Chairman: M.

Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513 ‫ نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬، ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله‬

NARRTION (STATEMENT) ‫ گفتگي‬،‫ ڪالم‬، ‫بيان‬

The act of telling something (Story, event) in speech or writing is called Narration.
The act of reporting the statement of the speaker is called Narration.
There are two (2) ways / methods of Narration 1. Direct Speech 2. Indirect Speech.

1. DIRECT SPEECH: ‫ براوه راشت بيان‬،‫شڌي گفتگي‬

1.The speech in which actual of speaker are repeated without any change is called Direct speech.
2.Inverted commas or Quotation Marks ( “ “) are used in the Direct speech.
3.There is also a comma between the reporting speech & the reported speech to separate them from each
other.

There are two parts of Direct Speech. 1. Reporting Speech 2. Reported Speech
a. Reporting speech ‫بيان ڪندڙ گفتگي‬
b. Reported Speech ‫بيان ڪيل گفتگي‬
The part with exact words of speaker enclosed within the inverted commas is called Reported Speech.
Example of Direct Speech.
Anwer said to me, “I give you her picture.”
Reporting speech Reported speech

Quotation

Marks

Anwer said to me _,_ “ I give you her picture . “

Subject of Verb of Object of comma Inverted subject Verb of Indirect Direct object of
Reporting speech Reporting Reporting of of Reported object of Reported speech
speech speech Commas Reported speech Reported
speech speech

1 IDIRET SPEECH. ‫ با لياشطه ڪالم‬، ‫ روايت معنيي‬، ‫اڻ شڌي گفتگي‬

The speech in which exact words of speaker are not quoted but the meaning, sense or sum & substance
of the speaker’s words is expressed in other words with some changes is called Indirect speech.

RULES FOR CONVERTING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH

1. GENERAL / COMMON RULES:
1. Generally, the reporting verb say / said will be changed into tell / told, if it is followed by an object.
2. The conjunction “ that ” is used ( sometimes it is understood) to join both the reporting speech and the
reported speech together in an assertive sentence.
3. In Indirect speech, comma and inverted commas (quotation marks) are removed.
2. CHANGES IN THE ( PERSONAL ) PRONOUNS AND (POSSECSSIVE) ADJECTIVES:
1. The First Person ( I, We, my, our, me, us, mine, ours) of the reported speech is changed according to
the Subject of the reporting speech.
2.The Second Person ( you, your, yours) of the reported speech is changed according to the object of the
reporting speech.
3. The Third Person ( He, She, It, They, His, Her, Its, Their, Him, Them, Hers, Theirs) of the reported
speech is nit changed.
Note this formula to remember changes. 1 2 3
S O N
Subject Object No change
3.CHANGES IN TIME AND PLACE EZPRESSIONS ( Adverbs / Pronouns ? Adjectives):
1. Now ( Just) turns into Then
2. This turns into That 15. Day before yesterday turns into two days before
3. These turns into Those The day before the last day
4. Here (Hither) turns into There (Thither) The day before the previous
day
5. Hence turns into Thence
16. Day after tomorrow turns into two days later
6. Thus turns into So In tow day’s time
7.Today turns into That day The day after the next day
8. Tonight turns into That night The day after the following
9. Ago turns into Before day
10. Last______ turns into The previous _______,17.Good morning turns into greeted _____ with_____
_________ before Good evening
11. Sir / Madam turns into respectfully Good after noon
12. Next turns into the following
13. Yesterday turns into the previous day, 18. Good night turns into said ______ to _______
The day before, last day Good bye
Farewell
14. Tomorrow turns the following day, the next / coming day
 Chairman: M.Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513 ‫ نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬، ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله‬

Note All right , Well, O.K, Yes, No, Hello, Hi are omitted in the indirect speech.

CHANGES IN THE TENSES.

A. If the Reporting Speech is in the Present Simple Tense, Future Simple Tense, and Present Continuous
Tense or in the Present Perfect Tense, the tense of the Reported Speech will not change in the Indirect
speech.

Example 1:
Direct Speech : Anwer says to me, “ I give you her picture, now”.
Indirect Speech: Anwer tells me that he gives me her picture, then.

Example 2:
Direct speech: Ali will say to me , “ I give you her picture , now”.
Indirect speech: Ali will tell me that he gives me her picture ,then.

Example:
Direct speech : Ali is saying to me, “ I give you her picture, now”.
Indirect speech : Ali is telling me that he gives me her picture, then.

Example 4:
Direct speech: Ali has said to me ,” I give you her picture ,now”.
Indirect speech: Ali has told me that he gives me her picture, then.

B. If the Reporting Speech is in the Past Simple Tense, the tense of the Reported Speech will change as
following:

01 . Present Tense of To be (is, am, are) changes into Past Tense of To be (was, were)
02. Past Tense of To be ( was, were) changes into Had been
03. Future tense of To be ( shall be, will be) changes into Would be
04. Present Tense of to have ( have, has) changes into Past Tense of To have (had)
05.Past Tense of To have ( have, has) changes into Past Tense of To have ( had)
06. Future Tense of To have changes into Would have
07. Present Simple Tense ( do, does) changes into Past Simple Tense ( did)
08. Past Simple Tense ( did) changes into Past Perfect Tense ( had) / same
09. Future Simple Tense ( Shall have, Will have) changes into Would ( should for offer/ suggestion)
10. Present Continuous Tense changes into Past Continuous Tense
11. Past Continuous Tense changes into Past Continuous Tense
12. Future Continuous Tense ( shall be , will be) changes into Would be
13. Present Perfect Tense changes into Past perfect Tense
14. Past Perfect Tense No changes Past Perfect Tense / same
15. Future Perfect Tense ( Shall have, will have) changes into Would have
16. Present Perfect Continuous tense changes into Past Perfect Continuous Tense
17. Past Perfect Continuous tense No changes Past perfect Continuous Tense/same
18. Future Perfect Continuous Tense changes into Would have been

C. In the indirect speech , the tense of reported speech will remain same in case of universal truth, habitual,
fact, saying, quotation or proverb, even if the reporting verb or speech is in the past tense.
Chairman: M.Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513 ‫ نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬، ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله‬

Rule No. 1

First of all see the Reporting Verb. If it is 'say, says, will say or said', in Indirect Speech also it will
remain same 'say, says, will say or said'. If 'to' is added with the Reporting Verb then in Indirect
Speech it will be changed as per the rule below:

(i) Say to - Tell (ii) Says to - Tells (iii) Will say to - Will tell (iv) Said to - Told

When 'to' is added with the Reporting Verb, Object will always be there and in Indirect Speech after
'Tell or Told', Object must come.

Sabse pahale Reporting Verb ko dekheN. Yadi yah 'say, says, will say or said' hai to Indirect
Speech meiN bhee 'say, says, will say or said' aparivartit rahenge. Yadi Reporting Verb ke saath
'to' lagaa ho to Indirect Speech meiN yah is prakaar parivartit honge:

(i) Say to - Tell (ii) Says to - Tells (iii) Will say to - Will tell (iv) Said to - Told

Jab Reporting Verb ke saath 'to' lagataa hai to vahaaN Object avashya hogaa aur Indirect Speech
meiN 'Tell yaa Told' ke baad Object avashya aayegaa.

Rule No. 2

See the Tense of Reported Verb. If Tense of Reported Verb is Past Tense then in Indirect Speech
Tense of Reported Speech is changed to Past Tense as per Rule given below:

Reported Verb ke Tense ko dekheN. Yadi Reported Verb kaa Tense Past Tense ho to Reported
Speech ke saare Tense is niyam se badalate hai:

Reported Speech Tense in Direct Speech Reported Speech Tense in Indirect Spee

Simple Present Simple Past

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past Indefinite Past Perfect

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect No change of Tense

Past Perfect Continuous No change of Tense

Will/Shall in Future Tense Would/Should (Should with Pronoun 'I' & 'W

Can Could

May Might
Chairman: M.Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513 ‫ نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬، ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله‬

Rule No. 3

When Reporting Verb is of Past Tense, then the following words of Reported Speech are changed as
per below:

Jab Reporting Verb, Bhoot Kaal (Past Tense) kaa ho tab nimnalikhit Reported Speech ke shabdoN ko
nimnprakaar se badalaa jaataa hai:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Ago Before

Hence Thence

Here There

Hither Thither

Last night The previous night

Last week The previous week

Next week The following week

Now Then

The day before yesterday The day before the previous day

The last fortnight The previous fortnight.

These Those

This That

Thus So

Today That day

Tomorrow The next day

Tonight That night

Yesterday The previous day

Chairman: M.Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513 ‫ نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬، ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله‬

Rule No. 4

If Tense of Reporting Verb is either Present Tense or Future Tense, we do not make change in the
Tense of Reported Speech.

Jab Reporting Verb kaa Tense Present Tense yaa Future Tense ho to Reported Speech ke Tense
meiN koi parivartan nahee karate hai.

Rule No. 5

If any Universal Truth, Proverb, Habitual Act, Historical Fact, Unchanged Facts, or Imaginary Condition
comes in Reported Speech, then Tense of Reported Speech does not change even if Reported Verb is
of Past Tense.

Yadi koi Sarvakaalik satya, Kahaavat, Aadatan kriyaa, Etihaasik Tathya, Aparivartit tathya yaa
Kaalpanik sthiti Reported Speech meiN aaye tab Reported Speech kaa Tense nahee badalataa hai
chaahe Reported Verb Bhoot Kaal kaa ho.

Rule No. 6

In all simple tenses, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are removed and word 'That' is used to
join both the parts.

Sabhee simple tenses meiN Comma (,) aur Inverted Commas ("...") ko haTaa kar shabd 'That' kaa
prayog dono bhaago ko joDane meiN karate hai.

Rule No. 7

For changing to Indirect Speech, Pronouns of Reported Speech are changed as per "S O N = 1 2 3"
Rule.

S = Subject 1 = First Person

O = Object 2 = Second Person
N = No Change 3 = Third Person

If Person of Pronoun Rule Change the Person of

of Reported Speech Pronoun as per Reporting
is___ Verb's___
First Person S Subject
Second Person O Object
Third Person N No Change
Chairman: M.Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513 ‫ نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬، ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله‬

Indirect Speech meiN parivartan hone par Reported Speech ke Pronouns ko "S O N = 1 2 3" ke rule
se parivartan karate hai.

Person Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case Reflexive C

Ist Person I MaiN My Meraa Me Mujhe Myself

Ist Person We Ham Our Hamaaraa Us Hame Ourselves

2nd Person You Tum Your Tumhaaraa You Tumhe Yourself

3rd Person He Vah His Usakaa Him Use Himself

3rd Person She Vah Her Usakaa Her Use Herself

3rd Person They Vey Their Unakaa Them Unako Themselves

Examples
1. She says to Kanika, "I will teach you and Avyan."
1. She tells Kanika that she will teach her and Avyan.

2. Avyan said to Swati, "I will give my toys to you."

2. Avyan told Swati that he would give his toys to her.

3. They said to me, "We have given our share to you"

3. They told me that they had given their share to me.

4. We will say to Heena, "You have brought her paintings to show us and your Mom."
4. We will tell Heena that she has brought her paintings to show us and her Mom.

5. She said to Manav, "I am in love and I want you to protect me.
5. She told Manav that she was in love and she wanted him to protect her.

6. He said, "You did not give me his address."

6. He said that he had not given him his address. (Object is not there. Assumed it of 3rd Person)
6. He said that I had not given him his address.(Object is not there. Assumed it of Ist Person)
TOP
 Chairman: M.Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513 ‫ نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬، ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله‬

1. 1st Day - Units of Sentence, Subject, Object & Predicate Page - P-2
2. 2nd Day - Overview of Noun, Pronoun & Verb Page - P-2
3. 3rd Day - Helping Verbs Page - P-2
4. 4th Day - Tenses & Present Indefinite Tense Page - P-2
5. 5th Day - Present Indefinite Tense Page - P-2
6. 6th Day - Present Continuous Tense Page - P-2 - P-3
7. 7th Day - Present Perfect Tense Page - P-2
8. 8th Day - Present Perfect Continuous Tense Page - P-2
9. 9th Day - Past Indefinite Tense Page - P-2
10. 10th Day - Past Continuous Tense Page - P-2
11. 11th Day - Past Perfect Tense Page - P-2
12. 12th Day - Past Perfect Continuous Tense & Double Past Page - P-2 - P-3
13. 13th Day - Future Indefinite Tense Page - P-2
14. 14th Day - Future Continuous Tense Page - P-2
15. 15th Day - Future Perfect Tense Page - P-2
16. 16th Day - Future Perfect Cont. Tense & Double Future Page - P-2 - P-3
17. 17th Day - Sentences of Compulsion & few Imp. words Page - P-2
18. 18th Day - Articles - A/An and The Page - P-2
19. 19th Day - Yes/No Type & Tag Type Questions Page - P-2
20. 20th Day - Questions of W-family Words Page - P-2
21. 21st Day - Alternative, Rhetorical & other type of Questions Page - P-2
22. 22nd Day - Use of It and There Page - P-2
23. 23rd Day - Imparative Sentence and Use of Let & Make Page - P-2 - P-3
24. 24th Day - Conditional Sentences Page - P-2
25. 25th Day - Imaginary Sentences & Words used in... Page - P-2
26. 26th Day - Active Passive-1 Page - P-2 - P-3
27. 27th Day - Active Passive-2 Page - P-2 - P-3
28. 28th Day - Active Passive-3 Page - P-2 - P-3
29. 29th Day - Active Passive-4 Page - P-2 - P-3
30. 30th Day - Active Passive-5 Page - P-2 - P-3
31. 31st Day - Direct-Indirect-1 Page - P-2
32. 32nd Day - Direct-Indirect-2 Page - P-2
33. 33rd Day - Direct-Indirect-3 Page - P-2 - P-3
34. 34th Day - Direct-Indirect-4 Page - P-2
35. 35th Day - The Verb Page - P-2 - P-3
36. 36th Day - Verb-Subject Agreement and Use of K/G/C On Page - P-2 - P-3
37. 37th Day - Causative Verb & Various Uses of Get Page - P-2 - P-3 - P-4 - P-5 - P-6 - P-7
38. 38th Day - Modals Page - P-2 - P-3 - P-4 - P-5
39. 39th Day - Modals-2 Page - P-2 - P-3 - P-4
40. 40th Day - Modals-3 Page - P-2 - P-3
41. 41st Day - The Infinitive Page - P-2 - P-3 - P-4
42. 42nd Day - The Gerund Page - P-2 - P-3
43. 43rd Day - The Participle Page - P-2 - P-3
44. 44th Day - The Noun Page - P-2 - P-3 - P-4 - P-5
45. 45th Day - Pronouns Page - P-2 - P-3 - P-4 - P-5 - P-6
‫‪Chairman: M.Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513‬‬ ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله ‪ ،‬نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬
‫‪Chairman: M.Younis Baloch …Contact 03312008513‬‬ ‫ايڊريس؛ نيي ڪمبي محله ‪ ،‬نزد قبي بس اشٽينڊ شىدادڪيت‬