.5101 × 10−3
4.02×10−2−2−2
4. 0.0402 ÷ 0.02 =
2.0×102 = × 10 = 2.01 × 10−4

5. 0.009 ÷ 600 = 9 .60××10102−3 = × 10−3−2

= 1.5 × 10−5
5
 Exercise
1. Express the following in standard form
a. 2150
b. 22,100,345
c. 0.006354
d. 3.2343
e. 0.0005637

2. Rewrite each of these numbers in full

a. 1.5 × 109
b. 3.045 × 103
c. 1.432 × 104
d. 3.2878 × 105
e. 7.6234 × 107

3. Evaluate the following and leave your answer in standard form

a. 15.202 × 0.0002
b. 216.8 × 2000
c. 7.68 ÷ 0.024
d. 38700 ÷ 0.018
e. 0.0804 ÷ 0.02

6
WEEK THREE

LINEAR INEQUALITY

For easy understanding visit the

link:https://youtu.be/S_23eTtqlJQ Learning Objective: At

the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

-Identify and use the symbols of inequality: < , > , ≤ , ≥ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≠ .

-Interpret linear inequality and as well show graph of linear inequality in one variable.

Linear Inequality

Inequality is a mathematical statement that compares two experiences. The statement

resembles the usual equation except that the equality sign (=) is replaced by one of the
following inequality signs:

< is less than

>Is greater than

≤ is less than or equal to

≥ is greater or equal to

It is important for us to note that an inequality remains true if:

1. We add the same number to both sides

2. We subtract the same number from both sides of the inequality
3. We multiply or divide both sides of the inequality by the same positive number.
4. We multiply or divide both sides of the inequality by the same negative number if and
only if we change the inequality sign i.e < 𝑡𝑜 > , > 𝑡𝑜 < ,≥ 𝑡𝑜 ≤,≤ 𝑡𝑜 ≥. Also note
that the solution of inequalities are always a range of values.

Writing an Inequality

Example 1: Rewrite each of the following using either < 𝑟𝑜 >

a. 5 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 8 written as 5<8

7
 b. 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 20 written as 𝑎 > 20
c. 6 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 11 written as 6 < 11
d. 6 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑘 written as 6>𝑘
e. 10 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏 written as 10 < 𝑏

Solutions of an Inequality

A solution of an inequality is the value that make the inequality true. An inequality can have
more than one solution. The set of all solutions of an inequality is called the solution set.

Example 2: Translate the following symbolic statements into ordinary statements:

a. 𝑥>5 meaning A certain number is greater than 5

b. 2𝑛 > 6 meaning Twice a certain number is greater than 6.
c. 𝑟2 < 0 meaning The square of a certain number is less than 0.
d. 𝑟2 + 1 > 4 meaning The square of a certain number plus 1 is greater than 4

Solving and Representation of Inequalities on the Number

Line

Solving inequality by addition and subtraction

Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set on a number line

1.𝑥 − 3 > 7
Solution

𝑥−3>7
Add 3 to both sides
𝑥−3+3>7+3
𝑥 > 10
It’s representation on the number line is

2.5 ≥ 7 + 𝑦
Solution
5≥7+𝑦
Subtract 7 from both sides
8
 5−7≥7
−7+
𝑦−2 ≥ 𝑦
or 𝑦 ≤ −2

3. 11 ≤ 𝑝 + 4

Subtract 4 from both sides

11 − 4 ≤ 𝑝 + 4 − 4

7≤𝑝

𝑝≥7

4. 𝑘 + 24 > −5
Solution
𝑘 + 24 > −5
Subtract 24 from both sides
𝑘 + 24 − 24 > −5 − 24
𝑘 > −29

5.8𝑟 + 6 < 9𝑟
Solution
8𝑟 + 6 < 9𝑟
Collecting like terms
8𝑟 − 9𝑟 < −6
−𝑟 < −6
Dividing both sides by −1
−𝑟 −6
>
−1 −1
𝑟>6

6.8𝑛 ≥ 7𝑛 − 3
Solution
8𝑛 ≥ 7𝑛 − 3
Collecting like terms
8𝑛 − 7𝑛 ≥ −3
𝑛 ≥ −3

9
Solving Inequality in Multiplication and Division Example

Example

Example

10
Example

Area of Applications of Linear Inequality

MUSIC: A DJ added 20 more songs to his digital media player, making the total more than
61. How many songs were originally on the player.

Solution

Let 𝑛 = the original number of song on the player

𝑛 + 20 > 61

𝑛 + 20 − 20 > 61 − 20

𝑛 > 41

So, there were originally more than 41 songs on the digital media player.
TEMPERATURE: The water temperature in a swimming pool increased 4°𝐹 this morning.
The temperature is now less than 81°𝐹. What was the water temperature this morning?

Solution

Let 𝑡 = the water temperature in the morning

𝑡 + 4 < 81

𝑡 + 4 − 4 < 81 − 4

𝑡 < 77

So, the water temperature in the morning was originally less than 77°𝐹.

11
VOLUNTEER: Emeka knows that he can only volunteer up to 25 hours per week. If he has
volunteered for the time recorded below, how much more time can Emeka volunteer this
week?

Centre Time (hour)

Shelter 3hr 15min

Kitchen 2hr 20min

Solution

Let 𝑡 =the amount of time, in hours, left in the week for Emeka to Volunteer.

𝑡
So, Emeka can volunteer at most 19 hours and 25 minutes more this week.

EXERCISE

3.Solve the inequality. Graph the solution

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

12
WEEK FOUR

INVERSE AND IDENTITY

Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

-Find the additive and multiplicative identity of any given number.

-Apply inverse operations to the solution of simple equations.

Inverse and Identity

What is Additive Identity?

Additive identity of numbers, as the name suggests, is a property of numbers that are applied
when carrying out addition operations. The property states that when a number is added to
zero it will give the same number. “Zero” is called the identity element, (also known as
additive identity) If we add any number with zero, the resulting number will be the same
number. This is true for any real numbers, complex numbers and even for imaginary numbers
(but for now we shall consider the real numbers) Suppose, ‘𝑎’ is any real number, then
𝑎+0=𝑎=0+𝑎
For example, 120 + 0 = 120, illustrates identity property of addition, where 0 is the

additive identity. For example, 5 + 0 = 5. Therefore, 0 is the additive identity of any real

number For example:

−1 + 0 =−1 (−1 here is the number on which the operation is carried out and “0” is additive
identity). For example: 0 + 259 = 259

For example: 0 + (-3241) = -3241

For example: 0 + 1781 = 1781

For example: 0 + 86 = 86

For example: 0 + (-9) = -9

For example: 0 + 4 = 4

What is Multiplicative Identity?

Multiplicative identity of numbers, as the name suggests, is a property of numbers which is
applied when carrying out multiplication operations Multiplicative identity property says that
whenever a number is multiplied by the number 1

(one) it will give that number as product. “1”

13
is the multiplicative identity of a number. It is true if the number being

multiplied is 1 itself. The multiplicative identity property is represented as:

𝑎 × 1 = 𝑎 = 1 × 𝑎 (𝑎 is any real
number) Some examples:
−1 × 1 = −1 (−1 here is the number on which the operation is carried out and “1” is a
multiplicative
identity)

For example: 1 × (-2741) = -2741

For example: 1 × 1341 = 1341

For example: 1 × 86 = 86

For example: 1 × (-11) = -11

For example: 1 × 6 = 6

Difference Between Additive Identity and Multiplicative Identity

Is -1 also a multiplicative identity?

−1 is not a multiplicative identity, because if we multiply −1 to any real number, the sign of
that number
gets changed. Examples are: 4 × −1 = −4 and −4 × −1 = 4

14
Solving Linear Equations in one Variable by Inverse
Operations

The linear equations in one variable can be solved mathematically in a systematic method by
the inverse operations. In this method, both sides of the linear equation is balanced by the
basic mathematical operations inversely for making variable to appear at one side and its
equivalent quantity to appear at the other side of the equation.
Inverse Operations

Operation is a mathematical process involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,

squaring, square roots, etc.

All the given symbols (+, −, ×, ÷) in mathematics are known as operators.

An inverse operation reverses the effect of the first operation.

For example, if we operated adding two numbers say 5+3 = 8

The inverse operation of this would be the subtraction of these two numbers: 5-3= 2.

The primary operations in mathematics are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
The inverse operations of these are given in the table below:

Inverse operations

Operations Inverse operations

Addition Subtraction

Subtraction Addition

Multiplication Division

Division Multiplication

15
Example: Determine if any of the following values for 𝑥 are solutions to the given equation.
3𝑥 - 4 = 5 ;

Solution:

3𝑥 - 4 = 5

Add 4 to both sides of the equality sign

3𝑥 − 4 + 4 = 5 + 4Inverse of −4 is +4

3𝑥 = 9

Divide both sides by 3

3𝑥 9
=
3 3

𝑥=3

Inverse Operators

Example: solve 7𝑥 − 3 = 25

Solution

7𝑥 − 3 = 25

Add 3 to both sides of the equation

7𝑥 − 3 + 3 = 25 + 3

7𝑥 = 25 + 3

16
7𝑥 = 28

Divide both sides by 7

7𝑥 28
=

7 7

𝑥=4

Example: Simplify 5(𝑡 + 9) = 75

Solution

5(𝑡 + 9) = 75

5𝑡 + 45 = 75

Subtract 45 from both sides

5𝑡 + 45 − 45 = 75 − 45

5𝑡 = 30

Divide both sides by 5

𝑡
=

𝑡=6

Exercise

Solve the following equation by using balancing method

a. 6𝑦 + 3 = 21
b. 3𝑛 − 4 = 8
c. 4𝑥 + 4 = 12
d. 25(𝑡 + 9) = 75
e. 5𝑥 − 10 = 25

17
WEEK FIVE

EXPANSION AND FACTORIZATION OF ALGEBRAIC

EXPRESSION

Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

-Simplify algebraic expressions containing direct numbers.

-Expand algebraic expression in the form (𝑥 ± 𝑦) and (𝑎 ± 𝑏) (𝑥 ± 𝑦).

-Substitute values in simple algebraic expressions.

-Solve for the H.C.F of two algebraic expression.

-Factorize binomial expression.

1. Directed Algebraic Terms

Direct numbers with positive (+) and negative (−) signs are not for addition or subtraction
rather they are the signs of the numbers to which they are attached. E.g +6 is called a
positive six while −8 is called a negative eight.

In multiplication and division of directed numbers or terms, the following rules must be
followed:
Multiplication

(+) × (+) = +

(+) × (−) = −

(−) × (+) = −

(−) × (−) = +

Division

(+) ÷ (+) = +

(+) ÷ (−) = −

(−) ÷ (+) = −

(−) ÷ (−) = +

Simplify the following problems

18
 a. (+5) × (+4)
b. (+4𝑥) × (−6)
c. (−3𝑥) × (−5)
d. (+6𝑦) × (−3𝑦)
e. (−26𝑥) ÷ (−2)
f. (+6𝑦) ÷ (−3𝑦)
g. (−24𝑥𝑦) ÷ (4𝑥)
h. 250𝑝𝑞𝑟
25𝑞𝑟

i. 3𝑚 𝑜𝑓 63𝑡
7𝑘 9𝑚

Solution

a. (+5) × (+4) = +(5 × 4) = +20

b. (+4𝑥) × (−6) = −(4𝑥 × 6) = −24𝑥
c. (−3𝑥) × (−5) = +(3𝑥 × 5) = +15𝑥
d. (+6𝑦) × (−3𝑦) = −(6 × 3 × 𝑦 × 𝑦) = −(18 × 𝑦2) = −18𝑦2
e. (−26𝑥) ÷ (−2) = −26𝑥 = 13𝑥
−2

f. (+6𝑦) ÷ (−3𝑦) = +6𝑦 = −2𝑦

−3𝑦

g. (−24𝑥𝑦) ÷ (4𝑥) = −24𝑥𝑦 = − 24×𝑥×𝑦 = −6𝑦

4𝑥 4×𝑥

h. 250𝑝𝑞𝑟 = 250×𝑝×𝑞×𝑟 = 10𝑝

25𝑞𝑟 25×𝑞×𝑟

i. 3𝑚 𝑜𝑓 63𝑡 = 3𝑚 × 63𝑡 = 18𝑡 = 18×𝑡 = 6𝑡

7𝑘 9𝑚 7𝑘 9𝑚 3 3

Expansion of Expressions

1.Removing Brackets

Example: Remove brackets and simplify the following expressions:

a. 6(4𝑥 + 10𝑦)

19
 b. 6𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
c. 2𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦)
d. 5𝑎 + 3(𝑎 + 3𝑏)

Solution

a. 6(4𝑥 + 10𝑦) = (6 × 4𝑥) + (6 × 10𝑦)

= 24𝑥 + 60𝑦
b. 6𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑦) = (6𝑥 × 𝑥) + (6𝑥 × 2𝑦)
= 6𝑥 + 12𝑥𝑦
2

c. 2𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (2𝑎 × 𝑥) + (2𝑎 × 𝑦)

= 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦
d. 5𝑎 + 3(𝑎 + 3𝑏) = 5𝑎 + (3 × 𝑎) + (3 × 3𝑏)

=5𝑎 + 3𝑎 + 9𝑏

= 8𝑎 + 9𝑏

Expansion by Removing Brackets

Having learnt how we can simplify algebraic expression involving brackets by using rules of
operations. But when there are no brackets, a different operational order is applied and this
gives a different result. Example: Simplify the following expressions

a. 4(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑥(4 + 𝑦)
b. 𝑥(6𝑥 − 4𝑦) + 7(3𝑥 + 𝑦)
c. 2𝑥+2𝑦 + 3(𝑥 − 𝑦) −
3

d. 𝑎+𝑏 + 𝑐+𝑑 − 𝑐−𝑑

2 3 6

e. (5𝑥 − 4𝑦) − (9𝑦 − 6𝑥)

f. 8(𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2𝑐) + (𝑎 + 𝑏)

Solution
a. 4(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑥(4 + 𝑦) = (4𝑥 − 4𝑦) − (4𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)

= 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦

Collecting like terms

= 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦

20
= −4𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦

= −(4𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦)

b. 𝑥(6𝑥 − 4𝑦) + 7(3𝑥 + 𝑦) = (𝑥 × 6𝑥) − (𝑥 × 4𝑦) + (7 × 3𝑥) + (7 × 𝑦)

= 6𝑥2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 21𝑥 + 7𝑦
c. 2 𝑥+2𝑦 + 3(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 2 (𝑥+𝑦+3) = 2𝑥+2𝑦
+ 3(𝑥−𝑦) − 2(𝑥+𝑦+3)
3 3 3 1 3
Applying L. C .M
=( 2𝑥+2𝑦)+3(3(𝑥−𝑦))−2(𝑥+𝑦+3)
3

=2 𝑥+2𝑦+3(3𝑥−3𝑦)−2𝑥−2𝑦−6

=2 𝑥+2𝑦+9𝑥−9𝑦−2𝑥−2𝑦−6

=9 𝑥−9𝑦−6
3

Factoring 3 out of the numerator

=3 (3𝑥−3𝑦−2)

= 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2 (Answer)
d. 𝑎+𝑏 + 𝑐+𝑑 − 𝑐−𝑑
2 3 6
Applying L.C.M
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑑 3(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 2(𝑐 + 𝑑) − (𝑐 − 𝑑)
+ = =
+ 3 6 6
3𝑎 +3𝑏 +2𝑐 +2𝑑 −𝑐 +𝑑
26
2
Collecting like terms

=3 𝑎+3𝑏+𝑐+3𝑑 (Answer)
6

e. (5𝑥 − 4𝑦) − (9𝑦 − 6𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 9𝑦 + 6𝑥

Collecting like terms
= 11𝑥 − 13𝑦 (Answer)
f. 8(𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2𝑐) + (𝑎 + 𝑏) Opening brackets
8(𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2𝑐) + (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 8𝑎 + 16𝑏 + 16𝑐 + 𝑎 + 𝑏

21
 Collecting like terms
= 8𝑎 + 𝑎 + 16𝑏 + 𝑏 + 16𝑐
= 9𝑎 + 17𝑏 + 16𝑐 (Answer)

Further Expansion of Algebraic Expression

Example: Expand the following expressions and simplify

a. (𝑥 + 2)2
b. (𝑚 + 2𝑛)(𝑚 + 3𝑛)
c. (2𝑚 + 3𝑛)2
d. (3𝑚 + 𝑛 + 2)(𝑚 + 𝑛)
e. (−4𝑥𝑦)(12𝑥𝑦)
f. (𝑛 − 5) (𝑛 − 𝑚 )
3 2

g. (5𝑛 + 2𝑚)2

Solution

a. (𝑥 + 2)2 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2)
= (𝑥 × 𝑥) + (𝑥 × 2) + (2 × 𝑥) + (2 × 2)
= 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4

= 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 4

b. (𝑚 + 2𝑛)(𝑚 + 3𝑛) = (𝑚 × 𝑚) + (𝑚 × 3𝑛) + (2𝑛 × 𝑚) + (2𝑛 × 3𝑛)

= 𝑚2 + 3𝑚𝑛 + (2𝑚𝑛) + (6𝑛2)
= 𝑚2 + 5𝑚𝑛 + 6𝑛2= 𝑚2 +
5𝑚𝑛 + 6𝑛2
c. (2𝑚 + 3𝑛)2 = (2𝑚 + 3𝑛)(2𝑚 + 3𝑛)
= (2𝑚 × 2𝑚) + (2𝑚 × 3𝑛) + (3𝑛 × 2𝑚) + (3𝑛 × 3𝑛)
= 4𝑚2 + 6𝑚𝑛 + 6𝑚𝑛 + 9𝑛2

(2𝑚 + 3𝑛)2= 4𝑚2 + 12𝑚𝑛 + 9𝑛2

d. (3𝑚 + 𝑛 + 2)(𝑚 + 𝑛) = (3𝑚 × 𝑚) + (3𝑚 × 𝑛) + (𝑛 × 𝑚) + (𝑛 × 𝑛) + (2𝑚)

+ (2𝑛)
= 3𝑚2 + 3𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑚 + 2𝑛

= 4𝑚2 + 4𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑚 + 2𝑛
e. (−4𝑥𝑦)(12𝑥𝑦) = −4𝑥𝑦 × 12𝑥𝑦

= −4 × 12 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑥 × 𝑦

22
= −48 × 𝑥2 × 𝑦2

= −48𝑥2𝑦2

f. (𝑛 − 5) (𝑛 − 𝑚) = (𝑛 × 𝑛) − (𝑛 × 𝑚) − (5𝑛) + (5 × 𝑚)
3 2 3 3 2 2

=(𝑛 × 𝑛)− (𝑛 × 𝑚) − (5𝑛) + (5 × 𝑚)

3 1 3 2 1 1 2

= 𝑛2 − 𝑚𝑛 − (5𝑛)+5𝑚
3 6

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿. 𝐶. 𝑀

=𝑛 2−𝑚𝑛−6(5𝑛)+3(5𝑚)
6

=𝑛 2−𝑚𝑛−30𝑛+15𝑚

g. (5𝑛 + 2𝑚)2 = (5𝑛 + 2𝑚) (5𝑛 + 2𝑚)

= (5𝑛 × 5𝑛) + (5𝑛 × 2𝑚) + (2𝑚 × 5𝑛) + (2𝑚 × 2𝑚)

= 25𝑛2 + 10𝑚𝑛 + 10𝑚𝑛 + 4𝑚2

= 25𝑛2 + 20𝑚𝑛 + 4𝑚2

Substitutions

Substitution is done to evaluate an algebraic expressions in terms of its numerical value.

Example: Evaluate the following expressions when 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = −4

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −3. a.5(2𝑛−𝑘)

𝑛+𝑘
b. 𝑛(𝑘𝑚+𝑚𝑛)
𝑚(𝑛−𝑘𝑚)

c. 3𝑚(𝑛−𝑘)
𝑘
d. 2𝑚𝑛−𝑘𝑛
2𝑚𝑛𝑘

23
 e. 5−𝑚
3𝑛−𝑘

Solution

a.Simplify 5 (2𝑛−𝑘) given that 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −3.

𝑛+𝑘
Solution
5(2𝑛 − 𝑘)

𝑛+𝑘
Substituting the given values of 𝑚, 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 in the problem above

= = = =7
b.Simplify (𝑘𝑚+𝑚𝑛) given that 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −3.
𝑚(𝑛−𝑘𝑚)

Solution

𝑛(𝑘𝑚+𝑚𝑛)
𝑚(𝑛−𝑘𝑚)

Substituting the given values of 𝑚, 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 in the

problem above
−4((−3)(2)+(2)(−4))
(𝑘𝑚+𝑚𝑛) = ==== 14
(2)((−4)−(−3)(2))
𝑚(𝑛−𝑘𝑚)

c.Simplify 3(𝑛−𝑘) given that 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −3.

𝑘
Solution
3(𝑛 − 𝑘)

𝑘
Substituting, we have
3(2)((−4) − (−3)) 6(−4 + 3) 6(−1) −6 6
= = = = = =2
−3 −3 −3 −3 3

d.Simplify 2𝑚𝑛−𝑘𝑛 given that 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −3.

2𝑚𝑛𝑘
Solution
2𝑚𝑛−𝑘𝑛
2𝑚𝑛𝑘
Substituting, we have

24
 2(2)(−4) − (−3)(−4) −(16) − (12)
= =
2(2)(−4)(−3) 4 × 12
= =−
e.Simplify 5−𝑚 given that 𝑚 = 2, 𝑛 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −3.
3𝑛−𝑘

Solution

5−𝑚

3𝑛 − 𝑘
Substituting, we have

= = = =−

Factors of Algebraic Expressions

All algebraic and arithmetical expression or numbers other than 1, have two or more
factors. For example, algebraic term, 24𝑝𝑞2, has the following factors:
24𝑝𝑞2 = 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24, 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑞2, 𝑝𝑞, 𝑝𝑞2, 2𝑝𝑞, 3𝑝𝑞, 4𝑝𝑞, 6𝑝𝑞, 8𝑝𝑞, 12𝑝𝑞,
24𝑞𝑝,
2𝑝𝑞2, 3𝑝𝑞2, 4𝑝𝑞2, 6𝑝𝑞2, 8𝑝𝑞2, 12𝑝𝑞2, 24𝑝𝑞2.

Example: write down all the possible factors of the following

a. 2𝑥2𝑦
b. 20𝑥2𝑦
c. 6𝑥4𝑦
d. 21𝑥𝑦

Solution

a. 2𝑥2𝑦 = 1,2, 𝑥, 𝑥2, 𝑦, 𝑥𝑦, 𝑥2𝑦, 2𝑥, 2𝑥2, 2𝑦, 2𝑥2𝑦

b. 20𝑥2𝑦 = 1,2,4,5,10,20, 𝑥, 2𝑥, 4𝑥, 5𝑥, 10𝑥, 20𝑥, 𝑥2, 2𝑥2, 4𝑥2, 5𝑥2, 10𝑥2, 20𝑥2, 𝑦,
2𝑦, 4𝑦,
5𝑦, 10𝑦, 20𝑦, 𝑥2𝑦, 2𝑥2𝑦, 4𝑥2𝑦, 5𝑥2𝑦, 10𝑥2𝑦, 20𝑥2𝑦.

25
 c. 6𝑥4𝑦 = 1,2,3,6, 𝑥, 2𝑥, 3𝑥, 6𝑥, 𝑥2, 2𝑥2, 3𝑥2, 6𝑥2, 𝑥3, 2𝑥3, 3𝑥3, 6𝑥3, 𝑥4, 2𝑥4, 3𝑥4,
6𝑥4, 𝑥𝑦,
2𝑥𝑦, 3𝑥𝑦, 6𝑥𝑦, 𝑥2𝑦, 2𝑥2𝑦, 3𝑥2𝑦, 6𝑥2𝑦, 𝑥3𝑦, 2𝑥3𝑦, 3𝑥3𝑦, 6𝑥3𝑦, 𝑥4𝑦, 2𝑥4𝑦, 3𝑥4𝑦,
6𝑥4𝑦.

d. 6𝑥4𝑦 = 1,2,3,6, 𝑥, 2𝑥, 3𝑥, 6𝑥, 𝑥2, 2𝑥2, 3𝑥2, 6𝑥2, 𝑥3, 2𝑥3, 3𝑥3, 6𝑥3, 𝑥4, 2𝑥4, 3𝑥4,
6𝑥4, 𝑥𝑦,2𝑥𝑦, 3𝑥𝑦, 6𝑥𝑦, 𝑥2𝑦, 2𝑥2𝑦, 3𝑥2𝑦, 6𝑥2𝑦, 𝑥3𝑦, 2𝑥3𝑦, 3𝑥3𝑦, 6𝑥3𝑦, 𝑥4𝑦, 2𝑥4𝑦,
3𝑥4𝑦, 6𝑥4𝑦.
e. 21𝑥𝑦 = 1,3,7,21, 𝑥, 3𝑥, 7𝑥, 21𝑥, 𝑥𝑦, 3𝑥𝑦, 7𝑥𝑦, 21𝑥𝑦.

Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M) and Highest Common

Factor (H.C.F)

From above we have seen that most algebraic expressions may have common factors. When
solving for the L.C.M or H.C.F of such algebraic expressions, they are first expressed in their
lowest factors. We show how this is done in the following examples.

Find the L.C.M of the following

a. 30𝑥𝑦2𝑧 , 15𝑥2𝑦𝑧2
b. 22𝑥2𝑦2 , 6𝑥3𝑦3
c. 16𝑚2 , 8𝑚𝑛
d. 16𝑥𝑦𝑧 , 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 , 𝑥𝑦𝑧
e. 5𝑥𝑦𝑧 , 𝑥2𝑦𝑧2 , 15𝑥𝑦2𝑧
f. 16𝑝𝑞 , 80𝑝𝑞𝑟 ,96𝑞𝑟

Solution

a.30𝑥𝑦2, 15𝑥2𝑦𝑧2

Therefore,

30𝑥𝑦2𝑧 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧

15𝑥2𝑦𝑧2 = 3 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧

Then, the L.C.M to both terms are 2 × 3 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧 =

30𝑥2𝑦2𝑧2 b. 22𝑥2𝑦2 , 6𝑥3𝑦3

26
Therefore,

22𝑥2𝑦2 = 2 × 11 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦

6𝑥3𝑦3 = 2 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑦

Then, the L.C.M to both terms are 2× 3 × 11 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 = 66𝑥3𝑦3

c. 16𝑚2 , 8𝑚𝑛

Therefore,

16𝑚2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑚 × 𝑚

8𝑚𝑛 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑚 × 𝑛

Then, the L.C.M to both terms are 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑚 × 𝑚 × 𝑛 = 16𝑚2𝑛

d. 16𝑥𝑦𝑧 , 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 , 𝑥𝑦𝑧

Solution
Therefore,
16𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧
8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧
𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧

Therefore, the L.C.M to the terms above are 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 = 16𝑥𝑦𝑧

e.5𝑥𝑦, 𝑥2𝑦𝑧2 ,
15𝑥𝑦2𝑧Solution

5𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧

𝑥2𝑦𝑧2 = 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧

15𝑥𝑦2𝑧 = 5 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧

Therefore, the L.C.M to the terms above are 5 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧 =

15𝑥2𝑦2𝑧2 f.16𝑝𝑞 , 80𝑝𝑞𝑟 ,96𝑞𝑟

Solution

16𝑝𝑞 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑝 × 𝑞

80𝑝𝑞𝑟 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 × 𝑟

27
96𝑞𝑟 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 𝑞 × 𝑟

Therefore, the L. C.M of the above terms are 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 × 𝑟 =

480𝑝𝑞𝑟

Example

Find the H.C.F of the following

a. 30𝑥𝑦2𝑧 , 15𝑥2𝑦𝑧2
b. 22𝑥2𝑦2 , 6𝑥3𝑦3
c. 16𝑚2 , 8𝑚𝑛

Solution

a. 30𝑥𝑦2𝑧 , 15𝑥2𝑦𝑧2

Therefore,

30𝑥𝑦2𝑧 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧

15𝑥2𝑦𝑧2 = 3 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 × 𝑧

Then, the H.C.F to both terms are 3 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧 = 15𝑥𝑦𝑧

b. 22𝑥2𝑦2 , 6𝑥3𝑦3

Therefore,
22𝑥2𝑦2 = 2 × 11 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦

6𝑥3𝑦3 = 2 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑦

Then, the H.C.F to both terms are 2× 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 = 2𝑥2𝑦2

c. 16𝑚2 , 8𝑚𝑛

Therefore,

16𝑚2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑚 × 𝑚

8𝑚𝑛 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑚 × 𝑛

Then, the H.C.F to both terms are 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑚 = 8𝑚2

Factorization

This is the process of writing an expression as the product of factors.

28
When we expand the expression 4(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 and 5(2𝑥 − 3𝑦) = 10𝑥 − 15𝑦.
Suppose we
reverse the order is reversed, that is given 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 4(𝑥 + 𝑦) and
10𝑥 − 15𝑦 = 5(2𝑥 − 3𝑦) Example:

Factorize the following expression

a. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
b. 7𝑥2 + 35𝑥𝑦
c. 15𝑎5𝑏 − 3𝑎2𝑏4
d. 33𝑥2𝑦2𝑧 − 22𝑦𝑧2𝑥
e. 30𝑚2 − 90𝑚

Solution

a. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Factor what they have in common
= 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦)
b. 7𝑥2 + 35𝑥𝑦
Factor what they have in common
= 7(𝑥 + 5𝑦)
c. 15𝑎5𝑏 − 3𝑎2𝑏4
Factor what they have in common
= 3𝑎2(5𝑎3 − 𝑏3)
d. 33𝑥2𝑦2𝑧 − 22𝑦𝑧2𝑥
Factor what they have in common
= 𝑥𝑦(33𝑥𝑦 − 22𝑧)
e. 30𝑚2 − 90𝑚
Factor what they have in common
= 30(𝑚 − 3)

Exercise

1. Simplify the following

a. (−3𝑥𝑦) × (+5𝑦)
b. (−5𝑥) × (−6)
c. (−18𝑥) ÷ (+3)
d. (−28𝑦) ÷ (−7)
e. 125𝑝𝑞
25𝑝

f. −33𝑥 𝑜𝑓 −12𝑦
10 −11

29
2. Simplify the following expressions:
a. 3𝑎 + 3(𝑎 + 5𝑏)
b. (5𝑐 − 3𝑑) − (7𝑐 − 6𝑑)
c. (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧)
d. 𝑥+2 + 𝑥−3 − 3−𝑥
2 4 5
3.Expand the following expressions:
a. (8 − 𝑧)(4 + 𝑦)
b. (2𝑝 + 𝑞 + 2)(𝑝 − 𝑞)
c. (5𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 − 𝑛)
4.Expand the following expression and simplify:
a. (𝑚 + 𝑛)(10𝑚 − 4𝑛)
b. (15𝑎 + 7𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
c. (𝑛 − 5) (𝑛 − 𝑚)
3 2

d. (3𝑚 + 𝑛)2
5.Evaluate the following , when 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = −3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 6. a.4 𝑏𝑥+𝑥
𝑐

b.
c. 𝑥 −𝑎
𝑦−𝑏

6.Write all the possible factors of the following:

a. 18𝑎4𝑏2𝑐2𝑧
b. 24𝑏𝑞2
c. 42𝑝3𝑞2𝑘
d. 48𝑢2𝑣𝑤
7.Find the H.C.F of the following:
a. 10𝑥𝑏𝑦2, 6𝑥𝑦2
b. 14𝑦𝑏 , 21𝑏2𝑦
c. 62𝑎2𝑏2𝑐3𝑚, 93𝑚2𝑝2𝑘2
8.Factorise the following expression:
a. 3𝑎𝑏 − 6𝑎𝑐
b. 30𝑚𝑛2 − 6𝑚𝑛𝑝
c. 33𝑥2𝑦2𝑧 − 22𝑦𝑧2𝑥
d. 2𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) + 4(𝑏 + 𝑐)

30
WEEK SIX

ALGEBRAIC FRACTION AND SIMPLE EQUATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

-Express algebraic fractions in terms of equivalent algebraic fractions.

-Solve for the L.C.M and H.C.F of two or more algebraic expressions.

Algebraic Fraction and Simple Equation

Equivalent Fractions: this can be obtain by multiplying or dividing the numerator and
denominator of a given fraction by the same non-zero quantity.

Example: Obtain equivalent fraction of the following

algebraic fractions a.2

6𝑎

b. 𝑥𝑦
2

c. 1
4𝑥𝑦

d. 4𝑥𝑦
2

e. 2𝑥
2𝑦

Solution

a. 2
6𝑎

Multiply the numerator and denominator by 𝑎 to obtain

2×𝑎 𝑎
= =
𝑎 6𝑎 × 𝑎

Let have it this way

Divide the numerator and denominator by 2

==
𝑎 𝑎

31
 Therefore, =𝑎 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

b
.
𝑥
𝑦
2
Multiply the numerator and denominator by 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 × 2 2𝑥𝑦
= =
2×2 4
1
2
4
c.
𝑥𝑦

Multiply the numerator and denominator by

41 1×4 4
= =
4𝑥𝑦 4 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 4 16𝑥𝑦
4𝑥𝑦
2

d.
Multiplying the numerator and denominator 2
4𝑥𝑦 4𝑥𝑦 × 2 8𝑥𝑦
= =
2 2×2 4
2
e. 2𝑥
𝑦

Dividing the numerator and denominator by 2

𝑥 𝑥
==

32
Addition and Subtraction of fractions with Monomial
Denominator

A monomial is an algebraic expression with only one term. Example are 𝑥, 2𝑥2, 3𝑦4 𝑒𝑡𝑐 are
all monomials. Therefore, a fraction with monomial denominator is a fraction whose
denominator is an algebraic expression with only one term. Examples are
, ,.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Example: simplify the following

a. 𝑐+
4𝑎 𝑑
b. 5𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚𝑛
6 9

c. 5𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 25𝑎𝑏
𝑑 𝑐

d. 2𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑝𝑞
2𝑝 2𝑞

e. 2𝑤 + 𝑤𝑣
6𝑢𝑣 2𝑢

f. 𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐

g. 4𝑎 − 𝑎
3𝑥𝑦 3𝑥𝑦

h. 3𝑥−2 + 𝑥+3
3 3
i. 5𝑥−14 + 3𝑥−11
21 2
−4
7
7
j. 𝑚+4 − 𝑚+2
2
1

k. 𝑥 + 𝑥−4
16 18

Solution

a. 𝑐 + 14𝑎 4𝑑

L.C.M of 4𝑎 and 4𝑑 is 4ad

𝑐 1
+
4𝑎 4𝑑

33
 𝑐𝑑 + 𝑎
=
4𝑎𝑑

b. 5𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚𝑛
6 9
L.C.M of 6 and 9 is 18
3 × 5𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑚𝑛
=
18
15𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑚𝑛
=
18
17𝑚𝑛
=
18

c. 5𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 25𝑎𝑏
𝑑 𝑐

L.C.M of 𝑑 and 𝑐 is 𝑐𝑑
5𝑎𝑏𝑐2 + 25𝑎𝑏𝑑
=
𝑐𝑑

5𝑎(𝑐2 + 5𝑑)

𝑐𝑑

d. 2𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑝𝑞
2𝑝 2𝑞

L.C.M of 2𝑝 and 2𝑞 is 2𝑝𝑞

(2𝑝𝑞) + 𝑝(3𝑝𝑞)
=
2𝑝𝑞
2𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑝2𝑞
2

=
2𝑝𝑞
Collect the common factor from the numerator
𝑝(2𝑞 + 3𝑝)
=
34
 2𝑝𝑞
2𝑞 + 3𝑝
=
2

e. 2𝑤 + 𝑤𝑣6𝑢𝑣 2𝑢

L.C.M of 6𝑢𝑣 and 2𝑢 is 6𝑢𝑣

2𝑤 + 3(𝑤𝑣)
=
6𝑢𝑣
2𝑤 + 3𝑣2𝑤
=
6𝑢𝑣

f. 𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐

L.C.M of 𝑎𝑏 and 𝑎𝑐 is 𝑎𝑏𝑐

(𝑚𝑛) − 𝑏(2𝑚𝑛)
=
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑐𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑏𝑚𝑛
=
𝑎𝑏𝑐
Factor the common term from the numerator

𝑚(𝑐 − 2𝑏)
=
𝑎𝑏𝑐

g. 4𝑎 − 𝑎
3𝑥𝑦 3𝑥𝑦

The L.C.M of 3𝑥𝑦 and 3𝑥𝑦 is 3𝑥𝑦

4𝑎 − 𝑎

3𝑥𝑦
3𝑎
=
3𝑥𝑦
𝑎
=

35
 𝑥𝑦

h. 3𝑥−2 + 𝑥+3
3 3
The L.C.M of 3 and 3 is 3 Therefore,

=
=
3

Collecting like terms in the numerator

i. 5 𝑥−14 + 3𝑥−11
21 27
The L.C.M of 21 and 27 is 189

Opening up the brackets, we have

Collecting like terms, we have

=
=
189

j. 𝑚−4 − 𝑚+2
7 21
The L.C.M of 7 and 21 is 21

Opening up brackets in the numerator

36
 Collecting like terms

k. 𝑥+4 + 𝑥−4
16 18
The L.C.M of 16 and 18 is 144

=
Opening up the bracket in the numerator

=
Collecting like terms

=
=
144

Exercises

Simplify the following

a. 10𝑎−12 + 5𝑎+1
15 10

b. 2𝑢−𝑣 − 𝑢+𝑣
4 8
5𝑝 +6
c. 𝑘 − 4𝑝−5𝑘
8
24
−4
d. 6 𝑥 − 𝑥+3
13 𝑥 −9 7

e. + 𝑥+11
23 46

f. 15𝑥−3 + 5𝑥−1
25 50

Revision on Simple Equation by balancing method A

statement that two expressions are equal is called an equation.

Examples: Solve the following equations by using balance method:

37
 a. 5𝑎 = 3𝑎 + 6
b. 7𝑚 + 6 = 18 + 4𝑚
c. 8𝑚 = 10 + 6𝑚
d. 3𝑎 + 5 = 20 − 2𝑎

Solution

a. 5𝑎 = 3𝑎 + 6
Collecting like terms
5𝑎 − 3𝑎 = 6
2𝑎 = 6
Dividing both sides by 2
2𝑎 6
=
2 2
𝑎=3
b. 7𝑚 + 6 = 18 + 4𝑚
Collection of like terms
7𝑚 − 4𝑚 = 18 − 6
3𝑚 = 12
Dividing both sides by 3
3𝑚 12
=
3 3
𝑚=4

c. 8𝑚 = 10 + 6𝑚
Collecting like terms
8𝑚 − 6𝑚 = 10
2𝑚 = 10
Dividing both sides by 2
2𝑚 10
=
2 2
𝑚=5
d. 3𝑎 + 5 = 20 − 2𝑎
Collecting like terms
3𝑎 + 2𝑎 = 20 − 5
5𝑎 15
Dividing both sides by 5
5𝑎 15
38
 =
5 5
𝑎=3

Simple Equation Involving Brackets

Some simple equations involving brackets, they can be solved by first removing the brackets.

Examples : solve the following equations

a. 14(𝑚 + 3) = 3(2𝑚 − 2)
b. 6(2𝑦 − 1) = 5(𝑦 + 1)
c. 2(5 − 3𝑦) − 5(7 − 3𝑦) = 0
d. 19(𝑥 − 1) − 4 + (𝑥 + 1) = 0

Solution

a. 14(𝑚 + 3) = 3(2𝑚 − 2)
Opening brackets
14𝑚 + 42 = 6𝑚 − 6
14𝑚 − 6𝑚 = −6 − 42
8𝑚 = −48
Divide both sides by 8
8𝑚 −48
=
8 8
𝑚 = −6

b. 6(2𝑦 − 1) = 5(𝑦 + 1)

Opening brackets

12𝑦 − 6 = 5𝑦 + 5

Collecting like terms

12𝑦 − 5𝑦 = 5 + 6
7𝑦 11

Divide both sides by 7

39
 7𝑦 = 11
7 7

𝑦=1

c. 2(5 − 3𝑦) − 5(7 − 3𝑦) = 0

Opening brackets
10 − 6𝑦 − 35 + 15𝑦 = 0
Collecting like terms
15𝑦 − 6𝑦 = 35 − 10
9𝑦 = 259𝑦
25
=
9 9
7
𝑦 = 29

d. 19(𝑥 − 1) − 4 + (𝑥 + 1) = 0
Opening brackets
19𝑥 − 19 − 4 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Collecting like terms
19𝑥 + 𝑥 = 19 + 4 − 1
20𝑥 = 22
Divide both sides by 20
20𝑥 22
=
20 20
2

𝑥=1
𝑥=1
10

Simple Equations Involving Algebraic Fraction Example

: solve the following equation:

a. 1= 1

40
 𝑥 9
b. 𝑦−1 1−2𝑦

c. 2 1 − 1 = 1
2 𝑥

Solution

a. 1= 1
𝑥 9
Cross multiply
𝑥=9
b. 𝑦−1 = 1−2𝑦
4 3
Cross multiply
4(1 − 2𝑦) = 3(𝑦 − 1)
4 − 8𝑦 = 3𝑦 − 3
Collecting like terms
−8𝑦 − 3𝑦 = −3 − 4
−11𝑦 = −7
Divide both sides by −11

− 11𝑦 =
−11

𝑦=
c. 2 1 − 1 = 1
2 𝑥
5 1
− =1
2 𝑥
The L.C.M of 2 and 𝑥 is 2𝑥
5𝑥 − 2 1
=
2𝑥 1
Cross multiply
5𝑥 − 2 = 2𝑥
Collecting like terms
5𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 2
3𝑥 = 2
Divide both sides by 3
3𝑥 2

41
 =
3 3

𝑥=

WEEK SEVEN

GRAPHS

Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

-Use a Cartesian plane to describe the positions of points on a plane surface.

-Plot points on the Cartesian plane.

-Choose suitable scale to draw a linear graph.

-Read and interpret linear graph in real life situations.

-Define the position of a point on a Cartesian plane in terms of coordinates.

Cartesian plane and Co-ordinate.

42
Plotting Points

Example : Plot the following point in the rectangular coordinate system.

A(5,4)
Solution

To plot (𝟓, 𝟒), draw a vertical line at 𝒙 = 𝟓 and draw a horizontal line at y=4.

The intersection of these two lines is the position of (𝟓, 𝟒) in the cartesian plane.

Thus, the point A(𝟓, 𝟒) is located in the cartesian plane.

Example : Plot the following point in the rectangular coordinate system.

43
B(−𝟒, 𝟑).
Solution
To plot (−𝟒, 𝟑), draw a vertical line at 𝒙 = −𝟒 and draw a horizontal line at 𝒚 = 𝟑.

The intersection of these two lines is the position of (−𝟒, 𝟑) in the Cartesian plane.
Thus, the point B(−𝟒, 𝟑)is located in the Cartesian plane.

-Linear Graph and Graph of Linear Equations.

Example

Solution

When 𝑥 = −2,
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(−2) + 1 = −4 + 1 = −3
When 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(−1) + 1 = −2 + 1 = −1
When 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(0) + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
44
 When 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(1) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
When 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2(2) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5

Example : Draw the graph of the line with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

Solution

When 𝑥 = −3

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 = (−3) + 1 = −2

When 𝑥 = −2

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 = (−2) + 1 = −1

When 𝑥 = −1

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 = (−1) + 1 = 0

When 𝑥 = 0

𝑦=𝑥+1=0+1=1

When 𝑥 = 1

𝑦=𝑥+1=1+1=2

When 𝑥 = 2

45
𝑦=𝑥+1=2+1=3

When 𝑥 = 3

𝑦=𝑥+1=3+1=4

Exercise 1.

Exercise 2.

46
WEEK EIGHT

POLYGON

Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

-Calculate angles in a triangles and quadrilaterals.

-Derive and use the formula for the sum of the angles of an n-sided polygon (𝑛 − 2)180°.

-Use the fact that the sum of exterior angles of an n-sided polygon is equal to 360° to solve
problems.

-Identify different types of polygon and the similarities and differences between
quadrilaterals.

POLYGON

Angles in a Polygon
In Mathematics, a polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape having straight line
segments. It is not a three-dimensional shape. A polygon does not have any curved
surface.

Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon

The sum of interior of a regular polygon is given as (2𝑛 − 4) × 90° or (𝑛 − 2) × 180°.

N/B: The exterior angle of a regular polygon = 360° and each exterior angle of a regular

polygon = 360 °

Consequently, each interior angle of a regular polygon is ( 2𝑛−4)×90°

Sum of Interior Angles of a Regular Polygon and Irregular

Polygon
A regular polygon is a polygon whose sides are of equal length. Examples of a regular
polygon are equilateral triangle, square, regular pentagon etc. An irregular polygon is a
polygon with sides having different lengths. Though the sum of interior angles of a regular
polygon and irregular polygon with the same number of sides is the same, the measure of
each interior angle differs. In the case of regular polygons, the measure of each interior angle
is congruent to the other. Regular polygons have the same measures for all interior angles.

47
However, in the case of irregular polygons, the interior angles do not give the same measure.

The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon is equal to the sum of interior angles
of a regular polygon divided by the number of sides.

The sum of interior angles of a regular polygon and irregular polygon examples is given
below.

48
Example: Angle of a Triangle: what is the sum of interior angle of a triangle?

Solution:

A triangle has 3 sides, therefore, 𝑛 = 3

Sum of interior angles= (𝑛 − 2) × 180°.

= 180° × (3 − 2)

= 180° × 1

= 180°

Example: Angles of a Quadrilateral: What is the sum of interior angle of a quadrilateral

Solution: A quadrilateral is a 4 −sided polygon, therefore, 𝑛 = 4

By substitution,

Sum of angles=(𝑛 − 2) × 180°

= (4 − 2) × 180°

= 2 × 180°

= 360°

Example: Angles of a Pentagon: What is the sum of interior angle of a pentagon

Solution: A quadrilateral is a 5 −sided polygon, therefore, 𝑛 = 5

By substitution,

Sum of angles=(𝑛 − 2) × 180°

= (5 − 2) × 180°

= 3 × 180°

= 540°

Example: Calculate each angle of a Hexagon.

A quadrilateral is a 6 −sided polygon, therefore, 𝑛 = 6

49
By substitution,

Sum of angles=180°×(𝑛−2)
𝑛

=
°
= 720
6

= 120°

Example: The interior angles of a 6 −sided polygon are 80°, 130°, 102°, 36°, 𝑥°, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 146°.
Calculate the size of angle 𝑥 in the polygon.

Solution:

For a polygon with 6 sides, 𝑛 = 6

The sum of interior angles = (𝑛 − 2) × 180°

80° + 130° + 102° + 36° + 𝑥° + 146° = (𝑛 − 2) × 180°

494° + 𝑥° = (6 − 2) × 180°

494° + 𝑥° = 4 × 180°

494° + 𝑥° = 720°

𝑥° = 720° − 494°

𝑥° = 226°

Example : . The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 30600. Find the number of
sides in the polygon.
Solution:
Sum of interior angles of a polygon with ‘𝑛’ sides is given by:
Sum of interior angles = (𝑛 − 2) × 180°
3060° = (𝑛 − 2) × 180°
𝑛 − 2 = 3069°
𝑛 − 2 = 17
𝑛
𝑛= 17 + 2
= 19
50
The polygon has 19 sides.

Example : What is the sum of the interior angles of an 11-sided polygon?

Solution: We have to use the formula for the sum of interior angles with 𝑛 = 11. Therefore,
we have:

(𝑛 − 2) × 180°

= (11 − 2) × 180°

= (9) × 180°

= 1620°

The sum of interior angles of an 11-sided polygon is equal to 1620°.

Similarities and Differences Between Quadrilaterals.

Quadrilaterals

A closed figure bounded by four line segments is known as a quadrilateral. A quadrilateral

has four sides, four vertices, and four angles. There are various types of the quadrilateral.

Parallelogram
A quadrilateral in which the pairs of opposite sides are parallel is a parallelogram. The sides
of a quadrilateral that have no common endpoint are opposite sides.

Properties of a Parallelogram:

• Opposite sides are equal and parallel.

• Opposite angles are equal

• Diagonals bisect each other.

51
Rectangle
A rectangle is a special case of a parallelogram. In a rectangle, each angle is of 90°.

Properties of a Rectangle:

• Opposite sides are equal and parallel.

• All angles are right angles

• Both the diagonals are equal in length and bisect each other.

Square
A parallelogram with all sides of the same length and all the angles of 90° is a square.

Properties of a Square:

• All sides are equal.

• Opposite sides are parallel (||).

• All angles are right angles.

• Both the diagonals are equal in length and bisect each other at right angles.

52
Rhombus
A parallelogram in which all the four sides are equal in length is a rhombus. A square is a
special type of rhombus.

Properties of Rhombus:

• All sides are equal in length.

• Opposite sides are parallel.

• Opposite angles are equal.

• The diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

Trapezium
A quadrilateral in which only one pair of opposite sides is parallel is a trapezium.

Kite
A quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal is a kite. Its diagonals bisect
each other at right angle.

53
Pentagon
It is a five-sided polygon. The sum of the interior angles of a pentagon is 540°. ABCDE is a
regular pentagon with all equal sides.

Hexagon
A hexagon is a six-sided polygon. The sum of the angles is 720°.

A polygon with seven sides is a heptagon. With 8 sides it is an octagon. A 9-sided polygon is
a nonagon.

Exercise:

1. Suppose that a polygon has the following angles: (𝑥 − 70)°, (𝑥)°, (𝑥 − 5)°, (3𝑥 − 44)°
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥 + 15)°. Calculate the value of 𝑥.
2. The first four interior angles of a pentagon are equal and the fifth angle is 140°. What
is the measure for each of the angles?
3. What is the name of a polygon whose interior angles are each 140°?
4. The interior angles of a polygon are 7𝑥°, 5𝑥°, 𝑥°, 4𝑥° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥°. Determine the value of 𝑥.
5. The exterior angles of a polygon are 7𝑥°, 5𝑥°, 𝑥°, 4𝑥° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥°. Determine the value of 𝑥.
6. What is the measure of each interior angle of a pentagon

54