Ch- 9 REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS(LR)

CHECKPOINT

Q1. Reproduction is the characteristic of living organisms which allows them to produce their young
ones.

Q2. Example of some animals and their young ones: a. Hen-----------Chick b. Duck---------- Duckling c.
Cat------------ Kitten d. Dog ------------ Puppy e. Frog----------- Tadpole f. Cow----------- Calf g. Human-------
- Baby ( can vary as per the teacher student discussion)

Q3. Similarities: 1. Young ones of animals resemble their parents in terms of their physical
characteristics like body colour, hair pattern, feeding habits and genetic characteristics.

2. Eating habits may remain similar.

Dissimilarities: 1. Young ones of animals also show variations in terms of their parental appearance,
due to exchange of parental genetic characteristics.

2. In few cases eating habits may differ.

Q4. No, Young ones of all animals do not resemble their parent animal. Animals like frogs and
butterflies don’t resemble their parent animals, there is a drastic change in young ones compared to
their parent animals due to metamorphosis.

MILESTONE-1

1. Reproduction may be defined as the process by which living things produce offspring (I.e. young
ones) of their own kind.

2. The two modes of reproduction are: a. Asexual Reproduction b. Sexual Reproduction.

3. In asexual reproduction only a single parent is involved in the process of reproduction.

4. Asexual reproduction.

5. A form of asexual reproduction where in a parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of
growing independently into a new organism.

6. Planaria, Flatworms, annelid worms and Spirogyra are some of the organisms which show
fragmentation.

7. In sexual reproduction, two parents (male & female) gametes fuse together to give birth to young
ones. Most Plants and mammals including human beings reproduce sexually.

MILESTONE-2

1.The main reproductive organs in human female are: a. Ovary b. Oviduct. c. Uterus. d. Vagina.

2. The main reproductive organs in human male are: a. Testes. b. Sperm duct. c. Urethra. d.
Penis.
 3. The testes is the part of male reproductive system which produces sperms.

4. Ovum (or eggs) is the female gametes.

5. Uterus is the organ where zygote matures and grows until it is ready to be born.

6. The function of fallopian tubes is: a. To transport sperm towards the egg, this is released by
the ovary. b. Internal fertilization of gametes takes place here.

7. The fusion of male and female gametes to produce a new organism is called fertilization.

8. Foetus get nourished through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord. The foetus receives all
the necessary nutrition, Oxygen, and life support from the mother through the placenta.

9. No, the number of eggs produced in internal and external fertilization is not the same. In
external fertilization eggs laid by the animals are more in number.

MILESTONE-3

1. Animals are classified into Viviparous and Oviparous based on the development of a fertilized egg
into a young one.

2. Metamorphosis is a process by which there is transformation of a larva into an adult through a

series of drastic changes, by the help of hormones.

3. Dog, Cat, Rat, Deer, Human Being etc are few examples of viviparous animals.

4. There are Four stages of lifecycle of a butterfly: Egg ->Larva -> Pupa->Adult.

5. A life cycle refers to the stages or changes that an animal goes through while it is alive. A life cycle
repeats itself (or goes in a circle) for each new generation of life.

ONE-LEVEL-UP

2. A) The moral value of being sensitive towards the health of mother and child.

B) Mother who eats an improper diet during pregnancy may be putting the foetus at risk of
developing long term irreversible health issues, like increase the risk of gestational anaemia,
hypertension, miscarriages, and fatal death during the time of delivery.

C) A developing baby get nutrition from the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the foetus receives
all the necessary nutrition, oxygen and all the life support from the mother through the placenta.

Self – Assessment
I. Sexual reproduction : it is a type of life cycle where generations alternate between cells with
a single set of chromosomes (haploid) and cells with a double set of chromosomes
(diploid).It is the most common life cycle in eukaryotes, for example animals and plants.
II. Asexual reproduction: It is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single
organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of
 gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes. Many plants and fungi
sometimes reproduce asexually.
III. Fertilization: It is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual
organism. In animals, the process involves the fusion of an ovum with a sperm, which first
creates a zygote and then leads to the development of an embryo.
IV. Amniotic fluid: It is a clear, yellow fluid which is found within the first 12 days following
conception within the amniotic sac. It surrounds the growing baby in the uterus. At first,
amniotic fluid consists of water from the mother's body, but gradually, the larger proportion
is made up of the baby's urine.
V. External fertilization: It is a mode of reproduction in which a male organism's sperm
fertilizes a female organism's egg outside of the female's body. The release of eggs and
sperm into the water is known as spawning.

B. Function of the following:

I. Ovary: They produce oocyte (eggs) for fertilization and they produce the reproductive hormones,
estrogen, and progesterone. The ovaries release an egg (oocyte) at the midway point of each
menstrual cycle.

II. Oviduct: Fallopian tube, also called oviduct transport male sperm cells to the egg, provide a
suitable environment for fertilization, and transport the egg from the ovary.

III. Uterus: Nurturing the fertilized ovum that develops into the foetus and holding it till the baby is
mature enough for birth.

IV. Fallopian tube: It transports sperm toward the egg, which is released by the ovary, and to then
allow passage of the fertilized egg back into the uterus for implantation.

V. Urethra: It is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of
urine from the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis and carries semen.

VI. Penis: The penis acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body, and releases semen into the female
body.

C. Uterus is the female reproductive organ where the embryo gets embedded.

D. Fallopian tubes/ Oviduct is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive organ.

E. Umbilical cord carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the foetus through
the abdomen, where the navel forms. It also carries deoxygenated blood and waste products from
the foetus to the placenta.

2. Short answer type-I questions:

a. A zygote is the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell. Also known as a fertilized ovum, the
zygote begins as a single cell but divides rapidly in the days following fertilization. After this two-
week period of cell division, the zygote eventually becomes an embryo. If this goes well, the embryo
becomes a foetus.
b. The foetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother through
the placenta. Waste products and carbon dioxide from the foetus are sent back through the
umbilical cord and placenta to the mother's circulation to be eliminated.

c. An animal that is viviparous gives birth to developed live young. The embryos are raised with
special organs in the parents as they develop, that supply nutrients to the growing embryos. Ex:
Dog, cat.

d. If asexual reproduction is not been there than single celled organisms cannot reproduce their
individuals, rapid reproduction will not happen.

e. Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction. In this process, the organism has the ability to
generate lost or damaged body parts. If a Planaria is cut into small pieces, then each piece develops
into a new individual.

3. Short answer type-II questions:

a. There are two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual. In asexual reproduction, an organism can
reproduce without the involvement of another organism. Asexual reproduction is not limited to
single-celled organisms. The cloning of an organism is a form of asexual reproduction. Sexual
reproduction is responsible for bringing in more variations in its progeny; it takes place by the
combination of male and female gametes.

b. The process of internal fertilization takes place inside the female body, and the offspring develops
there only, while in external fertilization when eggs are released by a female into the environment
and later fertilized with a male's sperm.

c. Reproduction is an important characteristic feature of living organisms. It is an essential life

process which not only helps in survival but also helps in the continuity of that race and group
immortality, as by reproduction. Young ones replace the old and dying ones. These young ones feed,
grow and reproduce again.

d. Short note on the following:

i. Binary fission: It is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in
prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and
Paramecium. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously.

ii. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth
or bud due to cell division at one particular site, like in hydra and yeast. These buds develop into tiny
individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent
individuals.

iii. Sexual reproduction: A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of female gamete (ovum) and
male gamete (spermatozoon), which forms a zygote that potentially develops into an offspring
genetically distinct from the parent organisms, in mammals.

iv. Development of embryo in human: Embryonic development also embryogenesis is the process by
which the embryo forms and develops. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with no significant
growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to the development of a
multicellular embryo in humans.
4. Long answer type questions:
a.Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or
hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure
through cell growth and differentiation. During metamorphosis the tadpole will develop back legs
first, and then front legs. Around 6 weeks of life the mouth starts to widen. Sometime around 10
weeks the froglet’s, as it is now called, eyes start to bulge out and the tail begins to shrink and
eventually disappear. When the lungs finish developing the froglet’s makes its way onto the land and
water.

b. Advantages of asexual reproduction:

With asexual reproduction, organisms are able to establish reactions to certain things, which are
then passed down to their offspring. And because there is less variation produced with the offspring,
they would become less adapted to certain changes in the environment, causing them not to
survive.

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction:

Negative mutations linger longer in asexual organisms.

Diversity is limited. Population numbers can be difficult to control.

There can be an inability to adapt. Overcrowding can be a real issue.

Reproduction can create competition.

C) Main Parts of Female reproductive system:

1. Ovary: The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.
When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized
by a sperm. There is an ovary found on the left and right sides of the body. The ovaries also secrete
hormones that play a role in the menstrual cycle and fertility.

2. Oviduct (Fallopian tube): The Oviduct is the tube that connects the ovary to the uterus and which
the ovulated oocyte travels down to become fertilized by sperm present in the female tract. It is also
referred to as the Fallopian tube.

3. Uterus: The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder
and rectum. The ovaries produce eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left
the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus.

d) Main Parts of Male reproductive system:

• Testes: Testes is the male reproductive gland or gonad in all animals, including humans. It is
homologous to the female ovary. The functions of the testes are to produce both sperm and
androgens, primarily testosterone.

• Sperm ducts: The sperm pass through the sperm ducts, and mix with fluids produced by the
glands. The fluids provide the sperm cells with nutrients. The mixture of sperm and fluids is called
semen.
• Urethra: The tube that leads from the bladder and transports and discharges urine outside the
body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis and carries semen as well as urine.

• Penis: It is the male genital organ of higher vertebrates, carrying the duct for the transfer of sperm
during copulation. In humans and most other mammals it consists largely of erectile tissue and is
used also for urination.

e) The process of fertilization involves the fusion of the male and female sex cells, the sperm and
ovum, in the fallopian tubes. Transportation of the embryo along the fallopian tube to the uterus
takes about five to seven days. Implantation of the embryo takes place in the endometrium (lining)
of the uterus. The umbilical cord is a growing foetus’s lifeline. It is a flexible, tube-like structure that
connects the foetus to the mother's placenta. The placenta is an organ attached to the uterine wall
that, in turn, connects to the mother's blood supply. The umbilical cord carries oxygenated blood
and nutrients from the placenta to the foetus through the abdomen, where the navel forms. It also
carries deoxygenated blood and waste products from the foetus to the placenta.

f) Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent because the
offspring are all clones of the original parent. ... Animals may reproduce asexually through Binary
fission, budding, fragmentation. The two methods are: Binary fission: Is a kind of asexual
reproduction. In binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two new
cells. After replicating its genetic material, the parent cell divides into two equal sized daughter cells.
Ex. amoeba. ii. Budding: Is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an
outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. Ex. Hydra, yeast.

Let’s compete:

1. Internal fertilization occurs in__________. a) in the female body.

2. A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of__________. b) Metamorphosis.

3. ___________is the tube which carries the semen and urine out of the body. b) sperm duct.

4. External fertilization is seen in__________. a) fish.

Assertion and Reasoning

1. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. (c) A is true but R is false.