1.

IOT Definition,
2. Importance of IoT
3. Applications of IOT
4. IoT architecture
5. Understanding working of Sensors, Actuators
6. Sensor calibration
7. Study of Different sensors and their characteristics
 UNIT II ANALYZING & DECODING OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

USED IN IOT DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM

 UART Communication Protocol, I2C Protocol device interfacing and

decoding of signal, SPI
 Protocol device interfacing and decoding of signal, WIFI and Router
interfacing, Ethernet
 Configuration, Bluetooth study and analysis of data flow, Zigbee
Interfacing and study of signal flow
 UNIT III IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES AND ENDPOINTS AND
CONTROLLING HARDWARE AND SENSORS
 IoT Physical Devices and Endpoints- Introduction to Arduino and
Raspberry Pi- Installation,
 Interfaces (serial, SPI, I2C), Programming – Python program with
Raspberry PI with focus on
 interfacing external gadgets, controlling output, reading input from pins.
 Controlling Hardware- Connecting LED, Buzzer, Switching High Power
 Configuration of the cloud platform, Sending data from the
IOT nodes to the gateways using
 different communication options; Transferring data from
gateway to the cloud; Exploring the web
 services like mail, Messaging (SMS) and Twitter etc.;Tracking
of cloud data as per the requirement;
 Google Cloud service architect; AWS clod Services architect;
Microsoft Azure cloud services
 Architect; OEN source Cloud Services; Initial State Iot
Dashboard & Cloud Services
 Antenna design and placement,
 Chip-package system development,
 Power electronics,
 electromagnetic interference/compatibility (EMI/EMC)
 Electronics reliability; Battery simulation.
 TEXT BOOKS
 1. Internet of Things - A Hands-on Approach, Arshdeep Bahga
and Vijay Madisetti,Universities Press, 2015, ISBN:
9788173719547
 2. Getting Started with Raspberry Pi, Matt Richardson &
Shawn Wallace, O'Reilly (SPD),2014, ISBN: 9789350239759
 REFERENCES
 1. Raspberry Pi Cookbook, Software and Hardware Problems
and solutions, Simon Monk,
 O'Reilly (SPD), 2016, ISBN 7989352133895
 2. N. Ida, Sensors, Actuators and Their Interfaces, SciTech
Publishers, 2014.
 3. Peter Waher, 'Learning Internet of Things', Packt
Publishing, 2015 3. Editors OvidiuVermesan
 A dynamic global network infrastructure with
self – configuring based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual “things” have identified,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities
and use intelligent interfaces, often
communicate data associated with users and
their environment
 Dynamic and self-Adapting:
 IoT devices and systems may have the
capability to dynamically adapt with the
changing contexts and take actions based on
their operating condition.Ex: Surveillance
cameras can adapt their modes based on
whether it is day or night.
 IoT devices may have self-Configuring
capability allowing a large number of devices
to work together to provide certain
functionality .
 IoT Devices may support a number of
interoperable communication protocols and
can communicate with other devices and also
with the infrastructure
 1. Unique Identity:
 2. Integrated into information network:
 Unique Identity: Each IoT devices has a
unique identity and a unique
identifier.IPaddress, URI).
 IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces
which adapt based on the context, allow
communication with users and the
environment contexts.
 Integrated into information network:
 IoT devices are usually integrated into the
information network that allows them to
communicate and exchange data with other
devices and systems.
Things of IoT
 IoT devices can exchange data with other
connected devices and applications (directly
or indirectly), or collect data from other
devices
 Process the data locally or send the data to
Centralized servers or cloud based
applications back ends for processing the
data
 Perform some task locally and other task
within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints
 An IoT device may consist of several
interfaces connections to other devices, both
wired and wireless.
 These include
 I)IoT interfaces for sensors
 II) interfaces for internet connectivity
 III) memory and storage interfaces
 IV) audio video interfaces
 An IoT Device can collect various types of
data from the the onboard or attached
sensors, such as temperature e , humidity,
light intensity.
 IoT devices can also be varied types, for
instance, wearable sensors, smart watches,
LED light automobiles and industrial
machines.
 1. Link Layer:
 2. Network / internet layer
 3.Application layer
 Link Layer protocols determine how the data is
physically sent over the networks physical layer or
medium(eg; copper wire, electrical cable, or radio
wave).
 The Scope of The Link Layer is the Last Local
Network connections to which host is attached.
 Host on the same link exchange data packets over
the link layer using the link layer protocol.
 Link layer determines how the packets are coded
and signaled by the hardware device over the
medium to which the host is attached.
 For example 802.3 10BASE5 Ethernet that
uses coaxial cable as a shared medium,
802.3.i is standard for 10 BASET Ethernet
over copper twisted pair connection
Standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to
40 gigabits per second and the higher.
 The shared medium can be a coaxial cable ,
twisted pair wire or and Optical fiber.
 IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wireless Local
area network.(WLAN) communication
standards, including extensive descriptions of
the link layer.
 For example
 802.11a operate in the 5 GHz band,
 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz
band.
 802.11ac operates in the 5G hertz band.
 IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wirless
broadband and Standards, including
extensive descriptions for the link layer also
called WiMAX
 wimax standard provides a data rates from
from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s the recent update
provides data rates of hundred megabits per
second for mobile station.
 These standards provide low cost and low
speed Communications for power constrained
devices.
 IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a collections of standard for
low rate wireless personal area
network(LRWPAN).
 These standard form the basis of
specifications for high level communication
Zigbee.
 LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from
40 k b/ s.
 These are the different generations of mobile
communication standards including second
generation (2G including GSM and CDMA).
 3rd Generation (3G including UMTS and
CDMA2000) and 4th generation 4G including
LTE.
 The network layer are responsible for sending
of IP datagrams from the source network to
the destination network.
 This layer Performs the host addressing and
packet routing.
 The datagrams contains a source and
destination address which are used to route
them from the source to the destination
across multiple networks.
 Host Identification is done using IPV6
 provides end-to-end message transfer
capability independent of the underlying
network.
 The message transfer capability can be set up
on connections, either using handshake or
without handshake acknowledgements.
 Provides functions such as error control ,
segmentation, flow control and congestion
control.
 TCP is a connection Oriented and stateful
protocol while IP protocol deals with sending
packets,
 TCP ensures reliable transmissions of packets
in order.
 TCP also provide error deduction capability so
that duplicate packets can be discarded
 UDP is a connection less protocol. UDP is
useful for time sensitive application.
 they have very small data units to exchange
and do not want the overhead of connection
setup.
 UDP is a transactions oriented and stateless
protocol.
 UDP does not provide guaranteed delivery,
ordering of messages and duplicate
eliminations.
 define how the application interfaces with the
lower layer protocols to send the data over
the network.
 Data are typically in files, is encoded by the
application layer protocol and encapsulated
in the transport layer protocol .
 Application layer protocol enable process-to-
process connection using ports.
 Hypertext transfer protocol is the application
layer protocol that forms the foundations of
world wide web http includes, ,commands
such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD,
TRACE, OPTIONS etc.
 The protocol follows a request-response
model where are client sends request to
server using the http, commands.
 Http is a stateless protocol
 http client can be a browser or an application
running on the client example and application
running on an IoT device ,mobile mobile
applications
 Constrained application protocol is an
application layer protocol for machine to
machine application
 CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a
request- response model, however it runs on
the top of the UDP instead of TC
 CoAP uses a client –server architecture where
client communicate with server using
connectionless datagrams.It is designed to
easily interface with http like http,CoAP
supports method such as GET, PUT, DELETE
 allows full duplex communication over a
single socket connections for sending
message between client and server.
 Websocket is based on TCP and Allows
streams of messages to be sent back and
forth between the client and server while
keeping the TCP connection open.
 The client can be a browser, a mobile
application and IoT device
 t it is a lightweight message protocol based
on public -subscribe model
 MQTT uses a client server Architecture by the
clients such as an IoT device connect to the
server also called the MQTT broker and
publishers message to topic on the server.
 The broker forward the message to the
clients subscribed to topic MQTT is well
suited for constrained and environments.
 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
it is a protocol for real-time communication
and streaming XML data between network
entities XMPP powers wide range of
applications including messaging, presence,
data syndication, gaming multiparty chat and
voice / voice calls.
 XMPP Allows sending small chunks of XML
data from one network entity to another in
real time.
 XMPP supports both client to server and
server –client communication path.
 It is the date centric middleware standard for
device to-device machine to machine
communication
 DDS uses a publish subscribe model where
publisher example device that generate data
create topics to which subscribers per can
subscribe publisher is an object responsible
for data distributions and the subscriber
responsible for receiving published data.
 DDS provide quality of service (QoS) control
and configurable reliability
 Advanced Message Queuing protocols. it is an
open application layer protocol for business
messaging. AMQP support point to point and
publish - subscribe model routing and
queuing.
 AMQP broker receive message from
publishers example devices or applications
that generate data and about them over
connections to consumers publishers publish
the message to exchange which then
distribute message copies to queues
• The term Internet of
Things was first used by
Kevin Ashton in 1999.
• Refers to uniquely
identifiable objects
(things) and their virtual
representations in an
Internet-like structure

If all objects in daily life were equipped with identifiers

and wireless connectivity, these objects could
communicate with each other and be managed by
computers.
“If we had computers that knew everything there was to
know about things—using data they gathered without
any help from us -- we would be able to track and
count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and
cost. We would know when things needed replacing,
repairing or recalling, and whether they were fresh or
past their best. We need to empower computers with
their own means of gathering information, so they can
see, hear and smell the world for themselves, in all its
random glory. RFID and sensor technology enable
computers to observe, identify and understand the
world—without the limitations of human-entered data.”
in RFID Journal (1999)
Education Business Communications Entertainment Medical/Health
 IoT is a technology connecting devices,
machines and tools to the internet by means of
wireless/wired technologies.

 Over 16.7 billion ‘Things’ connected to the

Internet, as of now. The world total population is
8 billion only.

 Unification of technologies such as low-power

embedded systems, cloud computing, big-data,
machine learning, and networking.
 Efficient, scalable and associated architecture

 Unambiguous naming and addressing

 Abundance of sleeping nodes, mobile and

non-IP devices

 Intermittent connectivity

Reference: Teemu Savolainen, Jonne Soininen, and Bilhanan Silverajan,”IPv6 Addressing Strategies
for IoT”, IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 13, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2013
 ATM
These ubiquitous money dispensers came for the first time way back in 1974.
 WEB
World Wide Web made its debut in 1991 to revolutionize computing and
communications.
 SMART METERS
The first power meters to communicate remotely with the grid were installed in
the early 2000s.
 DIGITAL LOCKS
Smartphones can be used to lock and unlock doors remotely, and owners can
change key codes rapidly to grant or restrict access to employees and guests.
 SMART HEALTHCARE
Devices connect to hospitals, doctors and relatives to alert them of medical
emergencies and take preventive measures.
 SMART VEHICLES
Vehicles self-diagnose themselves and alert owners about system failures.
 SMART CITIES
City-wide infrastructure communicating amongst themselves for unified and
synchronized operations and information dissemination.
 SMART DUST
Computers smaller than a grain of sand can be sprayed or injected almost
anywhere to measure chemicals in the soil or to diagnose problems in the
human body
No limit for your Imagination
Industrial Automation Smart Health

Smart Home Smart City

 Wearables Connected Cars

Precision Agriculture
Smart Retail
 &
ACTUATORS
SENSOR
 A sensor detects (senses) changes in the
ambient conditions or in the state of another
device or a system, and forwards or
processes this information in a certain
manner [1].
 “A device which detects or measures a
physical property and records, indicates, or
otherwise responds to it” [2].
‐ Oxford Dictionary

References:
1. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/sensor.html
2. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sensor
 It is only sensitive to the measured property
(e.g., A temperature sensor senses the
ambient temperature of a room.)
 It is insensitive to any other property likely to
be encountered in its application (e.g., A
temperature sensor does not bother about
light or pressure while sensing the
temperature.)
 It does not influence the measured property
(e.g., measuring the temperature does not
reduce or increase the temperature).
 The resolution of a sensor is the smallest
change it can detect in the quantity that it is
measuring.

 The resolution of a sensor with a digital

output is usually the smallest resolution the
digital output it is capable of processing.

 The more is the resolution of a sensor, the

more accurate is its precision.
 Analog Sensors
◦ Produce a continuous output signal or voltage which is
generally proportional to the quantity being measured.
◦ Physical quantities such as Temperature, Speed,
Pressure, Displacement, Strain etc. are all analog
quantities as they tend to be continuous in nature.
 Digital Sensors
◦ Produce discrete digital output signals or voltages
that are a digital representation of the quantity being
measured.
◦ Digital sensors produce a binary output signal in the
form of a logic “1” or a logic “0”, (“ON” or “OFF”).
 Scalar Sensors
◦ Produce output signal or voltage which is generally
proportional to the magnitude of the quantity being
measured.
◦ Physical quantities such as temperature, color, pressure,
strain, etc. are all scalar quantities as only their
magnitude is sufficient to convey an information
 Vector Sensors
◦ Produce output signal or voltage which is generally
proportional to the magnitude, direction, as well as
the orientation of the quantity being measured.
◦ Physical quantities such as sound, image, velocity,
acceleration, orientation, etc. are all vector quantities,
as only their magnitude is not sufficient to convey the
complete information.
 Light • Light Dependent resistor
• Photo‐diode
Temperature • Thermocouple
• Thermistor
Force • Strain gauge
• Pressure switch
Position • Potentiometer, Encoders
•Opto‐coupler
Speed • Reflective/ Opto‐coupler
• Doppler effect sensor
Sound • Carbon Microphone
• Piezoelectric Crystal
Chemical • • GLiquid Chemical sensor
aseous chemical sensor
Pressure Sensor Ultrasonic Distance Tilt Sensor
Sensor

Infrared Motion Sensor

Analog Temperature Sensor
Camera Sensor
Source: Wikimedia Commons
 An actuator is a component of a machine or system
that moves or controls the mechanism or the
system.
 An actuator is the mechanism by which a control
system acts upon an environment
 An actuator requires a control signal and a source of
energy.
 Upon receiving a control signal, the actuator
responds by converting the energy into mechanical
motion.
 The control system can be simple (a fixed
mechanical or electronic system), software‐based
(e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a
human, or any other system.
Actuator Types
Hydraulic

Pneumatic
Electrical

Thermal/Magnetic

Mechanical
 A manual linear
An oil based hydraulic actuator A radial engine acts as
pneumatic actuator
a hydraulic actuator

A crank shaft acting as a mechanical actuator A solenoid based electric bell ringing mechanism

Source: Wikimedia Commons

File: Radial_engine.gif
 Soft Actuators
Soft actuators (e.g. polymer based) are designed to
handle fragile objects like fruit harvesting in agriculture
or manipulating the internal organs in biomedicine.
 Shape Memory Polymers
Shape memory polymer (SMP) actuators function
similar to our muscles, even providing a response to a
range of stimuli such as light, electrical, magnetic,
heat, pH, and moisture changes.
 Light Activated Polymers
Photopolymer/light activated polymers (LAP) are a
special type of SMP that are activated by light stimuli.
 STUDY OF
DIFFERENT
SENSORS AND
THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
 SENSOR
CALIBRATION
IoT components
Device(“Thing”)

Local Network

Internet

Backend Services

Applicatons
 Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN (Low Rate Wireless
Personal Area Network - 40 to 250 Kbps)
• 2G/3G/4G
 Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN (Low Power Wireless Personal Area
Network over IPv6 - 2.4 GHz,250 Kbps)
 Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
 Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol
for M2M - runs on UDP)
• WebSocket
• MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
• XMPP
• DDS (Data Distribution Service –
D2D communication - Publish/Subscribe)
• AMQP

Bahga Book website: http://www.internet-of-things-book.com & Madisetti, © 2015

 IEEE 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
 Developed for low‐data‐rate monitoring and control
applications and extended‐life low‐power‐consumption
uses.
 Uses only the first two layers (PHY, MAC) plus the logical
link control (LLC) and service specific convergence sub‐layer
(SSCS) additions to communicate with all upper layers
 6LoWPAN
 Low‐power Wireless Personal Area Networks over IPv6.
 IPv6 packets compressed and reformatted to fit the IEEE
802.15.4 packet format.
 ZigBee
 Most widely deployed enhancement of IEEE 802.15.4
 The ZigBee protocol is defined by layer 3 and above. It
works with the 802.15.4 layers 1 and 2.
 MQTT - Message Queue Telemetry Transport
 It is a publish‐subscribe‐based lightweight messaging protocol for
use in conjunction with the TCP/IP protocol.
 CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol
 Web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and
networks based on Request‐Response model between end‐points
 designed to enable low‐power sensors to use lightweight RESTful
(Representational State Transfer) services while meeting their
power constraints
 XMPP – Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol.
 A communication protocol for message‐oriented middleware
based on XML for real‐time exchange of structured data
 AMQP - Advanced Message Queuing Protocol.
 Open standard for passing business messages between
applications or organizations
For local area connections

◦ RFID, NFC, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.

For wide area connectivity

◦ GSM, GPRS, 3G, and LTE.

1) Trend No. 1: Artificial Intelligence (AI): “Data is the fuel that powers
the IoT and the organization’s ability to derive meaning from it will
define their long term success.”

2) Trend No. 2: Social, Legal and Ethical IoT: These include ownership
of data and the deductions made from it, algorithmic bias, privacy
and compliance with regulations such as the General Data Protection
Regulation. “Successful deployment of an IoT solution demands that
it’s not just technically effective but also socially acceptable.”

3) Trend No. 3: Infonomics and Data Broking: The theory of infonomics

takes monetization of data further by seeing it as a strategic
business asset to be recorded in the company accounts. By 2023,
the buying and selling of IoT data will become an essential part of
many IoT systems.
4) Trend No. 4: The Shift from Intelligent Edge to Intelligent Mesh: The
shift from centralized and cloud to edge architectures is well under
way in the IoT space. These mesh architectures will enable more
flexible, intelligent and responsive IoT systems — although often at
the cost of additional complexities.

5) Trend No. 5: IoT Governance: As the IoT continues to expand, the

need for a governance framework that ensures appropriate
behaviour in the creation, storage, use and deletion of information
related to IoT projects will become increasingly important.

6) Trend No. 6: Sensor Innovation: The sensor market will evolve

continuously through 2023. New sensors will enable a wider range
of situations and events to be detected.
7) Trend No. 7: Trusted Hardware and Operating System: ‘.. by 2023,
we expect to see the deployment of hardware and software
combinations that together create more trustworthy and secure IoT
systems…’.
8) Trend 8: Novel IoT User Experiences: User experience driven by 4
factors: new sensors, new algorithms, new experience architectures
and context, and socially aware experiences.
9) Trend No. 9: Silicon Chip Innovation: By 2023, it’s expected that new
special-purpose chips will reduce the power consumption required
to run IoT devices.
10) Trend No. 10: New Wireless Networking Technologies for IoT: IoT
networking involves balancing a set of competing requirements. In
particular they should explore 5G, the forthcoming generation of low
earth orbit satellites, and backscatter networks.
 IOT
ARCHITECTURE
An IoT system comprises of the following components:
 Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities.
 Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device
for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or
controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also
include the software components that enable network access for
the device.
 Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs
on the device and interacts with the web services. Controller
service sends data from the device to the web service and
receives commands from the application (via web services) for
controlling the device.
 Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores
the data generated by the IoT device.
 Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT
device, application, database and analysis components. Web
service can be either implemented using HTTP and REST
principles (REST service) or using WebSocket protocol
(WebSocket service).
 Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for
analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form which are
easy for the user to understand.
 Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users
can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system. Applications also allow users to view the system status
and view the processed data.
• Credit card sized single-board computer
➢ Initial intention to promote teaching of basic
computer science in schools
• Can be used as a controller for Smart
Devices
➢ Wirelessly connect with
• Sensors
• Motors
• Servers
• Etc.
• Single-board computer (preassembled or
disaggregated)
➢ Can be connected with a wide variety of sensors, motor
and other actuators to sense and control the environment
➢Control lights, screens and basically anything that you
plug into
a wall socket
➢ Hundreds of clone and innovation freely available to
download
• There is a wide array of sensors
available for these Open Source
systems
➢ Temperature ➢ Displays ➢ Ethanol sensors

➢ Gyroscopes ➢ Static color ➢ Photosensitive

➢ Hall sensors identification sensors
sensors ➢ Ultrasound
➢ Termistors
➢ Heart rate sensors
➢ Tilt sensors
sensors, ➢ Soil moisture
➢ Touch sensors
➢ Buzzers, sensors
➢ Joysticks
➢ Vibrating sensors ➢ Leds modules
• Increased freedom tosensors
➢ Gas customize your
own Smart Home
➢ Possibility to create devices and features
not currently offered in existing solutions