Concrete

Dr. S.W. Poon

Dept of Real Estate and Construction
The University of Hong Kong
 A common and versatile
construction material
• Massive construction – dams, power
station
• Slender, highly stressed – bridges, high-
rise buildings
• Paved areas – roads, airport
• Components – blocks, tiles, slabs, pipes
 Constituents
• Cement (Portland) – to bind the aggregates
• Aggregates – fine (sand), coarse (gravels)
• Water – reaction with cement (Hydration)
• Reinforcement – steel bars, glass fibre
• Air – undesirable but can be entrained
deliberately
• Admixture – additives to improve properties
• PFA – pulervised fly ash (replaces cement)
 Properties of constituents
Measured by weight for normal concrete:
• Cement: 250 – 550 kg/m³
• Aggregate: 1,600 – 2,000
• Water: 120 -250
• Density:2,300 -2,500 kg/m³ (24-25 kN/m³)
• Light weight concrete
• Heavy weight concrete
 Measured by volume
• Cement: 10-15%
• Aggregate: 65-75%
• Water: 15-20%
• Air: 1-2%
• Air entrained:1-5%
 Strength and strength
development
• Starts when cement reacts with water,
continues for a long time
• Stored cement – lumps (wetted) rejected
• After mixing 45 mins to 3 to 4 hours, concrete
is hardened
• Strength develops – half a day to a few years
• 28 days strength, then rate slows down
• 1 % air reduces strength by 5%, vibration or
compaction is necessary
• Water for hydration and lubrication, excessive
water affects strength and durability
• Water/cement ratio: 0.4-0.6 by weight
• Curing is concrete strength development
process, stop water dry out excessively, not
too cold nor too hot
 Reinforced Concrete (R.C.)
• Concrete is ten times as strong in compression
as in tension
• Plain concrete will fail in tension
• Steel bars are added near the tension edge to
resist the tensile stress
• Design of R.C. beam: concrete above the
neutral axis (NA) for compressive stress
• Below NA – steel bars for tensile stress
 Concrete
• Strong in Compression
• Weak in tension

Reinforced concrete
• Steel bars (reinforcement)
• Resist tension

L 4a, t ... '.

"','l•-4•

Mild steel bars (R)

High Tensile (T) (Y)
 Reinforcement- Site Considerations

Types of Bar Reinforcement

Not so long ago the round mild steel bar (R) was the most common found on site.
Today high yield steels (T) are far more widely used. Why is this?

Mild steel bars are easily cut and bent but have only just over half the strength of high
yield bars. This means that the designer can use far less steel with the stronger bar,
with consequent savings in fixing costs, and smaller members to contain the steel; or
alternatively he can produce more elegant structures with thinner, longer beams and
columns. Furthermore weight for weight the higher grade steels only cost an extra
4%.

There are basically two types of high yield bars- cold worked and hot rolled.

Cold worked bars are recognizable by the twisted appearance ofthe bar. These
deformed, or ribbed bars are originally mild steel and the cold working elevates their
yield point.

'Hot rolled' bars are made from low alloy steel; other compounds being added to
achieve the strengths obtained by cold working mild steel.

The ribs are rolled onto the bar to improve its bond with the concrete- to stop it
pulling out of the concrete. Most high yield bars are more brittle than mild steel, so
they cannot be bent to very sharp angles; hence they are not always suitable for links.

Recognizing Sizes
A 10 mm bar can only carry 2/3 of the load that 12 mm bar can, so mistakes in
recognizing bar sizes can be disastrous to the finished structure. If in doubt- measure.

Bars today are made in the following sizes:

6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40mm diameter and are generally supplied in 12m lengths
- although longer bars are obtainable to order.

Storing Bars
Straight bars delivered to a site must be kept straight. The shape of bent bars must be
maintained prior to fixing. So storage is important.

All steel must be stacked off the ground to keep it clean and well supported to stop it
sagging and taking up a different shape.

Steel is heavy, so the less it is handled the better all round. Keeping
different types and sizes of steel separate, both before and after cutting and bending,
helps to reduce handling costs and makes them easier to find.
 Fitness for Use
The amount of rust on steel bars is always a bone of contention. A recent survey
showed that there is considerable variation in the acceptability of surface condition. A
small amount of rust does little damage and a great deal of good. A pitted steel bar
will bond better with the concrete and slight rusting removes mill scale - a bond
inhibitor. A bar that is covered with flakes of rust will not bond to the concrete.
Excessive flaking reduces the amount of useful steel and hence the load it will carry.

Mud, dirt, oil, grease, release agent and ice must all be removed from the steel before
pouring the concrete. Nicked or damaged bars should be replaced.

Fixing
Steel fixing is a skill operation; the art of- positioning the bars accurately with the
least amount of effort. There are several methods used for tying steel together using
wire or proprietary tying systems. Whatever method is used the aim must be to keep
the steel in position until the concrete is poured and compacted. Up to that time it will
have to, withstand men walking or climbing on it, equipment placed upon it and the
action of concreting and compacting.

Fixing too far ahead of the concrete pouring leads to damage and displacement
from men and machines. Steel left lying on soffit forms in rainy weather will rust
and stain the forms. This stain will then be transferred to the concrete.

Cover
The main reason for providing cover to a steel bar is to protect it. The actual amount
will be decided by the designer and will depend on two factors:
1. The quality of the concrete and 2. The exposure condition of the structure. Steel in
a beam on the outside of a building will need more cover than a similar member
inside the structure.

Spacer blocks of plastic or mortar should be used. These are compatible with concrete
and are made accurately to give the correct amount of cover. The trouble is that so
many different types and sizes are made that the tendency is to use one type and size
for soffits, walls and columns.3

Re-Bending and Straightening

This should be avoided wherever possible. If it is necessary the bars should be
straightened slowly with a tube or cranking bar. Great care should be taken not to
crack or spall the adjacent concrete.

Welding
All bars manufactured in this country to British Standards ran be joined together by
full strength welds. But it is essential to use the correct techniques and skilled
operatives.

Laps
Especially with high yield steel it is essential to lap bars to the full amount shown on
the drawings. Stresses must be transferred from one bar to another so laps must not be
skimped.
 Bar notation
Each different bar on a schedule will have a number allocated to it called the bar
mark. On a small job the bars may be numbered from 1 upwards in a consecutive
sequence. On a large job each drawing may start afresh with bar mark 1. To avoid
confusion the labels on bundles of bars will always include the bar schedule reference
and the bar mark.

Notation on drawings
On the reinforcement drawing the full notation of a bar or group of bars will be given
once only and the description will be in the following sequence:

Number, type, size, mark, centres, location or comment

eg. 20Tl0- 63 - 150 B means 20 number high yield lOmm bars (mark 63) at 150mm
centres in the bottom of a slab.

In addition, the bar mark alone may be shown on other sections for clarity or to
indicate the end of a bar.

Each individual bar is not shown on a reinforcement drawing but at least one of each
mark is draw-n in full. Short lines are used to indicate the ends of each group at the
same spacing.

Bars which appear on two drawings (eg. starter bars) are shown with broken lines on
the second drawing.

Fabric
On the reinforcement drawing the outline of each sheet is shown as a rectangle with a
diagonal line to indicate its extent. The direction of this diagonal may be used to show
whether the sheet is at the top or bottom of the slab. The reference mark of the fabric
sheet is written along the diagonal and a double ended arrow may be used to show the
direction of the main bars.

Fabric is shown in section by heavy dotted lines - long dashes indicate main wires
running parallel with the section, short dashes indicate that the section is at right
angles to the main wires.

References
Standard method of detailing reinforced concrete. The Concrete Society. The
Institution of Structural Engineers. TRCS 2

Bending dimensions and scheduling of bars for the reinforcement of concrete. BS

4466 : i98i

Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. BS 4483 : 1969

 Reinforcement Drawings
Types ofReinforcement

Bars
R round, grade 250, mild steel bars to BS 4449

T type 2 deformed, high yield bars (with high bond strength), grade 460/425
Hot rolled to BS 4449
Cold worked to BS 4461

X other types (explained on the drawing and on the schedule)

The size of a round bar is its diameter in mm. The size of other bars is the diameter of
a circle of equivalent cross sectional area.

Preferred sizes are 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 31,40

Description:
Code letter for quality followed by nominal size eg. R 25 = round mild steel bar
25mm diameter

Fabric
Code letter Type Mesh sizes (mm)

A Square mesh fabric 200 X 200

B Structural mesh fabric 100 X 200

c Long mesh fabric 100 X 400

D Wrapping fabric 100 X 100

Description:
The BS reference is the code letter followed by the total cross sectional area of the
main bars, in square millimeters, per metre width. eg. B 503

The preferred size of sheet is 4.8m x 2.4m

•

...

GRADE NOTATION DESCRIPTION ELEVATION SECTION ~.s.

USUALLY PLAIN
250 R
ROUND MILD
STEEL (Sometimes
deformed J
~ ~ 0 4449" .

Type 2 deformed
HIGH YIELD STEEL
cold worked
(Ribb~d l
0 4461

a·
460 T T'ype 2 deforoied .
HIGH YIELD ·~Tf.E!l .

. . . . 4449
low alloy (Hot
rolled I
X Types not covered by R or T .Properties defined in the design specif icotion
.
Reinforcing Steel Bars- Visual recognition
1/

.~ . ;:_ ""7:;
Plain round bat
!t
Square twisted bar

Ribbed bar Twisted rfbbed bat

Square m esh fa uric - BS prefix 1 Ar

Cross w ires-
8 & 7 mm dia. _ _/

St ructuriil mesh fabric - BS prefix 'B'

Cross w ires -
6 &. 5 mm d ia. --

l ong mesh fabric - BS prefix 'C'

Figure 9.2.1 Typical reinforcing bars and welded fabric
Abbreviations
(a) general

RC- reinforced concrete FFL- finished floor level

bwk - brickwork SFL- structural floor level

drg- drawing EL- existing level

FS - full size hor - horizontal

NTS - not to scale vert- vertical

dia - diameter

( b ) relating to reinforcement
EW - each way NF - near face

EF - each face B- bottom

FF - far face T-top

All abbreviations are the same in the plural as in the singular

Drawings
General arrangement drawings Small scale drawings which give the outline and size
of members and all setting out dimensions.

Detail drawings
Outline drawings- Larger scale drawings showing, for example, sizes and
positions of holes and fixings

Reinforcement drawing - Drawings which describe and locate the

reinforcement in relation to the outline. Only those dimensions necessary for
the location of the reinforcement are shown.

Bar schedules - Lists with complete details of all bars required to complete the
reinforcement. Bars are grouped together for each structural unit eg. beam, column
etc., and in a building listed floor by floor. Bars should be listed in numerical order.

BS 4466 contains a schedule of preferred shapes for bar bending. Each shape has a
code number which will be used in the bar schedule, together with the appropriate
dimensions. A diagram will not normally be given.

Separate schedules are prepared for each drawing and cross referenced to it; the first
three figures of the schedule reference number being the same as the drawing
number.

Fabric reinforcement is scheduled separately, the sheets being grouped together

according to size and weight per square metre.
Bending Dimensions
-
of Bars Preferred Sha~es
Shope ~ending Toto! length Dimensions
Code oitrl'en$i(m$ of bor in schedule I
20 t..; A
.-1 A Straight II
h~ .{· C'
32 !J A+h A I
33 h~:: -8 ' · ~h A +2h
c
A
j

:1\ . l
34 n1 A .. A+ n
__j '
A .I
. fl. JlT.: I
n,.. n I I
35 A J
... A +2n A I I

Aikr
A+B -~r -d A( I
37 I . s . I
If r is _non· ~tondard ·use 51 l

!
38 1k B~~ l ( '
]f A_:B+C -r- 2d
{
AI
B
I
! .
41 ' ;1)<;, 1D A+ 8 + C
' _y-+ D
j-A-1 A i
f-A.J(y JJ~
r~~TD I
A _._1 .
43
~ l A+28+C+E ~
c, ' .

51 'l;
.,
Al
1
r
.(non sta~dard)
A+ 8 _)2r- d AL:r
I

60 ED j'_J
2 (A+B ) + 20d
Dimensions me internal Q I
I

, ___ ~ c
~-.-
'B
I

62 1
I e ·If" raJ A + '
·--~ Ail. D.)
I. I

: ~B )
' ..

81
~ ~~j) I 2A + 38 + 22d ~
Dimensions are internal.

83
j:~
- ~
A+ 2B + C +D
- 2r- 4d ~ B

Isometric
..
view
 of·? -, ~·
Uniformly distributed load

l-. L
4

... 1 . lo . L · . •• l
Slmpfy supported beam Cantilever beam

ll.,[!_
ParaboUc Reinforcement
curve required in bottom
Bending moment diagrams

¥[···gp
- ~
"§I{ Ji¥.? t
--==ft~B .a .
Zero shear
at centre
S hear force diagrams

~
~
~
Beam with fJxQd ends

Point of - - Reinforcement
contraflexure required in top
at s upports

..
Reinforcement required
in bottom
Bf)ndfng moment diagram

Point of zero .shear at centre L..-:--<(CZ7l~ lie-. t

11'N_LJl[l35;::::::;>-
shear force diagram
Figure 9.2.2 Bending moment and shear force diagrams

practice to show only one bar of each group in full together with the last bar position (see fig.
9.2.3).

The bars are normally bent and scheduled in accordance with the recommendations of BS 4466
which gives details of the common bending shapes,
 .... 6 A 1004-100 ' 6 -
R 1004 100 -

/.
~ r 2 R 1003 ~
,... 6 R 1004~200

_j f ~
I I •
I /
("''" " .. 1 . " };.
v~
.~~ ~ 02 I
I

~- · _241
3J ...... 2 R 2001 & 1 R 1602 ~
~ ·
j. 2.200
;· .... , I

~-----------------~~0~
0 ------------------~
Elevation; beam 1-3 No. thus
03 03

101 01j

~
'1-1'

Note: Cover ·to main bars 25 mm

Bar Type No. No. Total. Length Shape. All dimensions*

Member &. of in of each are in accordance with
mark · size mbrs each no. bart BS 4466

Beam1 1 R20 3· 2 6 2.660 c 2.300 ::>

2 R16 3 1 3 1.400 Straight

3 R10 3 2 6 ~, 2.300 Straight

4 R10 3 16 48 1.000 250 0

150

t Specified to nearest 25 mm * Specified to nearest 6 mm

Figure 9.2.3 Typical reinforced concrete beam details and schedule

the method of setting out the bending dimensions, the method of calculating the total length of
the bar required together with a shape code for use with data- -, processing routines. A preferred
form of bar schedule is also given, which has been designed to give easy cross-reference to the
detail drawing.
 Ml< 2 bent up Noml11al diameter anchor bars - Mk 3 [ Stlrr.ups at close centres to as~ist
bent up shear bar - Mk 4
as shear bar S~lrrups at n-olpfnal centres ..l r;_____,___--.~
I
,• Mk 4 ! ~ •1 3 3

I l
'1 11

bd
I

Clear span ,(J

Bearing J
l~dt~l t

Simple beam with shear reinforcement Section Sectfon

near support mld·.span
I~ StirrupS' at nominal centres - Ml< !..j
Main bars cranked RC slab
~ ......~, . . ..M~ln.. ..b~rs--
~ ~ ' \ .. . .
~~ 2~.
. ! down to avoid
edge beam top
steel

Clears an
.
Typical
section
Cantilever beam to canopy
Figure 9.2.5 Simple reinforced concrete beams
 h =9d min. to
nearest 10 mm over
min.-= 100

-e :
.
Overall length :.·

n =- 6d min. to
nearest 10 mm over
min.= 100

Overall length __ __,_ ___,,. . . ,

.......

h = 11d min. to
nearest 10 mm over
min. = 100

If:= 6.5d min. to

nearest 10 mm over
min.= 100

Overall length
' ..
Figure 9.2.4 Standard hooks and bends

areas. This form of failure is called shear failure and is in fact diagonal tension. Concrete has a
limited amount of resistance to shear failure and if this is exceeded reinforcement must be added
to provide extra resistance. Shear occurs at or near the supports as a diagonal failure line at an
angle of approximately 45° to the
 Binders Mk 5 Binders Mk 5 at <:lose centres

rt
at CIQSEi Binders Mk 5 at
centres RC slab - .- Nominal diameter anchor nominal cetltres
bars Mk ( .cranked under
secondary beam steel
y-Y-r-
~3 ~
' '
. , I t l , \ -. JI.

L.. Spacer bars

Elevation

Spacer bar
diameter not
less than main
RC edse beam bar diameter RC secondary beam
or aggregate size

SectJon at support Section at mid-span

Figtl.te 9.2.6 Reinforced concrete beam ·with heavy teinforcemcnr
 m~.::..-:·-. : . -----=:::tc:::::;:i:
-

_g_ f

j
--·

. k~
+i.~.s ~ \".· ~ "{(..1...;~ ~ ~S' ~-;-

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~t (:~-~~~
r
,---
 'SC~
"'-- --·--

- - ~

- I
Max BM - determine amount of steel bars in order to resist the tensile stresses due to bending.

----
- -----
 Maln bars
r- Main bars
Binders
In pairs -att-rlt-,

Column with
4 main bars

; I
Binder around
corner bars

RC column
...........~7-1-- Binder
Column with around
6 main bars Binders centre
In pairs bars
Alternative arrangement for
column with 6 mafn ba rs

Helical
binding Main
bars -
Blnclor
around
centre
bars

Circular Column with

column 8 main bars
Main
bars - --.
1

• , :•
....
• ·,J' : •': '• : • !. I , ', : • • • • • , • • • ! ,
. ~ ' ; ·...~ :~ : ·.. : . : : : ·
~ :. •• • r ' • .: • • "' • • • ; •
• Note: Minimum diameter
t
of binders = main bar
diameter. Spacing not
{~.::.~~: :;: ·:~~~ (>:!·i~(·:{\ greater than 12 times
main bar diameter
::::\·:.; ':- ·~; ~~ LSingta binder
·. w·· ·. ·· :,. ·:. around all bars
_'.. ·. ' "•···: ... · ..:
'L' s haped .column
with 7 main bar$
Figure 9.2.7 Typical reinforced concrete column binding arrangements

spans of approximately 9.000m and can be designed to span one way, that is across the shortest
span, or to span in two directions. These simple slabs are generally designed to he simply
supported, that is, there is no theoretical restraint at the edges and therefore tension is not
induced and reinforcement is not required. However, it is common practice to provide some top
reinforcement at the supports
 Uppe-r column · Upper columl'l
main bars matn bare
y
- -·.....
~, E
!c CD
0...
=
E ·c.
·- 0. . c:-
·- <0
.S2 75mm 75mm

U.
.

~~ :::.-::::: ~ :: ~:::.:::·.:=:·~··.~::r:= /
. high
kicker

::.= : :~:::: ::: ..=:·:·.:":.=:·/:··: ::.:.: :~::~

high
kfck~r

·.:~.'·.·
: . . ..'
. ·..: '- ~
s·pi ice: :: .·.
.·..;. ··. ·.·
·. : ,.:
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•

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·:.. •• · •·
"
cage -ro::
::':'~..~ :-..~ ·.~:
~n .
:~ . ; . :-:
: ~. <;.P.
''-Beam main
bars
M - - - - H t - - Column main
bars cranked
to avoid beam
bars
_ A. - ---...,v~___,......_
--L....-
)"
; '-- Binders to
L Binders splice cage
/
Overall fength{- .....,.._ _ Upper cotumn main
of crank not
less than 300 . bars cranked inside
splice bars projecting
. - above kicker

Upper column - --t

.....__ Ma'in bars from

lower column as
75 mm high kicker - splice bars to
upper column
r--- - --·

RC slab

Lower column --+

t..___....~ Binders
)'
Figure 9.2.8 Reinforced concrete column and beams junctions

as anti-crack steel should there, in practice, he a small degree of restraint. Generally this steel is
50% of the main steel requirement and extends into the slab for 0.2 m of the span. An economic
method is to crank up 50% of the main steel or every alternate bar over the support since the
bending moment would have reduced to such a degree at this point it is no longer required in the
bottom of the slab.
R.C. Column

Short column slenderners ratio = 15

Pennissible axial load for a short R ·C · Column

Po = Pee Ac + Psc Asc

. d ~n trect compression
Pee =- Pennissible
. . stress lOf
c. concrete . d.
Psc - Penntsstble stress for steel 10
= Concrete area trect compression
Ac
Asc = Steel area ·~ • ,.....~ .

Effective length 3m

Find safe load of column 1'fP cc = 5.3 N/mm2

Psc = 125 N/mm2

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:. b~cst> ~ '\,.

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protection from corrosion due to contact with moisture and to give the structural member a
certain degree of fire resistance. Nominal cover to reinforcement should always be equal to the
size of the bar being used or where groups of bars are used at least the size of the largest
diameter. BS 81 10, Tables 3.3 and 3.4, set out the recommended nominal amount of cover, in
relationship to the exposure/durability and periods offire,-resistance criteria, respectively, for
various concrete grades. The Building Regulations, Approved Document B, establishes the
minimum fire resistance for various purpose groups of buildings. It must be noted that the
 Failure of Beams

(I) Bending

(II) Shear

~~

Y ~· · "i

T--:--- .

·11Il \ .\ LJDl\
,. ~
ti-
\ I - •·• --

A-
(III) Deflection

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 Slab
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