COLD WORKING

AND
HOT WORKING
Casipe, Ganaganag, Mahusay, & Tigoy
 COLD WORKING
is a metalworking process that includes deforming
metal below its recrystallization temperature to
increase its strength and achieve a desirable surface
finish.
 TYPES OF COLD
WORKING
Bending Peening
Drawing Precision Stamping
Squeezing Sizing
Cold forging Swaging
Cold rolling Cutting
Shearing Rolling
Extrusion
 TYPES OF COLD
WORKING
Bending Peening
Drawing Precision Stamping
Squeezing Sizing
Cold forging Swaging
Cold rolling Cutting
Shearing Rolling
Extrusion
1. BENDING

Bending involves changing

the geometry of metal by
deforming it over a work
axis. The metal's shape
changes, but the volume
remains the same.
Bending Technique How it Works

the process involves reshaping metal tubes and pipes

Tube bending into a new model through the press and rotary
bending.

interchangeable dies with connection to a bed or ram

Angle bending
twist the metal until it bends.

this process involves twisting rolled metal objects or

Roll bending
large sheets to a new shape on roll formation.

this process involves connecting two rims of sheet

Seaming
metal to their sides.
TUBE BENDING ANGLE BENDING
ROLL BENDING SEAMING
2. SQUEEZING
Squeezing involves the
metal passing through a
pair of rollers or other
machines that reduces
its thickness or works at
making the thickness
uniform.
Squeezing Method How it Works

Metal is stretched or twisted in between

Cold rolling
rollers.

Metal compressed in a die cavity to give it the

Cold forging
desired form.

Pressing steel in a sealed cavity and applying

Extrusion
hydraulic or mechanical pressure.

Metal surface deformation by hammering or

Peening
blasting.
COLD ROLLING COLD FORGING
EXTRUSION PEENING
3. SHEARING

Shearing involves cutting

a piece of metal with a
straight cutting blade. It
also entails cutting lines
on a metal workpiece by
forcing two blades past
each other.
Shearing Technique How it Works

Slicing or squaring metal using

Squaring
squaring shears.

Shearing blades pierce and cut out

Piercing a piece of metal, giving it a custom
finish.

Punching out a metal workpiece

Blanking
and using it as a separate piece.
SQUARING PIERCING AND
BLANKING
4. DRAWING

Drawing is the process of

pulling metal through a
die or small hole using
compression force. This
technique increases the
metal's length while
reducing its diameter.
Drawing Technique How it Works

Pulling a large diameter tube through a die and the

Tube drawing
tube comes out with a smaller diameter.

A bar with a large diameter is placed in a die machine

Bar drawing with a smaller diameter and compressed to the new
measurements.
TUBE DRAWING
BAR DRAWING
 P
PROS
Improved Surface Finish: Increased Strength and Hardness:
Cold working processes Cold working enhances the
produce a smoother surface material's strength and hardness
finish since no oxidation through strain hardening, which is
occurs during shaping. beneficial in many applications.

Dimensional Accuracy: No Heating Required: The process

Higher precision in does not require heating, making it
dimensions can be more energy-efficient.
maintained, making it
suitable for intricate designs. Better Reproducibility: Cold
working allows for consistent
production of parts with uniform
properties.
 C
CONS
Reduced Ductility: The Limited Deformation
process decreases ductility, Capability: The extent of
making materials more prone deformation is limited due to
to cracking under stress. increased hardness and
brittleness, often
Higher Forces Required: necessitating intermediate
Greater force is necessary annealing.
for deformation compared to
hot working, requiring more Material Limitations: Not all
powerful machinery. materials are suitable for
cold working; brittle
Internal Stresses: Cold materials may not withstand
working can introduce the process effectively
residual stresses that may
lead to material failure if not
properly managed.
HOT WORKING
Is a process in which slabs, billet, and blooms are heated
to high temperatures (around 1000 to 1200 degrees
Celsius, above crystallization temperature) and then
shaped into various forms; strips, sheets, plates, bars,
and rods. Hot working generally increases the metal’s
ductility and improves its mechanical properties.
1. Hot Rolling
2. Hot Forging
3. Hot Extrusion

HOT WORKING:
ITS THREE TYPES
 HOT ROLLING (950-1000 C)
The most common hot forming process.
Also the most efficient method of forming metals into sheets and
plates by plastic deformation and compressive stress.
Heated steel slab is passed between two rolls revolving in opposite
directions.
Each set of rolls produces an incremental reduction in the thickness
of the slab.
The final shape and characteristics of a hot formed piece depend on
the rolling temperature, the roll profile, and the cooling process used
after rolling.
Hot Rolling
HOT FORGING (1200 C)
One of the oldest methods of hot working.
Metal is deformed plastically at high temperatures into desired
shapes by application of successive blows or continuous
squeezing.
Can also be defined as a metal shaping process in which a
malleable metal part (billet or workpiece) is worked to a
predetermined shape by one or more processes; hammering,
upsetting, pressing, etc.
Further classified into two: closed-die forging and open-die
forging
HOT FORGING (1200 C)
Closed-die forging Open-die forging

hot metal is compressed between two The deformation of shape is achieved

or more die halves to obtain the by relative movement of the workpiece
desired shape. to the die sections.
The metal flows plastically into the Can produce spindles, hollow cylinders,
cavities formed inside the die and and washers.
adapts the shape of the die.
Hot Forging
HOT EXTRUSION
Carried out about the material’s recrystallization temperature to keep
it from work hardening on cooling.
Metal is forced to pass through an enclosed cavity using compressive
force (30-700 MPa).
Produce long straight metal parts of various cross-sections and
shapes like round, rectangle, L-shape, T-shape, and tubes.
Hot Extrusion
 P
PROS

Improve Ductility and

Formability
Heating the metal makes it softer and
easier to shape without breaking, Lower Required Force and
allowing for more complex designs. Power
Since hot metal deforms more
Refined Grain Structure and easily, less power and smaller
Enhanced Mechanical equipment are required, making the
Properties process efficient for large
quantities.
Heating the metal makes it softer and
easier to shape without breaking,
allowing for more complex designs.
 C
CONS

Oxidation and Surface

Scaling
High temperatures cause
High Energy
oxidation, creating a rough layer Consumption and
(scale) on the metal’s surface, Equipment Wear
which needs extra finishing. Heating metal to extreme
temperatures is energy-
Lower Dimensional intensive, and the heat wears
down equipment faster, raising
Accuracy
costs.
Hot metal expands, leading to
slight dimensional changes
when it cools, so it’s harder to
achieve precise shapes.
 O
OVERVIEW

IN GENERAL, Hot working offers key advantages, making it

an effective process for shaping metals. By heating metal
above its recrystallization temperature, the material
becomes more ductile, allowing it to be formed into
complex shapes without cracking. Additionally, this
heating process refines the grain structure, resulting in
stronger, tougher metal with improved mechanical
properties.
 C
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, hot working and cold working are distinct
metal forming processes differentiated primarily by
temperature. Hot working occurs above the
recrystallization temperature, enhancing ductility and
allowing for significant shaping with minimal residual
stresses. This process refines grain structure and is ideal
for large components. Conversely, cold working is
performed below this temperature, resulting in increased
strength through strain hardening but reduced ductility
and potential internal stresses. Each method serves
specific applications based on the desired properties of
the final product, making them essential in metallurgy.
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