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Lec 7 - Deflections

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4 views

Lec 7 - Deflections

Uploaded by

zubair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 206

Structural Analysis-I

Deflection diagrams and the Elastic Curve

Lecture 7

Fall 2024

Maj Muhammad Adnan Hanif


Civil Engineering Wing
MCE, Risalpur
Email: [email protected]
Deflections
• Deflection is the bending or "sag" caused by loading. Allowable
deflection is generally expressed as a fraction of the span, in
inches
• Deflection is the degree to which a structural element is displaced
under a load (due to its deformation)
• All structural members will deflect or flex under load. The amount
of flex depends on the magnitude of the load applied, span of the
member, and stiffness of the member. Typically for better
performing floors minimal defection is desired.
Deflections
• In design, deflections must be limited - to provide integrity and
stability and prevent cracking of attached brittle materials such as
concrete, plaster or glass.
• A structure must not vibrate or deflect severely in order to
“appear” safe for its occupants.
• Deflections at specified points in a structure are determined for
analysis of statically indeterminate structures.
• The deflections considered in SA 1- apply only to structures
having linear elastic material response.
• For beams and frames, however, the greatest deflections are
most often caused by internal bending, whereas internal axial
forces cause the deflections of a truss.
Deflections
• Before the slope or displacement of a point on a beam or frame
is determined, it is helpful to sketch deflected shape of the
structure when it is loaded.
• This deflection diagram represents the elastic curve which
defines the displaced position of the centroid of the cross section
along the members.
• Supports that resist a force, such as a pin, restrict displacement;
and those that resist moment, such as a fixed wall, restrict
rotation.

(a) (b)
Deflections
• Deflection of frame members that are fixed connected causes
the joint to rotate the connected members by the same amount .
• For frames, if a pin connection is used at the joint, the members
will each have a different slope or rotation at the pin, since the
pin cannot support a moment.
• If the elastic curve seems difficult to establish, it is suggested
that the moment diagram for the beam or frame be drawn first.
Deflections
• Sign convention - a positive moment tends to bend a
beam or horizontal member concave upward, and a
negative moment tends to bend the beam or member
concave downward.
Deflections
• Due to the pin-and-roller support, the displacement at
A and D must be zero. There is an inflection point at
the point where the curve changes slope, since this is
a point of zero moment.
Deflections
• Positive moment reaction from the wall keeps the
initial slope of the beam horizontal.
Deflections

• The roller at A allows free rotation with no deflection


while the fixed wall at B prevents both rotation and
deflection

• No rotation or deflection can occur at A and B


Deflections

• The couple moment will rotate end A. This will cause deflections at
both ends of the beam since no deflection is possible at B and C.

• The pin (internal hinge) at B allows free rotation, and so the slope
of the deflection curve will suddenly change at this point while the
beam is constrained by its supports. Notice that segment CD
remains undeformed (a straight line) since no internal load acts
within it.
Deflections
Load P pushes joints B and C to the right,
causing clockwise rotation of columns. As a
result, joints B and C must rotate clockwise.
Since the 90° angle b/w connected members
must be maintained at joints, the beam BC
will deform so that its curvature is reversed
from concave up on the left to concave down
on the right. Note that this produces a point of
inflection within the beam.

Load P displaces joints B, C, and D to


the right, causing each column to bend.
The fixed joints must maintain their 90°
angles, and so BC and CD must have a
reversed curvature with an
inflection point near their midpoint.
Deflections

• The vertical loading on this symmetric frame will bend beam


CD concave upwards, causing clockwise rotation of joint C and
counterclockwise rotation of joint D. Since the 90° angle at the
joints must be maintained, the columns bend as shown. This
causes spans BC and DE to be concave downwards, resulting
in counterclockwise rotation at B and clockwise rotation at E.
The columns therefore bend as shown.
Deflections

• The loads push joints B and C to the right, which bends the
columns as shown. The fixed joint B maintains its 90° angle;
however, no restriction on the relative rotation between the
members at C is possible since the joint is a pin. Consequently,
only beam CD does not have a reverse curvature

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