0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views30 pages

01_General-Introduction

Uploaded by

eradat67
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views30 pages

01_General-Introduction

Uploaded by

eradat67
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

The Finite Element Method

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Read: CONTENTS
Chapters 1 and 2 • Engineering and analysis
• Simulation of a physical process
• Examples mathematical model
development
• Approximate solutions and methods
of approximation
• The basic features of the finite element
method
• Examples
• Finite element discretization
• Terminology
• Steps involved in the finite element
JN Reddy model development
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
 What we do as engineers?
• develop mathematical models,
• conduct physical experiments,
• carry out numerical simulations to help
designer, and
• design and build systems to achieve a (1)
functionality in (2) most economical way.

Knowing the fundamentals associated with each


engineering problem you set out to tackle, not
only makes you a better engineer but also
empowers you as an engineer.
JN Reddy Introduction: 2
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

Engineering is the discipline, art, and profession


of acquiring and applying technical, scientific,
and mathematical knowledge to design and
implement materials, structures, machines,
devices, systems, and processes that safely
realize a desired objective.

Engineering is a problem-solving discipline,


and solution requires an understanding
of the phenomena that occurs in the system or
process.

JN Reddy Introduction: 3
Analysis
Analysis is an aid to design and manufacturing,
and not an end in itself.
Analysis involves the following steps:

 identifying the problem and nature of the


response to be determined,
 selecting the mathematical model (i.e.,
governing equations),
 solving the problem with a solution
method (e.g., FEM), and
 evaluating the results in light of the
design parameters.
JN Reddy Introduction: 4
MODELING OF A
Physical Process

Physical
System
Assumptions Laws of physics
concerning (conservation
the system principles)
Mathematical
Model
(BVP, IVP)
BVP – Boundary value problems FEM – Finite Element
(equilibrium problems) Method
IVP – Initial value problems FDM – Finite Difference
Numerical
(time-dependent problems) Method
Simulations
BEM – Boundary Element
Method
Numerical method Computational
(FEM,FDM,BEM,etc.) device

JN Reddy Introduction: 5
EXAMPLES OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
DEVELOPMENT
Objective: Determine heat flow in a heat exchanger fin
Lateral surface and right end are
exposed to ambient temperature, T∞

(a)
Rectangular fins
L (b) 3D to 2D
a
h
Body from which
heat has to be extracted

y Convection, β P (T - T¥ ) , P = perimeter
z

x
l
2D to 1D
(qA )x (qA )x +Δx
a
æ A + Ax + Δx ö÷
( qA )x - ( qA )x +Δx - β P Δx (T - T¥ ) + ρ rh çç x ÷÷ Δx = 0
çè 2 ø

d dT
JN Reddy
- ( Aq) - β P (T - T¥ ) + ρ rh A = 0, q = -k
dx dx Basic Concepts: 6
EXAMPLE OF ENGINEERING
MODEL DEVELOPMENT (continued)
d æç dT ö÷
- çç Ak ÷÷ + β P (T - T¥ ) = ρ rh A
dx è dx ø

u = T - T¥ , a = Ak, c = β P, ρ rh A = f
d æç du ö÷
- çça ÷÷ + cu = f
dx è dx ø

Determine: Axial deformation of a bar


f , force per unit length f
( Aσ )x ( Aσ )x +Δx
x Δx Δx
L
d
( Aσ )x +Δx - ( Aσ )x + f A Δx = 0  ( Aσ ) + f A = 0,
dx
du d æç du ö÷
σ = Eε , ε = , - ç AE ÷+ f = 0
JN Reddy dx dx çè dx ø÷ Basic Concepts: 7
APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS

Model Problem
d  du 
−  a( x )  + c( x )u − f ( x ) = 0 in Ω = ( 0, L )
dx  dx 
du
a + b(u − u0 ) = P at a boundary point
dx
u0 uninsulated bar
a = EA
a = kA
E, A f (x ) P
c = βP f (x )
u(L)
L b=k L
c x
x, u u = T - T¥ , u0 = T¥
Elastic deformation of a bar Heat transfer in a fin
JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 8
ENGINEERING EXAMPLES OF THE
MODEL PROBLEM IN 1-D
Flow of viscous fluid through a channel

d  dvx 
−  μ  − f = 0 in Ω = ( 0,b)
dy  dy 

y U ³0
u( y ) = vx ( y ), horizontal velocity
f = pressure gradient, dp / dx (constant) b
2
μ ( y ) = fluid viscosity b

Q = shear stress x
U = velocity of the top surface
Poiseuille flow
Couette flow

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 9


Exact and Approximate Solutions
An exact solution satisfies (a) the differential equation at
every point of the domain and (b) boundary conditions on
the boundary. An approximate solution satisfies the
differential equation as well as the specified boundary
conditions in some “acceptable sense” (to be made clearer
shortly). We seek the approximate solution as a linear
combination of unknown parameters ci and known
functions f and f
i 0
N
u( x ) » uN ( x ) = å cif i ( x ) + f 0 ( x )
i=1
Approximate solution

Approximation of the actual


Actual solution solution over the entire domain

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 10


Determining Approximate Solutions
(continued)

1. Suppose that fi is selected to satisfy the boundary conditions


exactly. Then substitution of uN(x) into the differential
equation
d æç duN ö÷
- ç a(x ) ÷÷ + c(x )uN - f (x ) = 0
ç
dx è dx ø
will result in a non-zero function on the left side of the
equality:
d æç duN ö÷
- ça( x ) ÷
÷ + c( x )uN - f ( x ) º R( x ) ¹ 0
dx çè dx ø
Then ci are determined such that the residual, R(x), is zero
in some sense.

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 11


METHODS OF APPROXIMATION
1. One sense in which the residual, R(x), can be made zero
is to require it to be zero at selected number of points.
The number of points should be equal to the number of
unknowns in the approximate solution
N
u (x ) ≈ uN = c j fj (x ) + f0 (x )
j =1
fj (x ) and f0 (x ) are functions to be selected to satisfy the
specified boundary conditions and c j are parameters to be
determined such that the residual is made zero in
some sense.
This way of determining ci is known as the Collocation method.
We obtain N algebraic equations in N unknown C’s
R( xi ) = 0 , i = 1, 2,, N
JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 12
Methods of Approximation
(Continued)
2. Another approach in which the residual, R(x), can be
made zero is in a least-squares sense; i.e., minimize the
integral of the square of the residual with respect to C’s.
L
Minimize J (c1 , c2 ,, c N ) =  R 2 dx
0

∂J ∂R
L
or = 2 R dx = 0
∂ci 0
∂ci
This method is known as the least-Squares method. We
obtain N algebraic equations in N unknown C’s

∂R
L

0 R ∂ci dx = 0
JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 13
Methods of Approximation
(Continued)
3. Yet, another approach in which the residual, R(x), can be
made zero is in a weighted-residual sense
L

0 = ò y R dx , i = 1,2, , N
i
0

where y are linearly independent set of functions


i

This method is known as the Weighted-Residual method. We


obtain N algebraic equations in N unknown C’s. In
general, weight functions ψ i are not the same as the
approximation functions ϕi . Various special cases are
Petrov-Galerkin Method: yi ¹ fi
Galerkin Method: yi = fi
JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 14
WEIGHTED-INTEGRAL FORMULATIONS
in the Numerical Solution of Differential Eqs.

The approximation methods discussed earlier can be viewed


as special cases of the weighted-residual methods of
approximation. In particular, we have

• Collocation method yi ( x) = d( x - xi )

¶R
• Least-squares method yi ( x ) =
¶ci

♦ Petrov-Galerkin method yi ( x) ¹ fi ( x)

♦ Galerkin Method yi ( x) = fi ( x)

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 15


Methods of Approximation
(Continued)
4. Another approach in which the governing equation is cast
in a weak-form and the weight function is taken the same
as the approximation function is known as the Ritz method:

B (fi , uN ) = (fi ), i = 1,2,, N

The Ritz method is the most commonly used method for


all commercial software. In this method, f0 satisfies only
the specified essential (geometric) boundary conditions
while fi satisfies the homogeneous form of the specified
essential boundary conditions. The specified natural (force)
boundary condition are included in the weak form.

JN Reddy Introduction: 16
WORKING EXAMPLE
For a weighted-residual method:
f0 satisfy the actual specified BCs
fi satisfy the homogeneous form of the actual
specified BCs
For the Ritz method:
f0 satisfy the actual specified essential BCs
fi satisfy the homogeneous form of the actual
specified essential BCs

d æç du ö÷
- ça ÷
÷ - f0 = 0, 0 < x < L
dx çè dx ø
du
u(0) = u0 , a =P
JN Reddy dx x =L Introduction: 17
WORKING EXAMPLE
(CONTINUED)

For a weighted-residual method:


df0 P
f0 ( 0) = u0 , a = P  f0 = u0 + x
dx x =L a

dfi
fi ( 0) = 0, a = 0  f1 = x ( 2L - x )
dx x =L

For the Ritz (or weak-form Galerkin) method:

f0 ( 0) = u0 , fi ( 0) = 0
 f0 = u0 , fi ( x ) = x i

JN Reddy Introduction: 18
BASIC FEATURES OF THE
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM)

 Divide whole into parts (finite element mesh)


 Set up the `problem’ over a typical part
(derive a set of relationships between primary and
secondary variables)
 Assemble the parts to obtain the solution to the whole

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 19


Example 1: Determine the center of mass
of a 3D machine part

1. See the simplicity in the complicated (see the


geometric shapes that are simple to identify the
center of mass).
2. Determine the center of mass of each part.
3. Put the parts together to obtain the required solution.
N N N

m x i i m y i i m z i i
X = i =1
N
, Y = i =1
N
, Z= i =1
N

JN Reddy m
i =1
i m
i =1
i m
i =1
i
Basic Concepts: 20
Example 2: Determine the integral of a function


I = F ( x ) dx
a

F(x) Actual function

x
a b

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 21


EXAMPLE 2 (continued)
xi +1 xi +1

a1 + b1 x , a ≤ x ≤ x2
Ii =  F ( x) dx =  (a + b x) dx
i i i


xi xi

F ( x ) ≈ a 2 + b2 x , x2 ≤ x ≤ x3
 a + b x, x ≤ x ≤ b I ≈ I1 + I 2 + I 3
 3 3 3

Actual function
F(x) Approximation

I1 I2 I3

x
a = x1 x2 x3 b = x4
Basic Concepts:
JN Reddy 22
EXAMPLE 2 (continued) – Refined mesh

Actual function
F(x) Approximation

x
a = x1 b = x7

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 23


Approximation of a curved surface
with a plane

(temperature profile)
(represents the solution)

Domain (Triangular element)

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 24


Finite Element Discretization

Elements
Nodes

• •

• • •
Domain, Ω • Ωe • •
• • • •

°°°° •
° •
Boundary, Γ •

(a) Given domain (b) Finite element mesh

Ωe Domain,Ω h
Boundary flux

(c) Typical element with (d) Discretized domain


boundary fluxes
JN Reddy
Basic Concepts: 25
Some Examples of Real-World
Finite Element Discretizations

JN Reddy Introduction: 26
FEM Terminology
 Element A geometric sub-domain of the region being
simulated, with the property that it allows a unique (1)
representation of its geometry and (2) derivation of the
approximation (interpolation) functions.
 Node A geometric location in the element which plays a
role in the derivation of the interpolation functions and it
is the point at which solution is sought.
 Mesh A collection of elements (or nodes) that replaces
the actual domain.
 Weak Form An integral statement equivalent to the
governing equations and natural boundary conditions.
More to come.

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 27


FEM Terminology (continued)
• Finite Element Model A set of algebraic equations
relating the nodal values of the primary variables (e.g.,
displacements) to the nodal values of the secondary
variables (e.g., forces) in an element.
 Finite element model is NOT the same as the finite
element method. There is only one finite element
method but there can be more than one finite element
model of a problem (depending on the approximate
method used to derive the algebraic equations).
 Numerical Simulation Evaluation of the
mathematical model (i.e., solution of the governing
equations) using a numerical method and computer.

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 28


Major Steps of Finite Element
Model Development

 Begin with the governing equations of the problem

 Develop its weak form over a typical finite element

 Approximate the solution over each finite element

 Obtain algebraic relations among the quantities of


interest over each finite element (i.e., finite element
model)

JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 29


Major Steps of
Finite Element Model
Development
Engineering Problem
Formulation

Governing (Differential) Solid


mechanics
Equations

Weak Form Virtual work


Development statements

Finite Element Model


Development
JN Reddy Basic Concepts: 30

You might also like