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Gen Chem 2 Week 3 Properties of Solids

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13 views

Gen Chem 2 Week 3 Properties of Solids

Uploaded by

emilyasistin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solids and their

Properties
-ajg
Salt
sugar
Gemstones
Alum
Rubber Bands
Plastic
Chocolate Bar
Glass
Solids can be categorized into two groups:
• crystalline solids
• amorphous solids
The differences in properties of these
two groups of solids arise from the presence or
absence of long-range order of arrangements
of the particles in the solid.
Solids can be categorized into two groups:
CRYSTALLINE SOLID

a. CRYSTALLINE SOLID - produced from a


regular repeating three-dimensional structure
called a crystal lattice
CRYSTALLINE SOLID

a. CRYSTALLINE SOLID
-Crystalline solids are arranged in fixed geometric patterns or lattices.
Examples:
•ice
•sodium chloride (NaCl)
•copper sulfate (CuSO4)
•Diamond
•Graphite
•sugar (C12H22O11)
The ordered arrangement of their units maximizes the space
they occupy and are essentially incompressible.
ICE NaCl CuSO4
What is the distinguishing feature
of crystalline solids? How are the
structures of crystals determined?
The Crystal Lattice

Crystalline solids are characterized by


a regular repeating structure called
the crystal lattice
X-ray Diffraction
X-ray Diffraction is a technique used to
determine the atomic and molecular
structure of a crystal, wherein atoms cause
a beams of incident X-rays to diffract into
many specific directions.
A stream of X-rays directed at a
crystal diffracts and scatters as it
encounters atoms. The scattered rays
An X-ray diffraction pattern of a
interfere with each other and produce a graphite crystal.

pattern of spots of different intensities that


can be recorded on film.
Examples of
crystalline solids
and how they are
formed
There are two main
methods for obtaining salt,
evaporation from sea water and
mining salt from the earth. Most
common table salts and salts
used for industrial purposes are
obtained through mining, while
specialty or gourmet salts are
still produced via evaporation of
sea water.
Cane stalks are shredded and
squeezed to extract its natural
juice, which is boiled until it
thickens and molasses – rich
sugar crystals begin to settle.
The molasses-rich crystals are
sent to a rapidly spinning
centrifuge to remove
molasses and leave pure,
naturally white sugar crystals.
The sugar crystals are then
dried.
Amethyst is formed in silica-
rich liquids deposited in gas
cavities of lava that occur in
crystalline masses. Such cavities
occur in the earth's crust for
several reasons such as gas
bubbling in circular cavities or
filling of veins.
In nature amethyst crystals
are mainly formed in the inner
surface of an amethyst geode. Amethyst is a well known mineral and gemstone. It
is the purple variety of the mineral Quartz, and its
most valuable and prized variety.
Uric acid is the byproduct of
protein digestion, and among
healthy individuals, it is removed
from the blood stream and
excreted by the kidneys. Excess
uric acid is deposited in the joints
in crystal form and creates a
painful arthritic condition known
as gout.
Snow is formed when
temperatures are low and there
is moisture - in the form of tiny
ice crystals - in the atmosphere.
When these tiny ice crystals
collide they stick together in
clouds to become snowflakes. If
enough ice crystals stick
together, they'll become heavy
enough to fall to the ground.
Crystallization refers to the
formation of solid crystals from
a homogeneous solution. It is
essentially a solid-liquid
separation technique and a
very important one at that.
CRYSTALS

When you think of crystals, glasses and jewelry might come to


mind. However, crystals have all sorts of purposes from natural
healing to electricity transformers. In the simplest form, crystals are
geological rock formations. While some are still found through mining,
many crystals are man-made because their structure is amazingly
simple. With a bit of crystal knowledge under your belt, it’s time to look
at the types of crystals found in the world.
Four Types of Crystals
1. Ionic Crystals
These are made of ions (cations and anions).
These ions form strong electrostatic interactions that hold
the crystal lattice together. The electrostatic attractions are
numerous and extend throughout the crystal since each
ion is surrounded by several ions of opposite charge,
making ionic crystals hard and of high melting points.
Generally, ionic crystals form when Group 1 or
Group 2 metals combine with Group 16 or Group 17
nonmetal ions.
Four Types of Crystals
1. Ionic Crystals

Sodium ion, Na+ and chloride ion, Cl- at lattice points of NaCl crystal
Four Types of Crystals
1. Ionic Crystals
Four Types of Crystals
2. Covalent network
crystals
In covalent network
crystals, the sites contain single
atoms. Each atom is covalently
bonded to its nearest
neighboring atoms. Two allotropes of carbon: graphite
and diamond
Four Types of Crystals
2. Covalent network crystals
Four Types of Crystals

3. Metallic crystals
Metallic crystal structure consists of
metal atoms surrounded by a sea of valence
electrons.
The electrons are donated by the
metal atoms and belong to the crystal as a
whole. The freedom of the outer-structure
electrons to move throughout the crystal
explains the high electric conductivity of metals.
The melting points of metallic crystals vary Positive ions surrounded by
greatly. electrons
Four Types of Crystals

3. Metallic crystals
Four Types of Crystals

4. Molecular crystals
Molecular crystals are made of atoms,
such as in noble gases, or molecules, such as
in sugar, C12H22O11, iodine, I2, and
naphthalene, C10H8. The atoms or molecules
are held together by a mix of hydrogen
Arrangement of water molecules in ice crystal
bonding/ dipole-dipole and dispersion forces,
and these are the attractive forces that are
broken when the crystal melts..
Hence, most molecular crystals have relatively
low melting points.
Four Types of Crystals

4. Molecular crystals
AMORPHOUS SOLID

b. AMORPHOUS SOLID
– arranged in no particular
order or randomly arranged.
The word amorphous comes
from the Greek for “without
shape”.
AMORPHOUS SOLID

b. AMORPHOUS SOLID
Examples:
• Glass
• Plastic
• Coal
• Rubber
They are considered super-cooled liquids where
molecules are arranged in a random manner similar to the
liquid state.
Plastic

Glass
Coal
Glasses are made by cooling certain molten materials in a
way that prevents them from crystallizing. The properties that result
make glasses suitable for many uses, including windows, lightbulbs,
transformer cores, and optical fibers that carry telephone
conversations.
Plastics are easily molded at high temperatures and
pressures. They are used in many structural materials.
Other, more recently created amorphous solids have been
placed in many important applications. Amorphous semiconductors
are used in electronic devices including solar cells, copiers, laser
printers, and flat panel displays for computer monitors and television
screens.

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