Direct Design

Method

Prof. Dr. Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq

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Direct Design Method

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Direct Design Method: Limitations
1. There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction. If there are
fewer panels, the interior negative moments tend to be too small.
2. Panels should be rectangular and the ratio of longer/ shorter spans within the
panel must not exceed 2 otherwise one way actions will prevail.
3. In each direction, successive span lengths must not differ by more than one
third of the largest span length.
4. Column offset of more than 10% of the span (in the direction of offset) from
either axis between centreline of successive column is not permitted.
5. This method is applicable for slab that subjected to gravity load only.
6. Unfactored service live load should not to be more than two times unfactored
dead load (L/D≤2).
7. If beams were used, beam relative stiffness between two perpendicular
∝1 𝑙22
directions ( 2) must be between 0.2-0.5.
∝2 𝑙1

Note: I is calculated for uncracked section.

Note: Shear is considered zero between strips.
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Design strength = nominal strength ×
strength reduction factor

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 rc slab with beams rc slab without internal
between all supports, beams, with edge beam
with edge beam

rc slab with drop rc flat plate slab

panels, with edge beam
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• End (ext.) strip width= from
centreline to the end of building

• Mid strip width=the distance

between centrelines

• 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑠
𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐴′ 𝐿𝐴′′
= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , ,
4 4 4 4

• Width of ms=strip width –

width of cs

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Internal Panel

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1-End (ext.) strip
1-1 End strip / middle span (M+ve=0.35Mo & M-ve=0.65Mo)
End strip width= from centreline to the end of building
𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐴′ 𝐿𝐴′′
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , ,
4 4 4 4
Width of ms=strip width – width of cs
2
(𝑤𝑢 ∗ 𝑙2 )∗ 𝑙𝑛
Analysis of middle span 𝑀𝑜 =
8
l2 is the strip width
ln is the clear span under consideration (ln ≥ 0.65 lc/c), taking
into consideration that circular or regular polygon shaped
support shall be treated as square support with the same
area.

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 𝐸𝑐𝑏 ∗ 𝐼𝑏
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∝=
𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗ 𝐼𝑠
𝑙2 ∗ ℎ 3
𝐼𝑠 = E=4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
12
Ib is calculated after drawing the beam:
𝐻 − ℎ𝑓
𝑏1 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
4 ℎ𝑓
𝐻2 ℎ𝑓2
𝑏𝑤 ∗ 2 + 𝑏1 ∗ 2
𝑦=
𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝐻 + 𝑏1 ∗ ℎ𝑓
𝑏𝑤 + 𝑏1 (𝑦) 3 𝑏𝑤 (𝐻 − 𝑦)3 𝑏1 (𝑦 − ℎ𝑓 )3
𝐼𝑏 = + −
3 3 3
• To find Mcs)+ve, use Table 8.10.5.5
• To find Mcs)-ve/int., use Table 8.10.5.1

• To find Mcs)beam , use Table 8.10.5.7.1

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Note:
ℎ𝑓 𝐻
2𝑏1 ∗ ℎ𝑓 + 𝐻 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗
𝑦= 2 2
2𝑏1 ∗ ℎ + 𝐻 ∗ 𝑏𝑤
(𝑦) 3 (𝐻 − 𝑦)3 2𝑏1 (𝑦 − ℎ)3
𝐼𝑏 = 2𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑏𝑤 −
3 3 3

Note: other sections of beams

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‫‪Note:‬‬
‫𝑓‪ℎ‬‬ ‫𝐻‬
‫𝑓‪2𝑏1 ∗ ℎ‬‬ ‫∗ 𝑤𝑏 ∗ 𝐻 ‪+‬‬
‫=𝑦‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑤𝑏 ∗ 𝐻 ‪2𝑏1 ∗ ℎ +‬‬
‫‪(𝑦) 3‬‬ ‫‪(𝐻 − 𝑦)3 2𝑏1 (𝑦 − ℎ)3‬‬
‫𝑤𝑏 ‪𝐼𝑏 = 2𝑏1 +‬‬ ‫𝑤𝑏 ‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
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1-2 End strip / end span (M+ve & M-ve from Table 8.10.4.2)

Torque beam:
𝑥 𝑥3𝑦 𝐸𝑏 𝐶
𝐶= (1 − 0.63 ) 𝛽𝑡 =
𝑦 3 2 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝑠

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Design Procedure:
Calculate the effective depth (𝑑𝑆 or 𝑑𝐿 )
∅𝑠
𝑑𝑆 = ℎ𝑓 − 20𝑚𝑚 −
2
𝑑𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 − 20𝑚𝑚 − 1.5 ∅𝐿

𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
𝑅𝑢 =
0.9 𝑏 𝑑 2
𝑓𝑦
𝑚=
0.85 𝑓′𝑐

Notes:
 Mu = Mslab or Mu=(Mms–right +Mms–left)
 b = bcs when Mu=Mslab
 b = (bms–right +bms–left) when Mu =(Mms–right +Mms–left)
 d either dS or dL
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 ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑚 ∗ 𝑢𝑅 ∗ ‪2‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪1− 1−‬‬
‫𝑚‬ ‫𝑦𝑓‬

‫𝑐‪𝑓 ′‬‬ ‫‪600‬‬

‫𝑥𝑎𝑚‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪= 0.75 [0.85 𝛽1‬‬ ‫]‬
‫𝑦𝑓 ‪𝑓𝑦 600 +‬‬
‫𝑥𝑎𝑚𝜌 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝑛𝑖𝑚𝜌‬

‫‪• 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.002 ∗ 1000 ∗ ℎ‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑓 𝑛𝑒‪𝑤ℎ‬‬

‫𝑎𝑃𝑀 ‪< 420‬‬
‫‪• 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎:‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑠𝐴‬
‫‪0.018∗420‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪≥ 0.0014 ∗ 1000 ∗ ℎ‬‬
‫𝑦𝑓‬

‫‪𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 1000‬‬
‫𝜋‬
‫‪∗ ∅2 ∗ 1000‬‬
‫‪𝑆=4‬‬ ‫𝑓‪≤ 2 ℎ‬‬
‫𝑠𝐴‬
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2- Internal strip
2-1 Internal strip / middle span (M+ve=0.35Mo & M-ve=0.65Mo)
Internal strip width = between the centrelines
𝐿𝐵′ 𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐴′ 𝐿𝐴′′
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑠1 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , ,
4 4 4 4
𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐴′ 𝐿𝐴′′
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑠2 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , ,
4 4 4 4
𝐿𝐵′
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑠1 = − 𝑐𝑠1
2
𝐿𝐵
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑠2 = − 𝑐𝑠2
2
Note:
ℎ𝑓 𝐻
2𝑏1 ∗ ℎ𝑓 + 𝐻 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗
𝑦= 2 2
2𝑏1 ∗ ℎ + 𝐻 ∗ 𝑏𝑤
(𝑦) 3 (𝐻 − 𝑦)3 2𝑏1 (𝑦 − ℎ)3
𝐼𝑏 = 2𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑏𝑤 −
3 3 3 ‫ ديالى‬/ ‫خطاب‬.‫د‬.‫ا‬
Note: if no parallel beam:
cs = 𝑐𝑠1 + 𝑐𝑠2
𝐿𝐵′ 𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐴′ 𝐿𝐴′′
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑠1 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , ,
4 4 4 4
𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐴′ 𝐿𝐴′′
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑠2 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , ,
4 4 4 4
𝐿𝐵′
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑠1 = − 𝑐𝑠1
2
𝐿𝐵
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑠2 = − 𝑐𝑠2
2

• To find Mcs)+ve, use Table 8.10.5.5

• To find Mcs)-ve/int., use Table 8.10.5.1

• To find Mcs)beam , use Table 8.10.5.7.1

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 𝜷𝒕−𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 + 𝜷𝒕−𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
2-2 Int. strip / End span (M+ve & M-ve from Table 8.10.4.2) 𝜷𝒕 =
𝟐

Torque beam:
𝑥 𝑥3𝑦 𝐸𝑏 𝐶
𝐶= (1 − 0.63 ) 𝛽𝑡 =
𝑦 3 2 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝑠

𝐸𝑏 𝐶 𝐸𝑏 𝐶
𝛽𝑡 −𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 𝛽𝑡 −𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
2 𝐼𝑠−𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝐸𝑠 2 𝐼𝑠−𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐸𝑠 ‫ ديالى‬/ ‫خطاب‬.‫د‬.‫ا‬
Analysis of beam (Mbtotal):
Mbtotal = Mbeam1+Mbeam2
1. Mbeam1 was found from Mcs)beam , using Table 8.10.5.7.1
2. To find Mbeam2 for the undashed portion of the beams section:
𝐷𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 24 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝐻 − ℎ + 𝐷𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 1.2
Noting that Dwall in kN/m
𝐷𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 ∗ 𝑙𝑛2
𝑀𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
8
Mbeam2 = Mobeam * coef. from Table 8.10.4.2 (same one in getting Mbeam1).

⸫ Mbtotal = Mbeam1+Mbeam2

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Notes:
1. In case of wide column (C2 ≥ 0.75l2 ), M-veext.
will not be divide into (Mcs and Mms).
Mu= M-veext. and b = l2

2. In case of no perpendicular beam, M-veext. will

not be divide into (Mcs and Mms).
Mu= M-veext. and b = l2.

3. In case of no perpendicular beam, only a column

exists, M-veext. will not be divide into (Mcs and
Mms).
Ib=0, Mu= M-veext. and b = C2.
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4. To design the end (ext.) strip that has no
parallel end beam (wall existence):
Mu=2 * ms2
b= bms+bms2

5. To design the negative top reinf. @ support A,

max M-ve of the two adjacent spans will be
taken (ACI 318-14, 8.10.4.5):
M-ve= 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀 − 𝑣𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑡.𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 , 𝑀 − 𝑣𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑡. 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

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6. In case of no parallel beam:
𝑀𝑐𝑠 = 𝑀𝑐𝑠
𝑏𝑚𝑠1
𝑀𝑚𝑠1 = 𝑀𝑚𝑠
𝑏𝑚𝑠1 + 𝑏𝑚𝑠2
𝑏𝑚𝑠2
𝑀𝑚𝑠2 = 𝑀𝑚𝑠
𝑏𝑚𝑠1 + 𝑏𝑚𝑠2

7. In case of parallel beam existence:

𝑏𝑐𝑠1
𝑀𝑐𝑠1 = 𝑀𝑐𝑠
𝑏𝑐𝑠1 + 𝑏𝑐𝑠2
𝑏𝑐𝑠2
𝑀𝑐𝑠2 = 𝑀𝑐𝑠
𝑏𝑐𝑠1 + 𝑏𝑐𝑠2 (b) to find (Ru):
𝑏𝑚𝑠1 𝒃𝒘
𝑀𝑚𝑠1 = 𝑀𝑚𝑠 𝒃𝒄𝒔𝟏 = 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒄𝒔𝟏 −
𝑏𝑚𝑠1 +𝑏𝑚𝑠2 𝟐
𝑏𝑚𝑠2 𝒃𝒘
𝑀𝑚𝑠2 = 𝑀𝑚𝑠 𝒃𝒄𝒔𝟐 = 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒄𝒔𝟐 −
𝟐
𝑏𝑚𝑠1 + 𝑏𝑚𝑠2
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