Chapters to be Covered

01 BINOMIAL THEOREM 02 SEQUENCE & SERIES

03 MATRICES 04 DETERMINANTS

05 VECTORS 06 3D-GEOMETRY
Binomial Sequence Matrices & Determinants Vectors & 3D Geometry
❖ Notation : nCr
❖ Binomial Theorem for positive integral Index

❖ General Term & Middle term

❖ Application of Binomial Theorem

❖ Greatest term in expansion of (a + bx)n

❖ R-F factor theorem

❖ Binomial Theorem for any Index

❖ Multinomial Theorem

❖ Binomial Coefficient Problems

Notation : nCr
 Notation: nCr

Result

(a) nCr + nCr + 1 = n + 1Cr + 1

(b)

(c) nCx = nCy x = y or x + y = n

(d)
 Notation: nCr

Observation

(a)

(b)
 Notation: nCr

Observation

(a)

(b)
If , then k belongs to

D
If , then k belongs to

D
Solution:
Binomial Theorem for positive integral Index
Binomial Theorem for positive Integral index
Binomial Theorem for positive Integral index
Find the number of terms in the expansion of
[(3x + y)8 - (3x - y)8]
Solution:
The expression

is a polynomial of degree

A 6

B 8

C 10

D 12
The expression

is a polynomial of degree

A 6

B 8

C 10

D 12
Solution:
General term of Binomial Expansion
 General term of Binomial Expansion

General term,
 JEE Main 8th Apr 2024, S2

If the term independent of x in the expansion of

is 105, then a2 is equal to:

A 2

B 4

C 6

D 9
 JEE Main 8th Apr 2024, S2

If the term independent of x in the expansion of

is 105, then a2 is equal to:

A 2

B 4

C 6

D 9
Solution:
 JEE Main 9th April, 2024

The sum of the coefficient of x2/3 and x-2/5 in the binomial

expansion of is

A 21/4

B 63/16

C 19/4

D 69/16
 JEE Main 9th April, 2024

The sum of the coefficient of x2/3 and x-2/5 in the binomial

expansion of is

A 21/4

B 63/16

C 19/4

D 69/16
Solution:
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024, S1

Number of integral terms in the expansion of

is equal to
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024, S1

Number of integral terms in the expansion of

is equal to

Ans: 138
Solution:
 General term of Binomial Expansion

Observation
Here, even if they ask number of rational terms,
try to observe answer would be same
Number of rational terms in the expansion of
Number of rational terms in the expansion of

Ans: 3
Solution:
 General term of Binomial Expansion
Middle term in expansion of (x + y)n

Observation

Middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)n is

● term , when n is even

● terms , when n is odd

Find the middle term in the expansion of
Solution:
 General term of Binomial Expansion
There are two particular cases which are used very frequently.

(a) (1 + x)n =

(b) (1 - x)n =
 General term of Binomial Expansion
There are two particular cases which are used very frequently.

(a) (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 +....+ nCnxn

(b) (1 - x)n = nC0 - nC1x + nC2x2 - nC3x3 +....+ (-1)n nCnxn

The coefficient of x11 in the expansion of
(1 - 2x + 3x2 ) (1 + x)11 is ________.
Solution:
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S2

The coefficient of x2012 in the expansion of

(1 - x)2008 (1 + x + x2)2007 is equal to ____
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S2

The coefficient of x2012 in the expansion of

(1 - x)2008 (1 + x + x2)2007 is equal to ____

Ans: 0
Solution:
Do you really understand the meaning of
Expansion or Identity ?
If (1 - 2x2 + x)6 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + a12x12 is an identity, then find:
(a) a0 + a1 + a2 +...+ a12 i.e., sum of coefficients
(b) a0 + a2 + a4 +...+ a12
(c) a0 , a1 , a12
If (1 - 2x2 + x)6 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + a12x12 is an identity, then find:
(a) a0 + a1 + a2 +...+ a12 i.e., sum of coefficients
 Solution:

Given, (1 - 2 x2 + x)6 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 +...+ a12x12

(a) Putting x = 1, we get

a0 + a1 + a2 +...+ a12 = (1 - 2 + 1)6

a0 + a1 + a2 +...+ a12 = 0 ….. (1)

If (1 - 2x2 + x)6 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + a12x12 is an identity, then find:
(b) a0 + a2 + a4 +...+ a12
 Solution:

(b) Putting x = –1, we get

Adding (1) and (2), we get

If (1 - 2x2 + x)6 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + a12x12 is an identity, then find:
(c) a0 , a1 , a12
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

If A denotes the sum of all the coefficients in the

expansion of (1 - 3x + 10x2)n and B denotes the sum of
all the coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x2)n, then :

A 3A = B

B A = B3

C A = 3B

D B = A3
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

If A denotes the sum of all the coefficients in the

expansion of (1 - 3x + 10x2)n and B denotes the sum of
all the coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x2)n, then :

A 3A = B

B A = B3

C A = 3B

D B = A3
Solution:
Application of Binomial Theorem
 Application of Binomial Theorem
Binomial theorem has some applications in divisibility & remainder problems.
Before we do that, observe that:
 Application of Binomial Theorem
Binomial theorem has some applications in divisibility & remainder problems.
Before we do that, observe that:
(a) (1 + x)n - 1 is divisible by x
(b) (1 + x)n - 1 - nx is divisible by x2
 Application of Binomial Theorem

Remark
(a) xn - 1 = (x - 1) (xn - 1 + xn - 2 +...+ 1)

(b) If n is odd, then

xn + 1 = (x + 1) (xn - 1 - xn - 2 + xn - 3 -...+ (-1)n - 1)
Prove that:
(a) 25n - 31n - 1 is divisible by 312
(b) 24n +4 - 15n - 16 is divisible by 225
Prove that:
(a) 25n - 31n - 1 is divisible by 312
Solution:
Prove that:
(b) 24n +4 - 15n - 16 is divisible by 225
Solution:
Remainder when (3)63 is divided by 26, is

A 3

B 24

C 25

D 1
Remainder when (3)63 is divided by 26, is

A 3

B 24

C 25

D 1
 Solution:

Here,

⸫ Required remainder is 1
Find remainder when 7103 is divided by 25
 Solution:

Therefore required remainder is 18

 JEE Main 31st Jan, 2023

Find the remainder when 599 is divided by 11.

 JEE Main 31st Jan, 2023

Find the remainder when 599 is divided by 11.

Ans: 9
Solution:
Find last digit and last two digits of 2160.
OR
Find remainder when 2160 is divided by 10 and
100.
 Solution:

and so on
Thus after every fourth power, digit in unit place is repeated
Thus digit at unit place for 2160 = 24 × 40 = (24)40
Thus unit place digit is 6
 JEE Main 9th Apr 2024, S1

Remainder when (428)2024 is divided by 21, is ___.

 JEE Main 9th Apr 2024, S1

Remainder when (428)2024 is divided by 21, is ___.

Ans: 1
Solution:
19921998 - 19551998 - 19381998 + 19011998 is divisible by

A 1998

B 2000

C 38

D None

Recall:
19921998 - 19551998 - 19381998 + 19011998 is divisible by

A 1998

B 2000

C 38

D None
Solution:
The remainder when (2017)2018 + (2018)2019 + (2019)2020
is divided by 5 is

A 2

B 4

C 3

D 0
The remainder when (2017)2018 + (2018)2019 + (2019)2020
is divided by 5 is

A 2

B 4

C 3

D 0
 Solution:
Last digit of (2017)2018 is 9,
last digit of (2018)2019 is 2,
last digit of (2019)2020 is 1
Greatest Term in Binomial Expansion
 Greatest Term in binomial Expansion

To find greatest term in the expansion of (a + bx)n, use the following algorithm

Step 1: Solve

Step 2: If k comes out to be non integer then greatest term is T[k] + 1 ,

where [.] is GIF,

while if k comes out to be an integer then Tk = Tk + 1 both are greatest terms

Find numerically (i.e. in magnitude) greatest term in

expansion of (3 - 5x)15 at
Solution:
R-f Factor Theorem
 R-f Factor Theorem
In this section we will deal with numbers of the form:

Primarily we will be required to comment upon [R] & {R}

[R] will be dented by I ; {R} will be denoted by f

Clearly, R = I + f

Approach in these problems will be algorithmic

Step 1: Define G be replacing ‘+’ by ‘–’ sign in the value of R, (0 < G < 1)
Step 2: Either add or subtract G from R so that the value (i.e. RHS is an integer)
Step 3: If G is added, you will always get f + G = 1 while if G is subtracted, you will
always get f = G
If , where R is an integer and
F is a proper fraction, then (1 - F)(R + F) = ___.

A 0

B 1

C 2

D -1
If , where R is an integer and
F is a proper fraction, then (1 - F)(R + F) = ___.

A 0

B 1

C 2

D -1
Solution:
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023

A [x] + [y] is even

B [x] is odd but [y] is even

C [x] is even but [y] is odd

D [x] and [y] both are odd

 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023

A [x] + [y] is even

B [x] is odd but [y] is even

C [x] is even but [y] is odd

D [x] and [y] both are odd

Solution:
Binomial Theorem for any Index
 Binomial Theorem for any Index

Let ‘n’ be a rational number & ‘x’ be a real number such that |x| < 1, then:
 Binomial Theorem for any Index
Some special cases:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
Multinomial Theorem
 Multinomial Theorem

where r, s & t are non-negative integers

 Multinomial Theorem

where r, s & t are non-negative integers

Note
Number of terms in expansion of (x + y + z)n is n + 2C2.
 JEE Main 10th April, 2023

The Coefficient of x7 in (1 - x + 2x3)10 is _____.

 JEE Main 10th April, 2023

The Coefficient of x7 in (1 - x + 2x3)10 is _____.

Ans: 960
Solution:

a b c

3 7 0

5 4 1

7 1 2
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023

The constant term in the expansion of

 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023

The constant term in the expansion of

Ans: 1080
Solution:
Binomial Coefficient Problems
 Binomial Coefficient Problems

We majorly categorize the problems in two categories

Category 1:
(a) n & r both change
(b) Only n change
(c) Only r change

Category 2:
Result based Questions
Find the value of
(a) 8C0 + 9C1 + 10C2 + . . . + 14C6

(b) 70C20 + 69C20 + 68C20 + 67C20+ . . . + 21C20

(c) 11C0 + 11C1 + 11C2 + 11C3 + 11C4 + 11C5

(d) 20C0 − 20C1 + 20C2 − 20C3 + . . . + 20C10

Find the value of
(a) 8C0 + 9C1 + 10C2 + . . . + 14C6

Recall: nC
r + nCr + 1 = n + 1Cr + 1
 Solution:

Given, 8C0 + 9C1 + 10C2 +......+ 14C6

= (9C0 + 9C1) + 10C2 +.....+ 14C6 [ 8C
0 = 9C0 = 1]
= (10C1 + 10C2) +.....+ 14C6 [ nC
r + nCr+1 = n+1Cr+1]
= 15C6
Find the value of
(b) 70C20 + 69C20 + 68C20 + 67C20+ . . . + 21C20

Recall: nC
r + nCr + 1 = n + 1Cr + 1
 Solution:

70C + 69C20 + 68C20 + 67C20 + … + 21C20

20

= 70C20 + 69C20 + 68C20 + … + 21C20 + 21C21 - 21C21

= 71C21 - 1
Find the value of
(c) 11C0 + 11C1 + 11C2 + 11C3 + 11C4 + 11C5

Recall:
(a) nC0 + nC1 + nC2 +...+ nCn = 2n
(b) nC0 + nC2 + nC4 +... = nC1 + nC3 + nC5 +... = 2n-1
 Solution:

Let 11C0 + 11C1 + 11C2 + 11C3 + 11C4 + 11C5 = t

Now, 11C0 + 11C1 + 11C2 + 11C3 + 11C4 + 11C5 + (11C6 + 11C7 + 11C8 + 11C9 + 11C10 + 11C11)
−(11C6 + 11C7 + 11C8 + 11C9 + 11C10 + 11C11) = t
211 −(11C5 + 11C4 + 11C3 + 11C2 + 11C1 + 11C0) = t [ nC
r = nCn-r]
211 − t = t
2t = 211
t = 210
Find the value of
(d) 20C0 − 20C1 + 20C2 − 20C3 + . . . + 20C10

Recall:
(a) nC0 + nC1 + nC2 +...+ nCn = 2n
(b) nC0 + nC2 + nC4 +... = nC1 + nC3 + nC5 +... = 2n-1
Solution:
 Binomial Coefficient Problems

Result

(1)

(2)

(3)
 Binomial Coefficient Problems

Result

(4)

(5)
Find the value of

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)
 Solution:

(a) (d)

(b)

(c)
Binomial Sequence Matrices & Determinants Vectors & 3D Geometry
❖ Arithmetic progression

❖ Geometric Progression

❖ Arithmetico-Geometric Progression

❖ Arithmetic Mean and Geometric Mean

❖ Relation between AM & GM

❖ Method of difference
Arithmetic Progression
 Arithmetic Progression

Sequence of the terms:

is called an A.P.

General term: an = a + (n - 1) d

Sum of n terms :
Sn = a1 + a2 + . . . + an where ai’s are in AP.
 Arithmetic Progression

Observation
If a is the first term and d is the common difference of an A.P.
having ‘n’ terms, then the kth term from the end is (n - k + 1)th term
 Arithmetic Progression

Observation
nth odd number is 2n – 1.
The 8th term of an AP is half its 2nd term and the 11th term
exceeds one-third of its 4th term by 1. Find the 15th term.

Recall: AP is all about ‘a’ and ‘d’

Solution:
If an is the nth term of an AP and the 24th term of the AP
is twice the 10th term, then the value of a72 - 2a34.
Solution:
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2024
Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of an A.P.
If S20 = 790 and S10 = 145, then S15 - S5 is equal to

A 405

B 390

C 410

D 395
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2024
Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of an A.P.
If S20 = 790 and S10 = 145, then S15 - S5 is equal to

A 405

B 390

C 410

D 395
Solution:
If the ratio of the sum of n terms of two AP’s be
(7n + 1) : (4n + 27), then the ratio of their 11th terms
will be:

A 2:3

B 3:4

C 4:3

D 5:6
If the ratio of the sum of n terms of two AP’s be
(7n + 1) : (4n + 27), then the ratio of their 11th terms
will be:

A 2:3

B 3:4

C 4:3

D 5:6
Solution:
 If for a sequence, Sn = 5n2 + 3n then find the nth
term of the sequence.

Remark Observation
If Sn = pn2 + qn, then sequence is AP with d = 2p an = S n - S n - 1
Solution:
 Arithmetic Progression

Observation
Common terms of two APs with common differences d1 and d2,
are also in AP with common difference = LCM{d1, d2}
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1
The number of common terms in the progressions
4, 9, 14, 19, . . . ., upto 25th term and
3, 6, 9, 12, . . . . ., upto the 37th term is

A 5

B 9

C 8

D 7
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1
The number of common terms in the progressions
4, 9, 14, 19, . . . ., upto 25th term and
3, 6, 9, 12, . . . . ., upto the 37th term is

A 5

B 9

C 8

D 7
 Solution:

4, 9, 14, 19, …., up to 25th term

T25 = 4 + (25 – 1) 5 = 4 + 120 = 124
3, 6, 9, 12, …, up to 37th term
T37 = 3 + (37 – 1)3 = 3 + 108 = 111
Common difference of Ist series d1 = 5
Common difference of IInd series d2 = 3
First common term = 9, and
their common difference = 15 (LCM of d1 and d2)
Then common terms are 9, 24, 39, 54, 69, 84, 99
 JEE Main 1st Feb, 2023

The sum of the common terms of the following

three arithmetic progressions.
3, 7, 11, 15, ………………………, 399,
2, 5, 8, 11, ………………………., 359 and
2, 7, 12, 17, …………………….., 197, is equal to_____.
 JEE Main 1st Feb, 2023

The sum of the common terms of the following

three arithmetic progressions.
3, 7, 11, 15, ………………………, 399,
2, 5, 8, 11, ………………………., 359 and
2, 7, 12, 17, …………………….., 197, is equal to_____.

Ans: 321
 Solution:

3, 7, 11, 15, ………………………, 399 d1 = 4

2, 5, 8, 11, ………………………., 359 d2 = 3
2, 7, 12, 17, …………………….., 197 d3 = 5
LCM (d1, d2, d3) = 60
Common terms are 47, 107, 167
Sum = 321
 Arithmetic Progression

Key Points for A.P.

1. Common terms of two AP’s, form an AP.
2. If a1, a2, a3 → AP, then
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 → AP &
(ii) a1 ± k, a2 ± k, a3 ± k → AP
3. Sum of the terms equidistant from beginning & end is same
 Arithmetic Progression

Key Points for A.P.

1. Common terms of two AP’s, form an AP.
2. If a1, a2, a3 → AP, then
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 → AP &
(ii) a1 ± k, a2 ± k, a3 ± k → AP
3. Sum of the terms equidistant from beginning & end is same
4. Assuming terms in AP:
3 terms → a - d, a , a + d
4 terms → a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d
5 terms → a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d, a + 2d
The digits of a positive integer having three digits are in A.P.
and their sum is 21. The number obtained by reversing the
digits is 396 more than the original number. Find the number.
 Solution:
Let a - d, a, a + d be three digits of the positive integer.
⸫ The given positive integer = (a - d) a (a + d)
Their sum = (a - d) + a + (a + d) = 21
⇒ 3a = 21
⇒a=7

The number obtained by reversing the digits = (a + d) a (a - d)

Thus, 100(a + d) + 10a + (a - d) = 100(a - d) + 10a + (a + d) + 396
⇒ 99d = -99d + 396
⇒ 198d = 396
⇒d=2
Hence the required number is (7 + 2) (7) (7 - 2), i.e., 975
Geometric Progression
 Geometric Progression

Sequence of the terms:

General term: an = arn-1

Sum of n terms :

Sum of infinite terms :

 Geometric Progression

Note

1.

2.
3. No term of GP can be 0.
If x, 2x + 2, 3x + 3 are first three terms of a GP then
its 4th term is

A -27/2

B -27

C 27

D None
If x, 2x + 2, 3x + 3 are first three terms of a GP then
its 4th term is

A -27/2

B -27

C 27

D None
Solution:
If a, b, c are real numbers such that
3(a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) = 2(a + b + c + ab + bc + ca),
then a, b, c are in

A AP only

B GP only

C GP and AP

D None of these
If a, b, c are real numbers such that
3(a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) = 2(a + b + c + ab + bc + ca),
then a, b, c are in

A AP only

B GP only

C GP and AP

D None of these
Solution:
The first two terms of a geometric progression add up to 12.
The sum of the third and the fourth terms is 48. If the terms
of the geometric progression are alternatively positive and
negative, then the first term is

A 4

B -4

C -12

D 12

Try to focus on ‘a’ and ‘r’ only

The first two terms of a geometric progression add up to 12.
The sum of the third and the fourth terms is 48. If the terms
of the geometric progression are alternatively positive and
negative, then the first term is

A 4

B -4

C -12

D 12
Solution:
 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

Let the first term a and the common ratio of a

geometric progression be positive integers. If the
sum of squares of its first three terms is 33033, then
the sum of these three terms is equal to

A 241

B 231

C 210

D 220
 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

Let the first term a and the common ratio of a

geometric progression be positive integers. If the
sum of squares of its first three terms is 33033, then
the sum of these three terms is equal to

A 241

B 231

C 210

D 220
Solution:
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S2
Let 2nd, 8th and 44th terms of a non-constant A.P. be respectively
1st, 2nd and 3rd terms of a G.P. If the first term of the A.P. is 1, then
the sum of its first 20 terms is equal to

A 970

B 980

C 960

D 990
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S2
Let 2nd, 8th and 44th terms of a non-constant A.P. be respectively
1st, 2nd and 3rd terms of a G.P. If the first term of the A.P. is 1, then
the sum of its first 20 terms is equal to

A 970

B 980

C 960

D 990
Solution:
Find the sum :
Solution:
 Geometric Progression

Key Points for G.P.

1. If a1, a2, a3 → GP, then for k ≠ 0
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 → GP
(ii) (a1)k, (a2)k, (a3)k → GP

2. If a, b, c, d are in GP then a ± b, b ± c, c ± d → GP
3. Product of terms equidistant from beginning and end is same
 Geometric Progression

Key Points for G.P.

1. If a1, a2, a3 → GP, then for k ≠ 0
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 → GP
(ii) (a1)k, (a2)k, (a3)k → GP

2. If a, b, c, d are in GP then a ± b, b ± c, c ± d → GP
3. Product of terms equidistant from beginning and end is same

4. Assuming terms:
3 terms → a/r, a, ar
4 terms → a/r3 , a/r , ar, ar3
5 terms → a/r2, a/r, a, ar,ar2
Sum of first three terms of a GP is 39/10 & their
product is 1. Find the common ratio and the terms.

Remark

is beneficial only if product is given.

 Solution:

Let a/r, a and ar be three terms of a G.P.

According to question, sum of first three terms
(a/r) + a + ar = 39/10
10a(1 + r + r2) = 39r …(i)
Product of terms (a/r) × a × ar = 1
a3 = 1 a=1 …(ii)

Substituting the value of a in equation (i), we get

10(1)(1 + r + r2) = 39r
10 +10 r + 10r2 = 39r
10r2 -29r + 10 = 0
(5r - 2)(2r - 5) = 0
 Solution:

If , then the three terms are

If , then the three terms are

 JEE Main 13th Apr, 2023

Let a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . be a G.P. of increasing positive

numbers. Let the sum of its 6th and 8th terms be 2
and the product of its 3rd and 5th terms be 1/9.
Then 6(a2 + a4)(a4 + a6) is equal to

A 2√2

B 2

C 3√3

D 3
 JEE Main 13th Apr, 2023

Let a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . be a G.P. of increasing positive

numbers. Let the sum of its 6th and 8th terms be 2
and the product of its 3rd and 5th terms be 1/9.
Then 6(a2 + a4)(a4 + a6) is equal to

A 2√2

B 2

C 3√3

D 3
Solution:
Solution:
 Geometric Progression

Note
In Increasing GP:
● If terms are positive then r > 1
● If terms are negative then 0 < r < 1
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022

Let A1, A2, A3, ….. be an increasing geometric progression of

positive real numbers. If

then, the value of A6 + A8 + A10 is equal to

A 33

B 36

C 43

D 47
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022

Let A1, A2, A3, ….. be an increasing geometric progression of

positive real numbers. If

then, the value of A6 + A8 + A10 is equal to

A 33

B 36

C 43

D 47
Solution:
Arithmetico-Geometric Progression
 Arithmetico-Geometric Progression

Sequence of the following form is called A.G.P.

a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2, ……, (a + (n - 1)d)rn - 1

Eg: (a) 1, 3x, 5x2, 7x3, …...

(b) 1, 40, 700, 10000, …..

(c) 0.2, 0.04, 0.006, …...
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

the value of p is _________.

 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

the value of p is _________.

Ans: 9
Solution:
 JEE Main 25th June, 2022

H/W The sum 1 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 32 + … + 10 ⋅ 39 is equal to

C 5 310 - 2

D
 JEE Main 25th June, 2022

H/W The sum 1 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 32 + … + 10 ⋅ 39 is equal to

C 5 310 - 2

D
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean & Geometric Mean
 Arithmetic Mean (AM)

Arithmetic Mean

AM of numbers

AM of

AM of
 Arithmetic Mean (AM)

Arithmetic Mean

AM of numbers AM’s between two numbers

‘A1’ is called one AM
AM of between a & b if a, A1, b AP

AM of A1 & A2 are called two AM’s

between a & b if a, A1, A2, b AP
 Arithmetic Mean (AM)

In General
If n A.M.’s A1, A2, …., An are inserted between a and b

Then

Ak = a + k d
 Geometric Mean (AM)

Geometric Mean

GM of numbers
(It’s defined only for +ve numbers)

GM of

GM of
 Geometric Mean (AM)

Geometric Mean

GM of numbers GM’s between two numbers

(It’s defined only for +ve numbers) G1 is called one GM between a & b if
a, G1, b GP
GM of
G1, G2 are called two GM’s between a
GM of & b if a, G1, G2, b GP
 Geometric Mean (AM)
In General
If n G.M.’s G1, G2, …, Gn are inserted between a and b

Then

Gk = ark
If a, b, c are in G.P., x and y be the A.M.’s between a, b

and b, c respectively, then

is equal to

A -2

B -4

C 2

D 4
If a, b, c are in G.P., x and y be the A.M.’s between a, b

and b, c respectively, then

is equal to

A -2

B -4

C 2

D 4
Solution:
 Arithmetic Mean (AM)

Result
Sum of ‘n’ AM’s inserted between a & b is equal to
n times AM of a & b.
 JEE Main 2020
If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and three geometric means
(G.Ms) are inserted between 3 and 243 such that 4th A.M. is
equal to 2nd G.M., then m is equal to _____.
 JEE Main 2020
If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and three geometric means
(G.Ms) are inserted between 3 and 243 such that 4th A.M. is
equal to 2nd G.M., then m is equal to _____.

Ans: 39
Solution:
 Geometric Mean (AM)

Result
Product of ‘n’ Gm’s between a & b is equal to
nth power of GM of a & b.
Relation between AM and GM
 Relation between AM and GM

For any given +ve numbers:

AM ≥ GM
 Relation between AM and GM

Note

AM = GM; if all the terms are equal.

AM ≥ GM

AM > GM; otherwise

 Relation between AM and GM

3 Hints to use AM ≥ GM

(1) If min value of some expression is asked

(2) Terms involved in expression are +ve.
(3) Product of terms involved in expression is good.
Find minimum value of
Solution:
 Relation between AM and GM

Observation
Find minimum value of

A 4

B 6

C 9

D 18
Find minimum value of

A 4

B 6

C 9

D 18
Solution:
Solution:

Remark
We don’t involve Constants while applying;
A.M ≥ G.M.
 IIT JEE 2011

The minimum value of the sum of real numbers

a-5, a-4 , 3a-3, 1, a8 and a10 with a > 0 is
 IIT JEE 2011

The minimum value of the sum of real numbers

a-5, a-4 , 3a-3, 1, a8 and a10 with a > 0 is

Ans: 8
Solution:
If a, b and c are distinct positive real numbers
such that a + b + c = 1, then prove that :
Solution:
Weighted AM and GM
Weighted AM and GM
 JEE Main 11th Apr, 2023
Let a, b, c and d be positive real numbers such that
a + b + c + d = 11. If the maximum value of a5b3c2d is
3750𝞫, then the value of

A 55

B 108

C 90

D 110
 JEE Main 11th Apr, 2023
Let a, b, c and d be positive real numbers such that
a + b + c + d = 11. If the maximum value of a5b3c2d is
3750𝞫, then the value of

A 55

B 108

C 90

D 110
 Solution:

Given a + b + c + d = 11 (a, b, c, d > 0)

(a5b3c2d)max. = ?
Let’s assume numbers - ,d

We know A.M ≥ G.M.

 JEE Main 11th Apr, 2023
Let x, y, z be positive numbers such that xyz2 has the

greatest value 1/64, then the value of is

A 6

B 8

C 10

D 12
 JEE Main 11th Apr, 2023
Let x, y, z be positive numbers such that xyz2 has the

greatest value 1/64, then the value of is

A 6

B 8

C 10

D 12
Solution:
Method of Difference
 Method of Difference

It’s a method to find Kth term when difference of consecutive

terms is good.
Find the nth term of the following series
5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ⋯
Solution:
Recursion in Series
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022

Let be a sequence such that a0 = a1 = 0 and an+2 = 3an+1 - 2an + 1,

for all n ≥ 0. Then a25a23 - 2a25a22 - 2a23a24 + 4a22a24 is equal to

A 483

B 528

C 575

D 624
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022

Let be a sequence such that a0 = a1 = 0 and an+2 = 3an+1 - 2an + 1,

for all n ≥ 0. Then a25a23 - 2a25a22 - 2a23a24 + 4a22a24 is equal to

A 483

B 528

C 575

D 624
Solution:
Binomial Sequence Matrices & Determinants Vectors & 3D Geometry
❖ Square Matrix
❖ Transpose & Its Properties
❖ Some special Types of matrices
❖ Relation between Matrices & Determinants
❖ Properties of Determinants
❖ Differentiation of Determinants & Some special Determinants
❖ Adjoint & Inverse of Matrix
❖ Solving system of Linear equations
❖ Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Square Matrix
 Square Matrix

In square matrix:

(i) aii are called diagonal elements.

(ii) aij & aji are called conjugate elements.

(iii) is called trace of square matrix.

 Square Matrix

Remark
If A × B is null matrix then it is not necessary that
either A or B will be null matrix.

Observation
(A + B)n can be expanded using binomial if A and B
commute with each other.
 If A2 = A then (I + A)3 - 7A is equal to

A A

B A2

C I

D O

I and A commute with each other: I × A = A × I = A

 If A2 = A then (I + A)3 - 7A is equal to

A A

B A2

C I

D O

I and A commute with each other: I × A = A × I = A

 Solution:

Given, A2 = A
Then
(I + A)3 = I3 + A3 + 3I2A + 3IA2
= I + A + 3A + 3A
= I + 7A
(I + A)3 - 7A = I
 JEE Advanced 2022, P2

If M = then which of the following

matrices is equal to M2022 ?

D
 JEE Advanced 2022, P2

If M = then which of the following

matrices is equal to M2022 ?

D
Solution:
If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 x 3
which satisfy AB = A and BA = B then (A + B)7 is

A 7(A + B)

B 7.I3 x 3

C 64(A + B)

D 128I3 x 3

Result

If AB = A and BA = B then A2 = A and B2 = B

If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 x 3
which satisfy AB = A and BA = B then (A + B)7 is

A 7(A + B)

B 7.I3 x 3

C 64(A + B)

D 128I3 x 3
Solution:
Suppose a square matrix A satisfies A2 = 3A - I.
If A5 = aA + bI, then the value of a + 2b is :

A 14

B 13

C 12

D 11
Suppose a square matrix A satisfies A2 = 3A - I.
If A5 = aA + bI, then the value of a + 2b is :

A 14

B 13

C 12

D 11
Solution:
Transpose & Its properties
 Transpose and its Properties
Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns is called transpose of matrix,
denoted by AT or A .
Properties of transpose

1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT
 Transpose and its Properties
Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns is called transpose of matrix,
denoted by AT or A .
Properties of transpose

1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT

Remark

1. (ABC)T = CT BT AT 2. (An)T = (AT)n

 IIT JEE 2012
If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the
transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then

there exists a column matrix such that

B PX = X

C PX = 2X

D PX = -X
 IIT JEE 2012
If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the
transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then

there exists a column matrix such that

B PX = X

C PX = 2X

D PX = -X
Solution:
 Some Special Matrices

● Symmetric & Skew symmetric Matrix

● Orthogonal Matrix
● Idempotent Matrix
● Involutory Matrix
● Nilpotent Matrix
● Singular & Non-singular Matrix
 Some Special Matrices

Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrix

Symmetric matrix
If AnT = An then square matrix An is called
symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j
 Some Special Matrices

Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrix

Symmetric matrix Skew Symmetric matrix

If AnT = An then square matrix An is called If AnT = -An then square matrix An is called
symmetric matrix. skew symmetric matrix.

i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j i.e. aij = -aji ∀ i & j

Clearly, aii = 0 ∀ i
 Some Special Matrices

Note

Determinant of skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.

 Some Special Matrices

Remark
Every square matrix A can be represented as a sum
of symmetric & skew symmetric matrix.
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023, S-2

Let A, B, C be 3 x 3 matrices such that A is symmetric and

B and C are skew-symmetric. Consider the statements
(S1) : A13 B26 - B26 A13 is symmetric
(S1) : A26 C13 - C13 A26 is symmetric

A Only S2 is true

B Only S1 is true

C Both S1 and S2 are false

D Both S1 and S2 are True

 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023, S-2

Let A, B, C be 3 x 3 matrices such that A is symmetric and

B and C are skew-symmetric. Consider the statements
(S1) : A13 B26 - B26 A13 is symmetric
(S1) : A26 C13 - C13 A26 is symmetric

A Only S2 is true

B Only S1 is true

C Both S1 and S2 are false

D Both S1 and S2 are True

 Solution:

AT = A, BT = -B , cT = -C
Let P = A13 B26 - B26 A13
PT = (A13 B26 - B26 A13)T = (A13 B26)T - (B26 A13)T
= (B26)T (A13)T - (A13)T (B26)T = (BT)26 (AT)!3 - (AT)13 (BT)26
= B26 A13 - A13 B26 = - (A13 B26 - B26 A13) = -P
P is skew-symmetric matrix S1 is false.
And Q = A26 C13 - C13 A26
QT = (A26 C13 - C13 A26)T = (A26 C13)T - (C13 A26)T
= (C13)T (A26)T - (A26)T (C13)T = (CT)13 (AT)26 - (AT)26 (CT)13
= -C13 A26 + A26 B!3 = (A26 C!3 + C!3 A26) = Q
Q is symmetric matrix S2 is True.
then the value of 2|a2 − b1| + 3|a3 − c1| + 4|b3 − c2| is equal to

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

Remark

If A is symmetric then BABT is also symmetric.

then the value of 2|a2 − b1| + 3|a3 − c1| + 4|b3 − c2| is equal to

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3
Solution:
 Some Special Matrices

Orthogonal Matrix

A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I

Remark

If A is an orthogonal matrix then its determinant must be ±1

 Some Special Matrices

Orthogonal Matrix

A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I

Try to observe directly that following are orthogonal matrices.

 JEE Main 11th Jan, 2019

Let . If AAT = I3 , then | p | is

D
 JEE Main 11th Jan, 2019

Let . If AAT = I3 , then | p | is

D
Solution:
Find PT Q2005 P, where

and Q = PAPT.
Solution:
 JEE Main 8th Apr, 2023

H/W

A 2004

B 2006

C 2007

D 2005
 JEE Main 8th Apr, 2023

H/W

A 2004

B 2006

C 2007

D 2005
Solution:
Solution:
 Some Special Matrices
Idempotent Matrix

A square matrix is called Idempotent matrix if A2 = A

Clearly, An will also be equal to A n≥2

Involutory Matrix
A square matrix is called involutory if A2 = I.

Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix is called nilpotent matrix of order m if:
 Some Special Matrices

Singular and Non-singular Matrix

A matrix is called singular if its determinant is zero,

otherwise it is called non-singular.
If AB = A and BA = B then show that A and B will be idempotent.
 Solution:

Given, AB = A
B(AB) = BA
B.B = B
B2 = B
So B is idempotent
Determinants
 Determinants

Relation between Matrices and Determinants

 Determinants

Relation between Matrices and Determinants

(a) We find determinant of a square matrix.
Prove that determinant of a skew
(b) If A & B are two square matrices of same symmetric matrix of odd order is zero
order then |A × B| = |A| × |B|

(c) If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a

constant then:
|K × An| = Kn |An|

Observation
Clearly, |An| = |A|n
 JEE Main 1st Feb 2024, S1

If C = ABAT and X = AT C2A,

then det X is equal to :

A 243

B 729

C 27

D 891
 JEE Main 1st Feb 2024, S1

If C = ABAT and X = AT C2A,

then det X is equal to :

A 243

B 729

C 27

D 891
Solution:
JEE Main 10th Apr, 2016

A 2014

B -175

C 2016

D -25
JEE Main 10th Apr, 2016

A 2014

B -175

C 2016

D -25
Solution:
Properties of Determinants
 Properties of Determinants

Property 1 : The value of the determinant remains unchanged if its rows and
columns are interchanged.

Property 2 : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinants are interchanged,

then sign of determinant changes.

Property 3 : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical (all
corresponding elements are proportional), then value of determinant is zero.
 Properties of Determinants

Property 4 : If all the elements of any row (column) be multiplied by a

number ‘K’ then value of determinant is multiplied by ‘K’.

Note
Obviously, this property also tells, that we can take a
number common from a row (column).
 Properties of Determinants

Property 5 : If some or all elements of a row (or a column) of a determinant

are expressed as sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be
expressed as sum of two (or more) determinants of the same order.

i.e.
 Properties of Determinants

This property is used more frequently to combine determinants

rather than breaking it.
 Properties of Determinants

Observation
 Properties of Determinants

Property 6 : The value of determinants is not altered by adding or subtracting

the multiple of any row (column) in other row (column)
 Properties of Determinants
Standard Determinants

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
 Properties of Determinants

Property 7 : Factor Theorem: If by putting x = a, the value of determinant

vanishes, then x – a is the factor of determinant.
Differentiation of Determinants
 Differentiation of Determinants

Also,
 Differentiation of Determinants

Also,
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S1

If for all x ∈ R, then

2f(0) + f’(0) is equal to :

A 48

B 24

C 42

D 18
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S1

If for all x ∈ R, then

2f(0) + f’(0) is equal to :

A 48

B 24

C 42

D 18
Solution:
A special Determinant
 A special Determinant

Cofactor Determinant
Determinant made by replacing all the elements of a determinant
by their respective cofactors is called cofactor determinant.
 A special Determinant

Cofactor Determinant
Determinant made by replacing all the elements of a determinant
by their respective cofactors is called cofactor determinant.

Result

Let Δc be the cofactor determinant of Δ then Δc = Δn - 1

where n is the order of Δ.
If a, b and c are distinct positive real numbers such that

A Δ1 = Δ2

B Δ12 + Δ2 = 0

C Δ12 = Δ2

D Δ12 = Δ22
If a, b and c are distinct positive real numbers such that

A Δ1 = Δ2

B Δ12 + Δ2 = 0

C Δ12 = Δ2

D Δ12 = Δ22
 Solution:

Elements of Δ2 are cofactors of the elements of Δ1

Hence Δ12 = Δ2
JEE Main 5th Apr 2024, S2

A 64

B 216

C 343

D 125
JEE Main 5th Apr 2024, S2

A 64

B 216

C 343

D 125
Solution:
Adjoint & Inverse of Matrix
 Adjoint of a Matrix

For any square matrix, its adjoint is defined as transpose of its cofactor matrix.
 Adjoint of a Matrix

For any square matrix, its adjoint is defined as transpose of its cofactor matrix.

Result
For any square matrix An × n :
A × (adj A) = |A| In = (adj A) × A
 Adjoint of a Matrix
Properties of Adjoint
For square matrix A & B of order n, we have:

1. |adj A| = |A|n-1

2. adj (adj A) = |A|n - 2 A

3.
 Adjoint of a Matrix
Properties of Adjoint

4. adj(AT) = (adj A)T

5. adj(KA) = Kn - 1 adj A; K is constant

6. adj(Am) = (adj A)m ; m n

7. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)

i.e. reversal law holds

If |A| = 2 where A is a square matrix of order 3
then find:
(a) |adj A| (b) |adj (adj A)|
(c) |adj (AT)| (d) |adj (5A)|
Solution:
JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

A 312.610

B 311.610

C 312.611

D 310.611
JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

A 312.610

B 311.610

C 312.611

D 310.611
Solution:
 JEE Main 27th June, 2022

Let A and B be two 3 x 3 matrices such that AB = I

and , then |adj (B adj (2A))| is equal to

A 16

B 32

C 64

D 128
 JEE Main 27th June, 2022

Let A and B be two 3 x 3 matrices such that AB = I

and , then |adj (B adj (2A))| is equal to

A 16

B 32

C 64

D 128
Solution:
Inverse of a Matrix
 Inverse of a Matrix
Square matrix Bn is called inverse matrix of An if:
AB = BA = I
Clearly, if B is inverse of A then A is also inverse of B.
Formula for A−1

Clearly, A−1 exists (i.e. matrix A is invertible iff A is non-singular)

 Inverse of a Matrix
Properties of Inverse

i.e. reversal law holds.

 JEE Main 27th July 2021, S-2

Let A and B be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that (A2 - B2) is

invertible matrix. If A5 = B5 and A3B2 = A2B3, then the value
of the determinant of the matrix A3 + B3 is equal to:

A 2

B 4

C 1

D 0
 JEE Main 27th July 2021, S-2

Let A and B be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that (A2 - B2) is

invertible matrix. If A5 = B5 and A3B2 = A2B3, then the value
of the determinant of the matrix A3 + B3 is equal to:

A 2

B 4

C 1

D 0
Solution:
Suppose A is any 3 × 3 non-singular matrix and
(A - 3I) (A -5I) = 0, where I = I3 and O = O3.
If 𝞪A + 𝞫A-1 = 4I then 𝞪 + 𝞫 is equal to :

A 8

B 7

C 13

D 12
Suppose A is any 3 × 3 non-singular matrix and
(A - 3I) (A -5I) = 0, where I = I3 and O = O3.
If 𝞪A + 𝞫A-1 = 4I then 𝞪 + 𝞫 is equal to :

A 8

B 7

C 13

D 12
Solution:
System of Linear Equations
 System of Linear Equations
Cramer’s rule:
It’s a rule to solve & find number of solutions of system of linear equations.
 System of Linear Equations

System of linear equations with three variables

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
 System of Linear Equations

System of linear equations with three variables

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
 System of Linear Equations

Number of solutions of system of linear equations

Δ

Δ≠0 Δ=0
Unique solution

Δx = Δ y = Δz = 0 Not all of Δx, Δy, Δz are zero

Infinite number of solutions. No solution

 System of Linear Equations

Number of solutions of system of linear equations

Δ

Δ≠0 Δ=0
Unique solution

Δx = Δ y = Δz = 0 Not all of Δx, Δy, Δz are zero

Infinite number of solutions. No solution

[Provided not all cofactors of Δ are zero]

Given, 2x - y + 2z = 2, x - 2y + z = -4 and x + y + λz = 4,
then the value of λ such that the given system of
equation has no solution is

A 3

B 1

C 0

D -3
Given, 2x - y + 2z = 2, x - 2y + z = -4 and x + y + λz = 4,
then the value of λ such that the given system of
equation has no solution is

A 3

B 1

C 0

D -3
Solution:
 JEE Main 7th Jan, 2020
If the system of linear equations: x + y + z = 6 ,
x + 2y + 3z = 10 , 3x + 2y + λz = μ has more than
two solutions, then μ – λ2 is equal to _____.
 JEE Main 7th Jan, 2020
If the system of linear equations: x + y + z = 6 ,
x + 2y + 3z = 10 , 3x + 2y + λz = μ has more than
two solutions, then μ – λ2 is equal to _____.

Ans: 13
Solution:

(2)
Solution:
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S1
If the system of linear equations :
x - 2y + z = - 4 ; 2x + ⍺y + 3z = 5 ; 3x - y + 𝛽z = 3 has
infinitely many solutions, then 12𝜶 + 13𝛽 is equal to

A 60

B 64

C 54

D 58
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S1
If the system of linear equations :
x - 2y + z = - 4 ; 2x + ⍺y + 3z = 5 ; 3x - y + 𝛽z = 3 has
infinitely many solutions, then 12𝜶 + 13𝛽 is equal to

A 60

B 64

C 54

D 58
Solution:
Solution:
 System of Linear Equations

Let’s consider a homogeneous system of equations given by

a 1 x + b 1 y + c 1z = 0
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0
a3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = 0
 System of Linear Equations

Unique Solution
If D ≠ 0 Solution is called trivial solution
x= y=z=0
Solutions, except (0,0,0) are
If D = 0 Infinitely many solutions called non-trivial or non-zero
solution.
 System of Linear Equations

Note
A homogeneous system cannot have ‘No solution’ as (0, 0, 0)
is always a solution.
(0, 0, 0) is also called ‘trivial solution’ as it obviously satisfy
homogeneous system
The set of all values of λ for which the system of
linear equations ,
and has a non-trivial solution is:

A is a singleton set

B contains exactly two elements

C is an empty set

D contains more than two elements

The set of all values of λ for which the system of
linear equations ,
and has a non-trivial solution is:

A is a singleton set

B contains exactly two elements

C is an empty set

D contains more than two elements

 Solution:

Consider the given system of linear equations

Now, for a non-trivial solution, the determinant of

coefficient matrix is zero.
Cayley Hamilton theorem
 Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
 Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.

Characteristic equation of is:

Using Cayley Hamilton then, we have

A2 - 2A - 3I = 0.
If ,

then find c and d.

Solution:
Solution:
 Cayley Hamilton Theorem

Note

● For a 2 x 2 matrix A2 x 2 , characteristic equation is given by

2 - [Tr(A)] + |A| = 0

● For a 3 x 3 matrix A3 x 3 , characteristic equation is given by

JEE Main 27th July, 2022

A -10

B -6

C 6

D 10
JEE Main 27th July, 2022

A -10

B -6

C 6

D 10
Solution:
 JEE Main 8th Apr, 2024

Let . If A3 = 4A2 - A - 21I , where I is the

identity matrix of order 3 x 3, then 2a + 3b is equal to

A -9

B -13

C -10

D -12
 JEE Main 8th Apr, 2024

Let . If A3 = 4A2 - A - 21I , where I is the

identity matrix of order 3 x 3, then 2a + 3b is equal to

A -9

B -13

C -10

D -12
Solution:
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S2

Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix and I be the identity matrix of

order 2. If the roots of the equation |A − xI| = 0 be −1 and 3,
then the sum of the diagonal elements of the matrix A2 is
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S2

Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix and I be the identity matrix of

order 2. If the roots of the equation |A − xI| = 0 be −1 and 3,
then the sum of the diagonal elements of the matrix A2 is

Ans: 10
Solution:
Binomial Sequence Matrices & Determinants Vectors & 3D Geometry
Vectors
❖ Section formulae
❖ Collinearity of Vectors
❖ Product of two vectors
➢ Dot product of Vectors
➢ Cross product of vectors
❖ Triple Products
Section Formulae
 Section Formula

Internal Section Formula External Section Formula

m
n

O O
 Section Formula

Note
A
C
m n B

P
For example, in a ΔABC, if AD is the median to the side BC, then
A

B D C
 Section Formula

Note
A
C
m n B

P
For example, in a ΔABC, if AD is the median to the side BC, then
A

B D C
 JEE Main 15th Apr, 2023

Let ABCD be a quadrilateral. If E and F are the

midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD respectively
and then k is equal to

A 4

B 2

C -2

D -4
 JEE Main 15th Apr, 2023

Let ABCD be a quadrilateral. If E and F are the

midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD respectively
and then k is equal to

A 4

B 2

C -2

D -4
Solution:
Points D and E divide sides BC and CA of a triangle ABC
in the ratio 2 : 3 each respectively. The ratio in which the
point of intersection of AD and BE divides AD is

A 4:1

B 1:4

C 15 : 4

D 10 : 9
Points D and E divide sides BC and CA of a triangle ABC
in the ratio 2 : 3 each respectively. The ratio in which the
point of intersection of AD and BE divides AD is

A 4:1

B 1:4

C 15 : 4

D 10 : 9
Solution:

P
 Section Formula

Note

b
c

1. Position vector of centroid is

2. Position vector of incentre is

 Section Formula

Note

b
c

1. Position vector of centroid is

2. Position vector of incentre is

 Section Formula

Note

b
c

3. Position vector of Circumcentre is

4. Position vector of orthocentre is

 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

If the points P and Q are respectively the

circumcenter and the orthocentre of a ΔABC, then
is equal to:

Recall: G divides OH in ratio 1 : 2

 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

If the points P and Q are respectively the

circumcenter and the orthocentre of a ΔABC, then
is equal to:

D
Solution:
Let the position vectors of points A, B and C of triangle ABC
respectively be , and . Let

Let l1 , l2 , l3 be the lengths of perpendiculars drawn from the

orthocenter ‘O’ on the sides AB, BC and CA, then l1 + l2 + l3 =

D
Let the position vectors of points A, B and C of triangle ABC
respectively be , and . Let

Let l1 , l2 , l3 be the lengths of perpendiculars drawn from the

orthocenter ‘O’ on the sides AB, BC and CA, then l1 + l2 + l3 =

D
Solution:

(1, 1, 2)

(1, 2, 1) (2, 1, 1)
 Section Formula

Remark
A vector along the internal angle bisector of and is of the
form .
B

A C

For external angle bisector, it is .

Solution:
Collinearity of Vectors
 Collinearity of Vectors

3 points (two vectors)

The moment we have three points, the concern is collinearity. Three points
will be collinear if that is

For example, consider the points A(1, 3, 2), B(-2, 0, 1) and C(4, 6, 3).
As are parallel or collinear,
the points A, B and C will be collinear.
If the points with position vectors

are collinear, then

find 𝞪 and 𝞫.
Solution:
Solution:
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024, S1

Let be three non-zero vectors such that

are non-collinear. If is collinear with is
collinear with , then 𝞪 + 𝞫 = ___.

A 30

B -30

C -25

D 35
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024, S1

Let be three non-zero vectors such that

are non-collinear. If is collinear with is
collinear with , then 𝞪 + 𝞫 = ___.

A 30

B -30

C -25

D 35
Solution:
 Collinearity of Vectors

Note

are collinear if ,
which means
 Collinearity of Vectors

Note

are collinear if ,
which means

where x + y + z = 0 and not all of x, y, z are zero.

 Collinearity of Vectors

Note

are collinear if ,
which means

where x + y + z = 0 and not all of x, y, z are zero.

This is the condition of collinearity of points A, B and C
in terms of their position vectors.
1. Fundamental Theorem in 2D
Let be two given non-zero, non-collinear vectors, then any

vector coplanar with can be uniquely expressed as

for some scalars x and y.

2. Fundamental Theorem in 3D
Let be three given non-zero, non-coplanar vectors, then any vector in

space can be uniquely expressed as for some scalars x & y.

(that is, can be uniquely expressed as a linear combination of )

 Product of Vectors

We define the products of two vectors in two ways.

1. Scalar Product (or dot product).
2. Vector Product (or cross product).
Dot product of two Vectors
 Dot product of two Vectors

Clearly, the angle between and is given by .

 Dot product of two Vectors
Properties
 Dot product of two Vectors

Note
 JEE Main 4th Apr 2024, S2

If 𝞴 > 0, let 𝞡 be the angle between the vectors

and . If the vectors and are mutually
perpendicular, then the value of (14 cos 𝞡)2 is equal to

A 25

B 20

C 50

D 40
 JEE Main 4th Apr 2024, S2

If 𝞴 > 0, let 𝞡 be the angle between the vectors

and . If the vectors and are mutually
perpendicular, then the value of (14 cos 𝞡)2 is equal to

A 25

B 20

C 50

D 40
Solution:
Solution:
 Dot product of two Vectors

Remark
If in some question, the value of is asked or required ,
then use to create it.
Solution:
IIT JEE 2012
 IIT JEE 2012

Ans: 3
Solution:
 Dot product of two Vectors

Geometrical Significance of the Dot product

 Dot product of two Vectors

Geometrical Significance of the Dot product

Let’s look at the projection of a vector along another vector.

Projection of on

Projection of on
 Dot product of two Vectors

Geometrical Significance of the Dot product

Let’s look at the projection of a vector along another vector.

Projection of on

Projection of on

Remark

is called projection vector (or component vector) of along

 JEE Main 05th Sept, 2020

Let the vectors such that

If the projection of is equal to the projection of
and is perpendicular to then the value of is:
 JEE Main 05th Sept, 2020

Let the vectors such that

If the projection of is equal to the projection of
and is perpendicular to then the value of is:

Ans: 6
Solution:
 JEE Main 26th June, 2022 Shift-2
H/W

A 6

B 7

C 8

D 9

HINT :
 JEE Main 26th June, 2022 Shift-2
H/W

A 6

B 7

C 8

D 9
Solution:
Rectangular resolution of a Vectors
 Rectangular resolution of a Vectors

Along X - Y Along X - Y - Z

O
 Rectangular resolution of a Vectors

Along X - Y Along X - Y - Z

Clearly, and Clearly, , and

 Rectangular resolution of a Vectors

Remark
1. If a vector lies in a plane of two vectors and then we
can resolve as

2. If are any three mutually vectors then we can resolve

as
Cross product of two Vectors
Cross product of two Vectors
Find a vector of magnitude 15, which is perpendicular to
both the vectors
Solution:
 Cross product of two Vectors
Properties
1.
2.

3.
 Cross product of two Vectors
Properties
1.
2.

3.

Note
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024, S2

Let and be two vectors such that and

A 1

B 3

C 5

D 4
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024, S2

Let and be two vectors such that and

A 1

B 3

C 5

D 4
Solution:
JEE Main 24th June, 2022

D
JEE Main 24th June, 2022

D
Solution:
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S1

Let and be two vectors such that

and . If and the angle b/w

and is 𝞪, then 192sin2𝞪 is equal to ____.

 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S1

Let and be two vectors such that

and . If and the angle b/w

and
and is 𝞪,, then
is 𝞪 then 192sin
2 is equal to ____.
192sin2𝞪
𝞪 is equal to ____.

Ans: 48
Solution:
Prove that: (Lagrange’s Identity)
Solution:
 Cross product of two Vectors
Geometrical Significance of the Cross Product

B C

O A
 Cross product of two Vectors
Geometrical Significance of the Cross Product

Area of parallelogram B C

O A

Note

is the vector area of parallelogram OABC

 Cross product of two Vectors

Remark
B C

O A

Area of
 Cross product of two Vectors

Result

The area of a quadrilaterals is , where and

are diagonal vectors.
 Triple Product of Vectors

1. Scalar Triple Product (Box Product)

2. Vector Triple Product
Scalar (Box) product of Vectors
 Scalar (Box) product of Vectors

Properties of Box Product

(c)
 Scalar (Box) product of Vectors

Remark

Three vectors are coplanar if

Note

If any two of are collinear, then

 JEE Main 10th April, 2023

Let O be the origin and the position vector of the point P be

. If the position vectors of A, B and C are

and respectively
then the projection of vector on a vector perpendicular
to the vectors and is :

D
 JEE Main 10th April, 2023

Let O be the origin and the position vector of the point P be

. If the position vectors of A, B and C are

and respectively
then the projection of vector on a vector perpendicular
to the vectors and is :

D
Solution:
JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

A 32

B 36

C 24

D 20
JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

A 32

B 36

C 24

D 20
Solution:
 A 0

B 6

C 12

D 18
Note
A 0

B 6

C 12

D 18
Solution:
3D-Geometry
❖ Concept of DC and DR
❖ Equations of Straight lines in 3D
❖ Distance of a point from a line and Distance between two lines
Concept of DC and DR
 Concept of DC and DR
Direction cosine
If vector parallel to a given line makes angles α, β & γ with x, y & z axis respectively
then the triplet cos , cos β, cos γ are called Direction cosine of line

Direction cosine are generally denoted by (l, m, n) Z

𝜸
β
Y
Note
l 2+ m 2+ n 2= 1
X
 Concept of DC and DR
Direction Ratios
Three numbers a, b, c proportional to DC (l, m, n) are known as DR.

Basically, if line is parallel to a vector then DR of line are

(a, b, c), or better to say DR (a, b, c)

 Concept of DC and DR

E.g:
(a) DC and DR of x-axis are

(b) If then

(c) DC and DR of the line joining (1, 2, 1) & (0, 1, –1) are:
If a line makes an angles of 45° and 60° with x-axis
and y-axis then the angle made by it with z-axis is

A 45o

B 60o

C 30o

D 90o
If a line makes an angles of 45° and 60° with x-axis
and y-axis then the angle made by it with z-axis is

A 45o

B 60o

C 30o

D 90o
 Solution:

Here, given

Now, since

Thus, = 60° and 120°

If a line makes an angles 𝝰, 𝞫 and 𝞬 with the coordinate
axes, prove that sin2𝝰 + sin2𝞫 + sin2𝞬 = 2
Solution:
 JEE Main 2018

An angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given

by the equations, l + 3m + 5n = 0 and 5lm - 2mn + 6nl = 0, is

A cos-1(1/3)

B cos-1(1/4)

C cos-1(1/6)

D cos-1(1/8)
 JEE Main 2018

An angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given

by the equations, l + 3m + 5n = 0 and 5lm - 2mn + 6nl = 0, is

A cos-1(1/3)

B cos-1(1/4)

C cos-1(1/6)

D cos-1(1/8)
Solution:
Straight Lines in 3D
 Straight lines in 3D

Line through a given point & parallel to given vector

 Straight lines in 3D

Line through a given point & parallel to given vector

Let be a general point on line

Clearly

r
a

O
This is vector form of line.
 Straight lines in 3D

Line through a given point & parallel to given vector

Cartesian form is :

Note
In Cartesian from: a, b, c are DR of line.
Obviously, few can be zero also
Find the equation of a line which passes through point A(1, 0, -1) and is
perpendicular to the straight lines
Solution:
Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR
(a) 6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2

(b)

(c) x = 2y + 3; z = y - 4
Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR
(a) 6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2
 Solution:

Given, 6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2
Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR

(b)
 Solution:

Given,
Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR
(c) x = 2y + 3; z = y - 4
 Solution:

Given, x = 2y + 3; z = y - 4
 JEE Main 5th Apr, 2024 - S1

If the line makes a right angle with

the line , then 4𝞴 + 9𝞵 is equal to

A 4

B 13

C 5

D 6
 JEE Main 5th Apr, 2024 - S1

If the line makes a right angle with

the line , then 4𝞴 + 9𝞵 is equal to

A 4

B 13

C 5

D 6
Solution:
JEE Main 26th June, 2022

D
JEE Main 26th June, 2022

D
Solution:
 Straight lines in 3D

Assuming a point on line

Consider a line:

A general point on this line is assumed as

 Straight lines in 3D

Assuming a point on line

Consider a line:

A general point on this line is assumed as

 JEE Main 4th Apr, 2024 - S1

Let the point, on the line passing through the points P(1, -2, 3)
and Q(5, -4, 7), farther from origin and at distance of 9 units
from the point P be (𝝰, 𝞫, 𝛾), then 𝝰2 + 𝞫2 + 𝛾2 is equal to

A 165

B 160

C 155

D 150
 JEE Main 4th Apr, 2024 - S1

Let the point, on the line passing through the points P(1, -2, 3)
and Q(5, -4, 7), farther from origin and at distance of 9 units
from the point P be (𝝰, 𝞫, 𝛾), then 𝝰2 + 𝞫2 + 𝛾2 is equal to

A 165

B 160

C 155

D 150
Solution:
Find the point of intersection of:
 Solution:
Let given lines be

Any point on these lines are

If they intersect then they have a point in common and hence

equating them, we get
 Solution:

Solving any two, we get

(It satisfies the remaining third equation)

⸫ Intersection point
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022
Let a line having direction ratios 1, -4, 2 intersect the lines

and

at the point A and B. Then (AB)2 is equal to_____.

 JEE Main 24th June, 2022
Let a line having direction ratios 1, -4, 2 intersect the lines

and

at the point A and B. Then (AB)2 is equal to_____.

Ans: 84
Solution:

A(3𝜆 + 7, -𝜆 + 1, 𝜆 - 2)

B(2𝜇, 3𝜇 + 7, 𝜇)
Solution:
Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from
point A(1, 0, 3) to the join of points B(4, 7, 1) and C(3, 5, 3)
Solution:
 Straight lines in 3D

Remark
If we know foot of perpendicular of a point, we can easily
find image also using section formula
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024, S1

A line with direction ratios 2, 1, 2 meets the line x = y + 2 = z

and x + 2 = 2y = 2z respectively at the points P and Q. If the
length of the perpendicular from the point (1, 2, 12) to the
line PQ is l, then l2 is ____.
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024, S1

A line with direction ratios 2, 1, 2 meets the line x = y + 2 = z

and x + 2 = 2y = 2z respectively at the points P and Q. If the
length of the perpendicular from the point (1, 2, 12) to the
line PQ is l, then l2 is ____.

Ans: 65
Solution:
Equation of line through (0, 1, 2), intersecting the line

perpendicularly is

D
Equation of line through (0, 1, 2), intersecting the line

perpendicularly is

D
 Solution:

Here,

DR of
Since they are intersecting perpendicularly

DR of or

⸫ Equation of line AP is
Distance of a Point from a line
 Distance of a point from a line

Lets understand distance of a point from line through example

The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line

is:

D None of these
The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line

is:

D None of these
Solution:

P(-2, 4, -5)

Q
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

The distance of the point (7, -2, 11) from the line

along the line is

A 12

B 18

C 21

D 14
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

The distance of the point (7, -2, 11) from the line

along the line is

A 12

B 18

C 21

D 14
Solution:

(7, -2,
11) A
 Distance Between two lines
Now let’s pick shortest distance between two lines
 Distance between two lines

Observation
Two non-parallel lines in 3D may or may not intersect

Skew lines: Two lines in space which are neither parallel

nor intersecting are called skew lines
 Distance between two lines
Shortest Distance between two lines

For skew lines: For parallel lines:

JEE Main 10th April, 2023

A 8

B 7

C 6

D 9
JEE Main 10th April, 2023

A 8

B 7

C 6

D 9
Solution:
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S2

The shortest distance, between the lines L1 and L2, where

and L2 is the line, passing

through the points A(-4, 4, 3), B(-1, 6, 3) and perpendicular

to the line is

D
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S2

The shortest distance, between the lines L1 and L2, where

and L2 is the line, passing

through the points A(-4, 4, 3), B(-1, 6, 3) and perpendicular

to the line is

D
Solution:
 Distance between two lines

Result

Two lines are coplanar if either they are

parallel or shortest distance between them is zero, which can be
summarised in one condition