We now take photography very much for granted.

We can hardly imagine newspapers,

magazines and books without photographs. Scientists, doctors and policemen and many other
people use photography daily in their work. And of course, we all love to take photos of family,
friends and places we have visited.
Photography is less than two hundred years old. The first photograph was taken in 1826
by a Frenchman, Joseph Nicephore Niepce. It was of a view from his window. The photograph
was on a metal plate, and the exposure took eight hours. For the next forty years or so, though
there were many developments in photography, cameras remained heavy and expensive.
Photographs were made on large glass plates. Exposures were at least one or two seconds.
Tripods were essential. The photographer also need knowledge and equipment to process his
work.
Nowadays, nearly everyone can afford at least a simple camera. We can make personal
records of family life and social occasions. For the first time in history, ordinary people can see
what their grandparents and great grandparents looked like.
At first, many painters feared that the birth of photography meant the death of painting.
In fact, photography has stimulated the growth of painting over the last two centuries.
Because photography is so efficient at accurately recording what people and places look like,
artists have felt free to paint in more imaginative ways. They now often make colourful
patterns, perhaps getting their ideas from what they see, but not trying to record it
« photographically ».

COMPREHENSION
A. Answer the following questions :
1. Give a title to the text.
2. Is photography now part of our everyday life?
3. When was the first picture taken?
4. Why did the painters fear the birth of photography?
B. Are these sentences true or false? justify your answers:
1. Scientists, doctors and policemen rarely use photography.
2. Photography was invented over 300 years ago.
C. Find in the text the synonyms of the following words:
Necessary : …………….
Actually : ………………
D. Find in the text the opposite of the following sentences:
New ≠ ……………….
Cheap ≠ ……………….

1
 Reading is a plus for the student as well as for the old people. The government has given
its population newspapers, magazines, books; so as to possess educated intelligent
inhabitants for the welfare of the country. Hence, the importance of reading has increased
and now in fact, for everybody, at every stage of life the skill of reading is a must. There are
various which support this reality.
Continuous reading will give a child of five or six years old more creativeness and
imagination. This aspect of reading is mostly exploited by storytellers; artists such as painters,
actors, poets, designers whether in architecture or in fashion. Therefore, reading also plays a
part in the determination of a person’s career.
Reading is especially essential for students. Through reading, pupil improve their
vocabulary and upgrade their way of making things as well as their style of writing. The
teenagers learn all the time by reading new, interesting books which for example give them
several good ideas for any type of essays. Reading indeed is a helping hand in education mainly
in English.
Nowadays, the adults do not have time to spare; all the time go in working, doing
household tasks and looking after children. They are so busy that they do not watch the news
on TV. As a result, they tend to forget the outside world, the society and enclose themselves
in their homes. Since they are not aware of what is happening around, they end up alone.
Reading can help them overcome this ignorance. For instance, during breakfast or in the bus
one can take a newspaper and at the same time, eat. In this way, time is not wasted and the
unpleasant feeling of being always in dreamland will disappear as well.
Last but not least, reading is also a form of relaxation. This is why reading is a world-
wide pastime. When it is raining and the children cannot play outdoors, many prefer reading
to playing computer games because the latter cause headache quickly and nothing good is
acquired. Adults are seen with newspapers and magazines through which they get peace of
mind.

COMPREHENSION
A. Answer the following questions from the text.
1. Why does the government provide newspapers, magazines and books to its population?
2. How is reading essential to students?
3. Why do adults end up alone?
B. Are these statements true or false? Justify.
1. Through reading a child will be creative.
2. Adults have a lot of time for reading.
C. Give synonyms of the following words from the text.
Wellbeing: ………….
Young people: ………….
D. Give the opposite of the following words from the text.
Less≠ ………….
lazy≠ ………………

2
 For many people in Britain and the United States, food is a problem. They eat too
much, get overweight and develop illness like heart diseases. Sliming and “keep fit” have
become big business. Wherever you go in England, you see men and women in expensive
sports clothes jogging along the pavement in the early morning.
While they are jogging along, worrying about their shapes, people in other parts of the
world do not even have the energy to walk. They are starving. Their cattle are dead, their land
is too dry to grow food on, and they have to move with thousands of others to temporary
“camps” set up by international aid organizations. The journey is extremely tiring and many
of them die on the way. When they get to the camp, it is full and only those in the greatest
need are given food.
The scenes are well- known to anyone who watches television or reads newspapers
children with legs like sticks and swollen stomachs, old people with despair in their eyes,
doctors and nurses who complain because food and “medical supplies” are not sufficient.
Many people in the West have become bored with famine. They switch off their minds
and their television sets. Western Government are finding it difficult to manage their own
economies. Short-tern economic planning and the standard of living of their voters are more
important to them than those of other countries.
The countries concerned need help in building their economies and educational
systems so that they develop the means to solve the problems themselves in future. However,
that would take billions of dollars and many years.

COMPREHENSION
A. Are these sentences true or false? Justify
1. Doctors and nurses complain because they are unable to provide adequate help.
2. Western governments do not have economic problems.
3. Without help, poor countries would not solve their problems.
B. Answer these questions from the text.
1. Find two reasons why food is a problem in western countries.
2. What causes famine?
3. Why do, some people die before they get to the camps?
C. Find words or expressions in the text that mean the same as:
1. Obese:
2. Suffering or dying from hunger:
3. State of having lost all hope:

3
 “Educate a boy you educate a man. Educate a woman you educate a generation”
Of the one billion people worldwide who are unable to read, 2/3 are women. In most
societies, girls are given less chance to complete their schooling. If money for school fees is
short, priority will nearly always go to boys. Parents reason that boys are more likely to find
work and continue working than girls, who are expected to marry and have children.
However, surveys have shown that in fact it is the mother’s education rather than the
father’s that has the greater long-term effect both on her own health and that of her family.
Research shows that educated mothers are more likely to return to the clinic if their children’s
health does not improve. Educated women tend to have fewer unhealthier children. They also
tend to begin their families at a later age. Researchers for the United Nations, studying 46
countries, found that a 1% rise in women’s literacy is three times more likely to reduce death
in children than a 1 % rise in the number of doctors. They also found four to six years of
education for women lead to 20% drop in infant death.
A girl who grows up healthy and confident in her own ability has much better chance of
safe motherhood and for raising her own children to meet their full potential. Women with
more education have better health and nutrition. The families of women with some education
tend to have better water and sanitation, income, housing and clothing.
Literacy programs can therefore have far reaching effects on health. If women are given
access to literacy and better education, they will be able to make their own choices to improve
their lives.

COMPREHENSION
A. Answer these questions.
1. Why do parents in most countries give priority to boy’s education?
2. According to the United Nations researchers, which is more important, educating or having
more doctors?
3. What should be done to improve families’ health and nutrition?
B. Are these statements true or false? Justify.
1. 50% of people all over the world who can’t read are women.
2. Educated women get married at an early age.
3. Women’s education reduces infant death.
C. Find in the text words or expressions which mean the same as following.
1. Not enough (paragraph 1) =………….
2. Get better (paragraph2) =……………..

4
 All employees are not created the same. People are different and requires different
modes of communication. Speaking harshly with one person may give good result, but with
another person it is likely to arouse anger. Some employees are self-confident and others need
constant supervision. A successful manager should evaluate his employees and figure out how
they respond to different communication styles. Success is not about treating everyone the
same but rather treating everyone in the way that makes him or her most receptive.
Some supervisors speak in general terms. This is done to save time and deliver a
uniform message, but the problem is that everyone does not have the same level of
understanding or confidence. When a supervisor asks if people have questions in a group
setting, some people might refuse to ask questions in front of others. So, a message must
sometimes be spoken individually with people afterward, to make sure everyone understands.
Success as a supervisor is dependent on the ability to communicate effectively.
Communication is about more than just words; it is about body language, facial expressions,
actions and reactions.
The first step to effective communication is to determine whether written
communication is required or optional. In fact, written communication is required when one
is communicating something highly complex, long tasks or directions, or to someone who has
a history of not understanding or following through with spoken communication.

COMPREHENSION
A. Answer the following questions from the text.
1. Why do people need different modes of communication?
2. Why do some supervisors sometimes speak in general terms?
3. What is the first step to effective communication?
B. Are these statements true or false? Justify.
1. Success is only about treating everyone the same.
2. Written communication is required.
C. Find in the text synonyms of these words:
1. Find out:
2. Needed:
D. Find in the text opposite to these words:
1. Kindly≠
2. failure≠