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2nd Term - Modified Water Resources Notes

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2nd Term - Modified Water Resources Notes

Uploaded by

NRC Corruh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Water Resources

 Hydrological cycle
 Importance of rivers to Pakistan
 Water Table
 Uses of Water
 Development of Irrigation System
 Dams and Barrages
 Silt, waterlogging and salinity
 Water impact: Economy, Climate, Desputes
Hydrological Cycle

 Hydrological cycle
Hydrological Cycle

 Hydrological cycle
River Indus
 Originates from Manosarover lake, fed by glaciers
of Karakoram and Hindu Kush Mountains.
 It first enters Baltistan then Kalabagh and then the
plains of Punjab.
 Eastern Tributaries: Indus, Jehlum, Chenab, Ravi,
Sutlej.
 Melting of snow supplies water to the river,
especially during the summer monsoon, when
large quantities of snow are being melted rapidly.
 Dams and barrages regulate/control the flow of
water in the river.
Western Rivers
 Smaller in length and width as compared to
Eastern Rivers.
 River Swat and Kabul carry the most volume
 Kabul river has Warsak Dam
 Tochi, Kurram and Gomal rivers have less
amount of Water in winter and more in
summers (melting of ice)
Rivers of Baluchistan
 Drainage pattern starts in North (Zhob,
Kandhar and Kalachi but they flow east
wards and end up in indus.
 River Hub, Hingol and Porali drain into
Arabian sea
 Some rivers flow westward and drain into
shallow depressions called Hamuns.
Water Table
 Is the amount of water present in the soil
 Recharged by floods and infiltration process
 Beneficial for areas with scanty rainfall and
where canal irrigation is impossible
 It is pumped through pipes and drills
 It can be sweet or saline, sweet near rivers
and canals, and saline near industrial areas
Uses of Water / Meanings
Meanings:
 Cultivation: Sowing/Preparing the land for growing
crops
 Irrigation: Human Input Supply of water to crops
 Harvestation: Cutting of Crops

Uses of Water:
 Domestic
 Industrial
 Agriculture
 Power Resource
Industrial Uses of Water
 Pharmaceutical Industry (injections, syrups,
iv fluids)
 Tanning Industry (washing, dyeing)
 Food processing(beverages,juices,squash)
 Chemical industry (acids, solutions)
 Textile(washing, bleaching, dyeing)
 Mineral water
 Iron and steel
 Thermal power station, HEP Station
Traditional Irrigation Ways
 Shaduf: Is a Mechanism in which water is drawn from a well
or a river by a bucket attached to a pole on one side and
weight on the other side.
 Charsa / Persian wheel: Is a Mechanism in which an animal
is used to pull water from a well.
 Karez: A system of underground canals in a foothill that has
multiple canals bringing underground water to the surface
and then to the main horizontal canal.
 Inundation canal: Is a long canal which is taken off from
rivers
 Tank Irrigation: Using a large storage area of water to
manually move and irrigate (the water inside it) to the
crops.
Shaduf
Charsa / Persian wheel
Karez
Inundation canal
Tank Irrigation
Modern Irrigation Ways
 Perennial Canals: Are canals linked to dams & barrages,
which allows them to have more capacity.
 Tube Wells: Are a type of well in which water is raised by
electrically operated pumps through pipes.
 Sprinklers: Are devices centrally placed in fields to irrigate
them, and are connected to public water supply pipes.
 Drip Irrigation: Is a system of tubes which deliver water and
nutrients directly to the plant's root zone, in the right amount,
and at the right time.
 Tankers: Are trucks which collect and store water from ponds
and lakes in their large storage, from which they provide
water to fields.
Perennial Canal
Tube Well
Sprinklers
Drip Irrigation
Tankers
Dams and Barrages
 Dams: A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the
flow of surface water or underground streams.
Reservoirs created by dams are big in size, and of
course expensive, they not only suppress floods but
also provide more water for HEP and irrigation. They
are usually built on high elevations to increase
maximum capacity for reservoir.
 Barrage: An artificial barrier across a river to control
the flow of water. They also have reservoirs, but are
small, thus provide low aid in irrigation and low
electricity generation. They are usually built on flat
elevations.
Tarbela Dam (River Indus)
Mangla Dam (River Jhelum)
Small Dam
Barrage
Waterlogging
Salinity
 Waterlogging: Is when high concentration
of water table / ground water has reached
its capacity to hold / absorb any more
water, forcing it to come out to the surface,
making it impossible for crops to grow in
the huge puddle.
 Salinity: Is when concentrations of salt
appear after the evaporation of water which
appears by waterlogging.
Solution to waterlogging

 Plant eucalyptus trees.


 Line the canals.
 Make tube wells to bring down water
table
 Drain surface water of the waterlogged
areas
Siltation
 Causes: Cutting of trees / deforestation leads to siltation
because the soil stops getting nutrients from roots of the
trees and plants (by photosynthesis). After this, the soil
starts to dry out (Soil Erosion) and becomes silt, which
moves by natural events like land slides and rivers.
 Control / Solution: Controlling or lessening deforestation
helps in less generation of silt. Or the silt needs to be
removed quickly if it has resided somewhere, before it
turns into sediment.
 Effects: Siltation if not taken care of quickly, turns into
sediment, which causes great harm depending on the
conditions. It usually covers stuff like for instance a dam’s
reservoir, which it can reach using rivers, etc. It reduces
the dam’s efficiency by making the reservoir’s capacity
smaller. Furthermore silt also destroys aquatic habitat in
rivers while also worsening the water’s quality.
Surface water Pollution

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