CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D.

Rafindadi

Practical Examples
Let's assume a compaction roller has the following specifications:
 Roller weight: 12 tons
 Drum width: 2.1336 meters
 Roller frequency: 2,400 vibrations per minute (vpm)
 Area coverage per pass: 167.225 square meter
 Compaction force: 8896.443N
 Compacted density: 95% of the maximum density
 Compaction efficiency factor: 0.85
 Target density: 98% of the maximum density
 Initial density of the material: 80% of the maximum density
 Operating speed: 4.83 km per hour
Calculations:
Force per Unit Area:
Compaction Force
Force per Unit Area=
Area coverage per pass
Force
Pressure=
Area
Given the specifications:
 Compaction Force = 20,000 pounds ((8896.443N)
 Area Coverage per Pass = 200 square yards (167.225 square meter)
8896.443 2
Pressure= =53.20 N /m
167.225
Compaction Energy (CE) per Vibration (CV):
Compaction Force∗Roller Frequncy
CE=
Compaction Efficiency factor
8896.443∗2400
CE= =25119.37 N −vibrations per minute
0.85
Compacted Density:

Compacted Density=Initial Density + ( Target

Compaction Efficiency Factor )
Density−Initial Density
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

Compacted Density=0.784+ ( 0.98−0.784

0.85 )=1.01
Number of Passes Required:
Target Density−Initial Density
Number of Passes=
Compaction Efficiency Factor
0.98−0.784
Number of Passes= =0.23
0.85
Time Required for Compaction:
Number of Passes 0.23
Time ( hour )= = =0.048
Operating Speed (miles per hour) 4.83

a) A backhoe has the following specifications:

Bucket volume: 1.15 cubic meters
Heaped factor: 1.2
Total cycle time: 60 seconds
Volume of material per cycle: 0.76 cubic meter
Fuel used in one hour: 18.93 liters.
Density of material: 2.35 tons per cubic meter
Using the information provided above, calculate the following:
 Bucket capacity (2 marks)
 Fuel consumption (2 marks)
 Productivity (2 marks)
 Load weight (2 marks)

Bucket volume (cubic meters)

Bucket Capacity=
Heaped factor
1.15 (cubic meters)
Bucket Capacity= =0.96 m3
1.2

Fuel Used (liters)

Fuel Consumption ( liters )= =18.93 liters
Operating Time (hours )
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

18.93 (liters)
Fuel Consumption ( liters )= =18.93liters
1(hours )

Volume of Material per cycle (cubic meters)

Productivity =
Cycle Time ( seconds )

0.76 (cubic meters)

Productivity= =0.013 m3 per second
60 ( seconds )

Load Weight =Volume of material per cycle time∗Density of material

Load Weight =0.76∗2.35=1.79 tons

a) An excavator excavated 152.9m3 of soil with a density of 1186.55kg/m3 in 4 hours of

operation using 75 liters of diesel. The excavator bucket is estimated to carry 1.53kg of
soil. Calculate the following:

 The productivity of the machine

 Fuel efficiency
 Load weight (1 marks)

b) Suppose a dozer has a blade with the following dimensions:

Blade Width: 3 meters

Blade Height: 1.22 meters

Blade Depth: 0.46 meters

Bucket Fill Factor (typically between 0.75 and 0.90) = 0.85 (average)
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

The dozer pushes 1.15 cubic meters of material in one pass. The dozer can also climb a slope
with a vertical rise of 0.91 meter over a horizontal run of 6 meters. The dozer consumes 37.85
liters of fuel in 2 hours and moves 2.29 cubic meters of material in 1 hour. Using the information
provided above, calculate the following:

 Blade capacity (2 marks)

 Pushing efficiency (2 marks)
 Grade capability (2 marks)
 Fuel consumption (2 marks)
 Productivity (2 marks)

Q4.

a) Let's consider a grader with the following specifications, calculate the productivity and
fuel consumption: (5 marks)

 Blade capacity: 37.85 cubic meters

 Maximum cutting depth: 0.30 meter
 Maximum cutting width: 3.66 meters
 Material moved per pass: 6.12 cubic meters.
 Time to complete one pass: 15 minutes (0.25 hour).
 Fuel used in 2.5 hours: 75.71 liters.
 Maximum grade capability: 5%

b) A scraper has the following specifications:

 Bowl capacity: 15.29 cubic meters

 Maximum cutting depth: 0.20 meter
 Maximum cutting width: 3.66 meters
 Payload capacity: 25 tons
 Hauling distance: 152.4 meters
 Time to load the material into the bowl: 3 minutes.
 Time to haul the material to the dumping site: 5 minutes.
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

 Number of cycles per 2 hours: 20 cycles

Calculate the following:

 Productivity (2 marks)
 Hauling time per cycle (2 marks)
 Total hauling time per hour (2 marks)
 Productivity in tons per hour (2 marks)

c) A crane has a maximum lifting capacity of 100 tons, load movement speed of 0.3 meter
per minute, load on each outrigger of 20 tons, maximum boom length of 45.72 meters,
counterweight of 30 tons, wind load (15% of the maximum lifting capacity), allowable
load swing of 5 degrees, weight of the load to be lifted (80 tons), load distribution factor
of 0.8, boom angle during lifting (30 degrees), radius at which the load is lifted is 30.48
meters, and the distance the load needs to be moved is 10 meters. Calculate the
following:

 Outrigger Load Distribution (2 marks)

 Boom Angle Factor (2 marks)
 Counterweight Moment (2 marks)
 Net Capacity (2 marks)
 Load Movement Time (2 marks)
 Load Swing Correction (2 marks)

Solution:

c) An excavator excavated 152.9m3 of soil with a density of 1186.55kg/m3 in 4 hours of

operation using 75 liters of diesel. The excavator bucket is estimated to carry 1.53kg of
soil. Calculate the following:

 The productivity of the machine.

 Fuel efficiency
 Load weight
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

Volume of Material Excavated (cubic meters)

Productivity=
OperatingTime ( hours )

152.9(cubic meters)
Productivity= =38.225 m3 /hour
4 ( hours )

So, the excavator's productivity rate is 38.225 m3 /hour . (2 marks)

To calculate its fuel efficiency:

Fuel Consumed(liters)
Fuel Efficiency (liters per hour)=
Operating Time (hours)

75 ( liters )
Fuel Efficiency ( liters per hour ) = =18.75 liters per hour
4 ( hours )

So, the excavator's fuel efficiency rate is 18.75 liters per hour. (2 marks)

Load Weight Calculation:

kg
Load weight ( kg )=Volume ( m )∗Density (
3
3
)
m

Load weight ( kg )=1.53 ( m )∗1186.55

3
( mkg )=1815.42kg
3

So, the estimated load weight in the excavator's bucket is 1815.42kg. (1 mark)

d) Blade Capacity Calculation:

Blade capacity ( cubic mters ) =Blade width ( m)∗Blade height ( m )∗Blade depth ( m )∗Bucket fill factor

Blade capacity ( cubic mters ) =3∗1.22∗0.46∗0.85=1.43 cubic mters

So, the dozer's blade capacity is approximately 1.43 cubic meters. (2 marks)
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

Pushing Efficiency Calculation:

Material Pushed (cubic meters)

Pushing Efficiency ( % )= ∗100
Blade Capacity (cubic meters)

Suppose the dozer pushes 1.15 cubic meters of material in one pass:

1.15 cubic meters

Pushing Efficiency ( % )= ∗100=80.42 %
1.43 cubic meters

So, the dozer's pushing efficiency is approximately 80.42%. (2 marks)

Grade Capability Calculation:

Vertical rise ( meter )

Grade Capability ( % )= ∗100
Horizantal run (meter )

Suppose the dozer can climb a slope with a vertical rise of 0.91 meter over a horizontal run of 6
meters:

0.91 ( meter )
Grade Capability ( % )= ∗100=15.17 %
6 (meter )

So, the dozer's grade capability is 15.17%. (2 marks)

Fuel Consumption Calculation:

Fuel Used (liters)

Fuel Consumption (liters per hour )=
Operating Time( hours)

Suppose the dozer consumes 37.85 liters of fuel in 2 hours:

37.85 ( liters )
Fuel Consumption ( liters per hour )= =18.925 liters per hour
2 ( hours )

So, the dozer's fuel consumption rate is 18.925 liters per hour. (2 marks)
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

Productivity Calculation:

Material Moved(cubic meters)

Productivity ( cubic meters per hour )=
Operating Time(hours )

Suppose the dozer moves 2.29 cubic meters of material in 1 hour:

2.29
Productivity ( cubic meters per hour )= =2.29 cubic meters per hour
1

So, the dozer's productivity rate is 2.29 cubic meters per hour. (2 marks)

Q4.

a) Productivity: (2.5 marks)

6.12 3
Productivity = =24.48 m per hour
0.25

Fuel Consumption: (2.5 marks)

75.71
Fuel Consumption= =30.28liters per hour .
2.5

b)

 Productivity: (2 marks)

20
Productivity = =10 cycles per hour
2

 Hauling Time per Cycle: (2 marks)

Hauling Time per Cycle=Time ¿load +Time ¿ haul=3+5=8 minutes per cycle

 Total Hauling Time per Hour: (2 marks)

Total Hauling Time per Hour=Number of cycles per hour∗Hauling Time per Cycle=10∗8=80 minutes per hour
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

 Productivity in Tons per Hour: (2 marks)

25∗10
Productivity ( tons per hour ) = 187.5 tons per hour
( )
80
60

c)

 Outrigger Load Distribution: (2 marks)

Load weight
Outrigger load distribution=
Number of outriggers

80
Outrigger load distribution= =20 tons per outrigger
4

 Boom Angle Factor: (2 marks)

o
Boom Angle Factor=cos ( Boom Angle )=cos 30 =0.866

 Counterweight Moment: (2 marks)

Counter Weight=Counterweight∗Boom Length∗Boom Angle Factor

Counter Weight=30∗45.72∗0.866=1187.81tons length

 Net Capacity: (2 marks)

Net Capacity=Lifting capacity−Wind load −Outrigger load distribution

Net Capacity=100−15−20=65 tons

 Load Movement Time: (2 marks)

Distance
Load Movement Time=
Load movement speed
 CIV 5401: Construction management and economics II prepared by Engr. Dr. A. D. Rafindadi

10
Load Movement Time= =33.33 minutes
0.3

 Load Swing Correction: (2 marks)

Load Swing Correction=Load swing∗Radius∗sin ⁡( Boom Angle )

Load Swing Correction=5∗30.48∗sin (30 )=76.2 meters