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Engineering students

Mechanical

Uploaded by

anasalsunwi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Physics

Vectors
Galal Ahmed Alakhaly
2023-2024
Coordinate Systems
Many aspects of physics involve a description of a
location in space.
The mathematical description of an object’s motion
requires a method for describing the object’s position
at various times.
 In two dimensions, this description is accomplished
with the use of the Cartesian coordinate system, in
which perpendicular axes intersect at a point defined
as the origin.
Coordinate Systems
Cartesian coordinates are also called rectangular
coordinates.
Coordinate Systems
Sometimes it is more convenient to represent a point in
a plane by its plane polar coordinates r ,   .
In this polar coordinate system, r is the distance from
the origin to the point having
Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and 
is the angle between a fixed axis
and a line drawn from the origin
to the point.
Coordinate Systems
The fixed axis is often the positive x axis, and u is
usually measured counterclockwise from it.
Coordinate Systems
The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy plane
are (x, y) = (-3.50, -2.50) m Find the polar coordinates
of this point.
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems
The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy plane
are (x, y) = (3.50, 2.50) m Find the polar coordinates of
this point.
The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy plane
are (x, y) = (3.50, -2.50) m Find the polar coordinates of
this point.
The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy plane
are (x, y) = (-3.50, 2.50) m Find the polar coordinates of
this point.
Vector and Scalar Quantities
A scalar quantity is completely specified by a single
value with an appropriate unit and has no direction.
Examples of scalar quantities are volume, mass, speed,
and time intervals.
A vector quantity is completely specified by a number
and appropriate units plus a direction.
Example of a vector quantities are displacement,
position, velocity, and acceleration.
Vector and Scalar Quantities
We use a boldface letter with an arrow over the letter,
such as , to represent a vector.
Another common notation for vectors with which you
should be familiar is a simple boldface character: A
The magnitude of the vector is written either A or
The magnitude of a vector has physical units, such as
meters for displacement.
The magnitude of a vector is always a positive number.
Equality of two vectors
Two Vectors may be defined to be equal if they have
the same magnitude and if they point in the same
direction.

 , only if
A =B and if and point in the same
direction along parallel lines.
Adding Vectors
The rules for adding vectors are conveniently
described by a graphical method.
Adding Vectors
The resultant vector is the vector drawn from the tail
of the first vector to the tip of the last vector.
Adding Vectors
The commutative law of addition:

The associative law of addition:


Negative of a Vector
Subtracting Vectors
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
If a vector is multiplied by a positive scalar, its
magnitude is increased by that amount.
 Multiplying by a negative
scalar will also change the
directional sense of the vector.
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

We describe a method of adding vectors that makes


use of the projections of vectors along coordinate axes.
These projections are called the components of the
vector or its rectangular components.
Any vector can be completely described by its
components.
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Vector quantities often are expressed in terms of unit
vectors.
A unit vector is a dimensionless vector having a
magnitude of exactly 1.
We shall use the symbols
to represent unit vectors
pointing in the positive x, y,
and z directions, respectively.
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
The unit vectors form a set of mutually
perpendicular vectors in a right-handed coordinate
system
The magnitude of each unit vector equals 1
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Equality of two vectors

, only if
Adding Vectors
Subtracting Vectors
Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
If then

Example:- if find
The Scalar Product
We write scalar product of two vectors
as
Because of the dot symbol, the scalar product is often
called the dot product.
The scalar product of any two vectors is a scalar
quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes of the
two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them
The Scalar Product
The scalar product is commutative

The scalar product obeys the distributive law of


multiplication
The Scalar Product
If and
then

Example:- if and
Determine the scalar product
The Scalar Product
The angle between is given by

Example:- if and
Find the angle between
The Vector Product
We write the vector product of two vectors
as is defined as a third vector, which has a
magnitude of , where is the angle between
and we write
The Vector Product
The Vector Product

If and 
then 
The Vector Product
Example:- if and
Determine the vector product
EX.
Thank you

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