———— MODULE-G) thes | | Stamstcyt Turerence- 1 Intioduckom: Samplin distirbubton, Slancond ovr, Taling of hypothas ss deuels of Aiga ramee stot f Arges, confidence mils » errmple sonmpltng af ottnbuitey tat of sion rane por doore zosmples agmparison of Forge samnplas |Globistie deals with collection, analpts, siteyprdatien 3 prourtation of mumenteal dafac Hom purpeas of itakaber t6 to make an oxcwele condusiom using 0 fretted sample about opal population: | Yopulaton : A lonae calletton fndwidoals oy abba _-rumesteel data: at con aro be calli ax unveut Bamphe : A frnile subset of the populotrom sample oye he no-of indivrducl rho ample og calltel Aomple age: 3] Hu aarnyly Age n Is Jos than or esuou to 59, then ta cumple x Aaid ty be smell otfwuoire Fanee Acinnpl. . —a Glakisties coun he al info a Gort: | ) Docniphive stahsttcs |3) dnfownbal stakes y | Dacrtptioe Stottstia: ot dexentbe the lela: 1) Infountial stotska: dt Arlps you moe predlichtons fnom ta data: ee era Slakstcal Infouma: dt ts the joucus of ee | voulkand amaking condurors prom the dota oubgeet to nandom noon), |. } dbs the poco yeuwin conduaton about on | undayrg nig. population, Laxccl| én, sol 6x) subuet of the dol Nem pe 7 Statisteal rnfeuna ont: poitiniicd yt | » tara i" Hapotests Titng Sarr pir : The OCLAR, % d ” ol or a t Jn 4 tehy & Aqm wr J ph on ty, alld J aampling. | Random carling The atlectton f an: tndlvtdued from thy population tn such o wou thot rach Aas the Same chance “4 ie sdsitid .ye a _ Gomplng with and without reploagemt = + Bamplng whvw a noo} the population may be sdiatid more than once ic collrol ox aarnpling with ifort Jf a nos con not be chogsen more than ona ie called sampling with out atplocumunt : 'Glondand ouwi: Standordl evvor o| a Slatiste rs the oyppnoxtmale | Std-devration of o stakstial sample populab’on - | (a dha shaketeal term that mau He acura with ushtch a aamyls dhe button nepruerih oO popwloton by natn Gol solwiahion | | the rteypprocal of std-onor ie alld Yuetsrom- Hy pothers «Lon 8takstroal Hypoths St ca stolement that con be Tealiol by agunbfic vwrondh J} we wont fotet a ndationihip blo 9 0 more Ehinga » we ned to witte Aypothess Before we Slot trbunment (on) dale colleckon - fo: Consumption of opyple wurrydoy) feacls bn vistt He dodo feof»| Pllorree belween AluLl Arypothears and Alloundlie - | Aupothors: _—- | Nu fl Aypothere dllennativ Auppothasic ‘| dt pode theuts no | + dt predic thw to ndatorshtp bho a vaniablu. rdlationshrp blo 9 voovaltey - > dt tg dundted by Ho - dtis dondbd by Hy on Hy. St fe (ollowed by tsi 0 |. ot ts pollowed by “+ - Cecuals) Wye) «en? signa: A statement about a Fad aout Wal ~ populalron paromilon 4 a coitradrchs tha mu Aypothaats * & Hew ebnug dow not [tl bg necdluce te! itduce tha no-o} cloys te neown rom a bitaae no» of lous to. recover from a digeaxe compar, 49 Hd: [compen 2th bug |} | &9° Bed nest will not relives pre cuthama: | How, He ddl nde! vortobh is Aeol vest deyemdunt vortable iy asthoume Hy: Independent vanrahte olow not Fave | wdaorship uotth dependent vanrable . ony cowl tility: Independent vores Jos a fakomahip with dependent vartabte « __ el | | |Tl of argnifironnce (Fol of Hypothuis) ~ The ponocess which Felps wits drede about the orespincy 4f wyection of the Aypothes's ‘s called tet | gnifare 16, To mock to deersion abou} He poplohron “(porornetin) tt er essential te make eailain axsumphron | Auch oun assumption te callrol ax atokshceu! Aapothuis: Te volicthy | which ss fo be Texted by analuping the zample. The poudue ushich Arcrclex ox cotarn | Aypothests ig Tur 00 False ws calli Tat Aypothuse. | ' ana fot proc’, Hane can be # possible stiotons; | Accepking the hypolhess Ryeding thy hypothers) Hypothesis a F Tuettip) contet cleersian | wiong lectern I — | ype ono) Hy pothesis S rong deetst ; palace) wing dee’ston Gr dhessron CType- 15 enor) | | fpreeereeeee ee e In order fp minimize both thaye Wipeg of cow we nd Ts Incase Hu sasmple 813e. i a L TGP oon | Tipe Tuvwr } A Type-r oven orewu rfa |° A Wypelt onam or octuns 5 i | | null hypo theats is ny tol le null Ay potest s ts not thot is odially fru ts te vyectid that te ocka populaton ' Fala in te populatron. +) Hts wedi trittad f “Hy is occeptid inibradl 4 | rectin I arching, | y 4 + 8 thas te no adams -hip blo ong rot | » Boe te ig no sdlationlyp | ie coreg chocolafe ¢ book | | pain anol, tooth a | (Ho-hue- ryecting nubod of | Ho fallre~ Acer pir | raping : risa ¢] teeing’ Significance Juels i | Brgnifrccmnes fel av dho known a4 alpha lel Cebevel) | | (on) Aud of Aigatpiraa dt rsa parame acd tn Arypottasrs tebe to | ery Houshold at which the null hyportus's at» denoleol by x. The -argntf counen lyel atpousonts the proba agecting (01 accepting the nul Augpothurs:Feely sued aipnfronee lel, one (0.05) cund ho) ie, 4° Lue of argnifrare and 1k hued of ag niffe -ante 7U peeoely [v=s4> (oas) on tb (oar) Gnfdence intenved Cpeyel confer it isa hpe J titenval calculatron én glatahs dutud pom obserued dala and holds th. ahiall velue o| on tonknown poroinallon: a's lnkd t6 tha | dma Juvel which mesure, how confident the | con “infewol 5 Pes tn atimating the detominil povonrishis | rr frees Cola ey : J Snsiqntyrost | 08 Csl- 1-008 ov =o.95 | anceptaree : eee Sole rh a | \ | ° Aejedrer Pregrehion | acts | Cortheal | os aff | 1 ct nm : 4 | : » : ca ' | | _ 7 je eranrficor! Lott “196 | 196 rot suit gael of con frcleme ISbio{ conect clrors’o” coneet chowion df od wrong of deetoim pk chances of wrong shane of a ;“To ond fuv-tarbol Jab: dn oun crecepphous or any con of Aypoftia’s we | concumtioe on the valus of z on both roles of the mean such a tot #3 callrel 5-fosleal fot *f we concemhaks on Bat re of He macn, such o fot 1 ebb 1-farlro tut - | | oT | eg Tt Graheadf argmnfreont Level of — | she dwell dod | foe | -F645 Ay'l64s "2:33 oF 2°89 | | ‘oorbd | -196 Site -astand acy | ) | - | | or a rmarufacbine compo.ny | ) Manupadtine company | { Says a Hae -Hpo=M= Svom | TM) sud worg [> fart decisio making tot a test @1 a-Jored alfosnakve tet ) Hy: UL udwnns30° Std-dyy ration pepulakion fe unknoum .aD Ilorkint Prorenure:- Tat of Agnificames fon fenge aomples . Tl of Ait nif of petonosticry- i) assume Ho i) dined Zt: a ne | Zs Pea a Pea Qa Hort, ov ig dbsoned no: of Auceess incl scumpl 4ize‘n’. [' Guutm:). * Me a oh is the ane ho- “af aces Tho. samp Aizen? "Cahtth We dante finde rg): Bt aa warp: sige eatin -"<" mW) telr Zen nyctng Aaypoliss ED Aut Fe| <&- Oceping Apo! thes (He) w- fuel of grant, ea Zs osk - rf. Aud of Brgnt freemen 14 Hots He 196 - Sy. lurdiof signt{ ranck,, wore: This tat iaywied $5 ofted apt lfeae ils mo of the saimple and py “fees df eneiey” bidbebsenoed rand fedene | frnes Bex! andiaxcd? oy fll hypothesis aHo tossed 1000 Hrs and Piad funni upto 540 de on the Ay pothesis Hat Hu win ie int the corn be unbroveel wen: Sample size , n= 1000 ‘eObseued no-of ads on 1000 henes of tossing of a coin dom w= 540 | | Expided no: of. drods =U= mp \ : Ps prolabiiy of gthirg a duad tn one toes \ bey > HsI0000 sm prq=l \ Tist of argnificance PMU 2 Hp : am iP y, _ es 540-1000x-L i a) ) Ts 40 — —V > = 53 ——NIzle Zz - a 953 d.58 (%- ase fon 1. of signi ficcunce Awel } ] 4 Acapt the bypsothests Ho “The corn ‘s unbresed reer 4 2- Oe§ 23 O.5¢ DA dit re thrown 4000 trmes and a How of 36% 4 A was obsowed 3940 Hmes-show tot die carunot be negonded art tumbreurd one on = At wx ovsume null hy pothests Ho = die canrict be regandadl as anunbrard one. Gtuems neaomple size = qoo0times obsoneel ro-o| AUCCEAS > X= 38940 Expeded moo] success , Me np p- probability of getting 3or4 ts 1. iP oe > 42 | : ‘Linpte 1. Lot Tot of Aignificanes, RMU = x 0 + er 6é 6 & alk %=, 8940- qooox 4 — J 200% v 3 z= 260 Bs 534 v2000f— lz) > 2 for ie teuel of sranifranc Hed Ls cuceplanee Xe 2 USE \ ry | / Pry | Ee | rose | Joaf 2537 Iz)> Z Ryjcting the Aypothars Ho ies, the die ig brewed « ; Fan 304" nows of 0 6 focrdl de and odd mumbo funn up 181 hime sd} is posstble (ov) ruoscnabte Ib “think that Ha dite ig an unbiaxcd om? 2 Id w assume Null Hypothests sHoz Hie dle ws an unbrourd one - y Gruen: n= Aarple ABE = 804 obsowed mo-of Aucctss , 1-161 Rxjudticl rioe of Auccts4 whe mp’ p-jmobabiliy afl gtttng tan sold numbers ts» 2-4 ide oN VPP hs [Ve A= np | Tel of tga ficance Bel ee Al= 304 x4 Jnpg , F= 181-16 vb lox Si cl aa——____ — - ~ ‘Inbez, 7 2HHS IF fon Zu=25e fon it lve of Aig ntpreane - “ Accept the bypothers Ho 2 the die rs unbieurel —— Tot fon Differeree of Propontton lt A and B fe 9 Aovrge population with nayet 5 contain athtbuliy among Hein member. Constden aig indhpamdent forge samp Fs Aizu. and ny from fhe populatton A and B rypuctio dy. | Itt and xy be the obsenuedl novof sucess in true sashes nopedioely - j Fandom sampling with rep locum The ilu, aw drawn one by onde cow putt back to the population before the cmanth eras. | Fonmula: Haru wane «AL, isa mean ef scumnlh. | ney Demand ator AR 5; - Bed of Me sompl By 8-4 of porulotron M 630 ¢{ He Aone, we aiz¢ of populahon, where, Mz =f iti a [oerrs Mo Biniericl dete| ph sthoat placer a b ont and aw not pit me Hea, rent drow dango dur re ‘to the populatron be ip ~ jules ues va’: [At o hn n | uhutt, ¢ ts the couedon foitor if N- very Lange, them CI | Ee |ss TroBiems:. J A population consti of 5 rumbers 9,3. 658.11, Onsiden oll possible samp Lis of age a which cat drown with placement , prom Hix population, fird the mean ard §- of the papulakon Ci) mean andl SP of the acamplirg distirbutkon withoyt mpl acmmimt g with replacomumt? > Gum: » b,adampl hy Sigt of the population, Nes ® Mand o;, of the populahiom — ‘beplocerant Al Tf N A= Ot3t6+8H) 5 a Geek Zlay-M)? a Wy : Lf (2-6)"+ (3-6)°# (6-2) Gor Ho-0] {letatotatos) eh 2A a ee #4 Treat =10-¥ a ORs 106% 2- Peete Aon ond co with mplocement Hen, Mz ts He rian rf Aampli ng with veplacarmurt gis a Or Te mean of t he ndand deur a, 8i tviatton, Or? meee 54” popula hon, =o Oi 15 O SD with vplaument £ PN x fae Tisasoof | pepulabor, [og 399] — Aond o- unthout ntblacerent —» mean of sompln without atplocemnent” i Qe [= "| ° ty a = OQ |e. Be, iE 8 Foe eal ae < | z ~ : 7 = ) | Dore: 'D Mean of the: populatron N | N- Total no-of popultn { 7 of the popullotton. N —— N ) Wpind rondow eomplng- with rplaeumant, N2 2 Uz = x 3/4 @ r- nm 5 Here, oy = E Cx N 3) Sampling without oxpelocememt Ae = Lb 2 Ue = n-n } O_ N-1 f % 8) A population consists of 4 numboy 3)4.115!5, La) find the mean and 8? of te sampling dtbukon | meany by corvictining Aamaplirgs of age | mebloctmnemt ? @ Ff Nn demotta, respurely the population sige § ample aig, v- and o nopicoey dumitig, population SD ard 8D of Ha, sarnyling distrbubion gf muons without stplocenamt > Givons N- Size of the population = 4 n- aomple Aigt=a 6) Bampling with aeplacument, A, = UL Ms Zfs atts .g rn2 2 a = B= TO? O= Sd of popula N -kom : | ot (ea (9-97 G-g)*¥(15-9y') OF = 10 > R=No | | Gi) Bompling without n | “& 3 35) Contam tubes manu odlioud by @ company Feu ay lifeline of Boohoung and $-7 of Go hours + frrd the pootability Hala xamdom sample of 16 Labs Faken prom the pup will Jhowe a main Ay frre, ) Békiien 490 hows tp siohvans < 485 ours (lox than?. ™) mor tran 820 hours: ™ Bdween F40howw-830 hours: > Glue: Ms 800 U=60 N16 a: Ue = Zs (oy? T= aoe na 21D 9 Probably betwen 490 howu te sichoung - P (4q0< x <810) [rh x= 490 5 %o.x-u = 490-100 oF IS Xs -0-6F ith 210, #=7-u _ gig-g99 | oot UE (s- tic > O-6FYoo < ¥<062) z(- 0°64 fy o)+z(o to 0-64) ; azote 0-6p / ab(o-6d) 9x0-9UEG -067 wi) < 8S hous 2 (%< 465) ho ARS, yA S 3es-goo = OF Is atots cv) -z(0 to ee) o-s- bt) » pCz<-1)= o-s- 64) = OS- O-BUI3 | (1) more than 890 foun PC x7 320) Id %=a0, %-WAkE . 390-00 = og - o lenis 60 70 by co) -2(0 ho 133) O5- H(h33) _, O-5- 0-408 / | P %>)-33 > 0-0918 3 1633 wv(iv) beluren 440 and $30 houng P (190 << 830) It X:340, f~ %-Uy 2 HI 100 2-98 2, 45, % Is 7830, Tate > gao-so0 = 30 a: oF P(-g9eR 0.0514 n 86 Gy) Sampling ditabubton without veplowmumt 2 or oO oie 7 =) 00514] 1S00- 36 {00-4 a Tr UZ = 0-080 = [= esser)- (01) mone than 635-94 iu . _In the ccuc of random sarnpling with re pevcurremb, (4) P (634-36 << 635-94) “ in a coe ay Ut Xo; | fe. g-6a5 aye x 0-227 Wp ME ou96 | ee O30He- Gas ag o-aser (0 } 4 |#= -b06) | \ a ' | 7 = 635-94 , |2=1-06 | oe | coe P(-1-06 984-39 = 954 samplis - greats than 635-5 P(% > 635-5) leh 5 6365, Z= 6BS°S-63T_ ¥ [Re oa] o-ag4 P3>2-2) / | | 3(ot2 @)-3lo to.) | OS (2.2) : 3 \- | Plz>9.0) =) 0-0639‘Fp 100 narelor samples , 400% 00139 => 5:56 = 6 sample PCR < 634-9) les Han 634-9 gs | | - | [th = 63U2 5 Ze 63U2-63T [5 -3-594— ) 0:94 p(3< -3-59) = 0-008 | fon 400 samy, 400x0.0009=) 0 sammplrs @) to than 6345 Gm (61) mors. than 635-94 gm | | P(3 cas ay) "Ee ) | P Oc ceaus) | It S645, 3 6345-635 [3>-8-2 ) 0-994 ee P(x>6asau) , oe 635-24 - 635 » 32h06 06994 P(3<-2-2)+ P(3>"06) 1 fo &)~ x(0 fo>-2.) + Ala to m) 3/0 fy I-06) par one ! | } p > ; | aro ayes fogs | He = foe Fi \ ? Fon 400 gory 400 XOISIG =) 63-4 = 63 9 samplig decsateaaa 4 ~ _— | te Jo relat | we 5movULE-@) ach of d owns of Popo a NOTEs let p, and Pa be the ol, heowed proportion of uty, {rem 9 populations A and @ rupecltiely. Houm Hy X= 1 (p,- Pr) ? en Pe eBvepecicl J aa) WORH7NG Proce oure: » defn He null Hfypotuste Hot P.= Pa 2) Cateulatron: 7: 'P.-P2) observed (Pr P»ocpeche 0 p- MPitNaP2 , = I-p nN a) Gonelusion: Iel< z, | Acctpt Hu ult Hypothusis . Ho: | lz)> zy Rect the null Hpothuates tyi — ~~ PRoBlems: Fahne out 16 rmpwunfect anheles rn ce acum of hine it ) ote Hi machines ovenhautled (ep arte dt puch out 3 smpenect ounticley ma batch f 100 -HAs tho machine impooued e > Given: h,= 5005 = 100 pi proportion of pis 0:832 Po- proponhon of ier nti, m nerd ane he belime Alull Hypothests Hp = pi Pa 4p P Colculatton: Test of Algnifiana, %- a) art riers, ) pe MipitN>P2 = _$00X0+039# 1090x0203 Pip, svoti00 Ip = }-0-08/4 fe 0:032-0-03 impor uct cuticles rn jst acmple = 16 svo 90314 ¥ 0.9633 ( at iSlz) < Zy ec) 0+104-2 < 1eqG Concluston: 2 erp the mull Hypothesis 2) Rondom sample of 400 men curd 600 women wee cule) wht fur thy would Lhe 46 Acwe o plyouer naan tach vaidemee 900 mem and Bas wornem's wore favour tm the | proposal. Tet the Ay pothasig that proportion of men af | wormem im {awowr of thu proposal, cow ame ogee | i that thy om not at > duel ? > Guens m= 400. N= 600 Pi ~ propoxttion of men Faveurtn fon the pepotal 1 Pr= 200 = o-5 | 400 | Ps propontton of Women favourrm Qor the pupa p2= 338. o.Sy)4 600 Or finn He mull Hypothiatg , Ho = Pe pa Caloulation: Re —_—__—— tht \ p= mpi tm pa j hitny T P= _400x0-5+600 yp.cua EOS $6.00 xd-Sya. 400+Gap P= 05952+ i qe I- 052° go oS 0sya o-sasyouas (Ltt (eo ae | Gondaatns FI <3 cea 3 < 96 2 Accept Ho null Mypothate stg~' ~ — — — —$———— — _ yA Company fas Hu hiod offre ot He new weth? — under H, brand at Kolkaka oul of sample of S00 workin, at Aug Dobie 6g: fououred fhe nous plant ot kolkale out f a | sample of 400 workang 4) de wor oneunst the nau ! plan. Is tein 3 ‘a nipicant difjruma ble tu gpeouper in, thein attitude towards the nu plan of s4s Atel? > Guen: n4=800 5 ns gop Pie propoxtion of the prople fowowud with the rug plon ro wes Belhe = 6ok= 62 4.65 100 poe] | Pa- proportion of fu puople fowcune wth ta — | ) nu plore to Holkatta = 100-41 de = sQ-[e = bthtirg the Null HypoHusis, Ho: Pi= Pa taloulatron: qs SU sosg a | Pi- Pa Py G2) b- MPir Nopo | Abns | P= S00x 0-694 400x059 EENOGAT FOX OSI SvOt4op |" q= 03930 E= O-Ga- oq 0-604X0-393 ft + svo #00 | | | Conduston: |Z] < z, O-4Is¢ < 1-Q64) Ina Jange che A, 20 +h of nandrn sovaphy of 900 Achool chrldnen Aad! dtr dioe 8 vig “fo Ma ity, ay B, 15+) of nordomn arp oi \° itdswn od tt, 1600 “ome ned as tho, dlfwmer bhy ts 4 proportion, A nipeamnt Oblarn te 95 4 sonfrdssna, Distr, jo thy | 3iffouma in the opadatton proponkore > Owens T= 906, ny - ieee P. . probottlay of difrove- ups it rn oh A Piz 20. =0.36 100 Von) Pa> 18 = 01S — propontton of eefedtur of eysteph “a ™m oy B- > y Defer the Mull Hypothnts Ho | Oolwaton: = Z- P-py | = = MPy4 P> Tpit Pa hi tn, p= 40010-2 + l6 op x Olt ero ge 46a0 Y= Ip Yo 1-016 > 0-832X= _0-2- O15 0-16§X 9-32 ft _+1_ Qao0o «(1600 Conelysron + lzl > 4200.05) [ace cde Ls]. 3.2094 > 1-96 a Peed the Mult Hypo Huis » Ho - | vey the Q proportions ow seoniprant 5) Before an tnovase th emote city on Tea , 400 pople out of a sample of 500 powons wou pound tr be “Tea datnkens After am tmouase tn day 400 people wou Tra dunking 1 a scum of 600 prople bang standond own of foupoxtion, Taf whither thaw ea argtreat deovase rn the coraaymnption of “Tea? Gwen: y= 500, m=600 P- propontion of Tea drinkers before inowase In excise dul = 400 = Of : S00 Pa- plopontion of Ta dninkong afte rnowars tn exclye dui, 400. 06% a) Oefmirg the nul) Pupottus te, Ho| taleulakon: Z bi-Pa mea) Pr Dita hit, P= S00x0-8+ 6oov0.64 5001600 [P= 0-93) R= 0:8-0-6F ——_— S00 600 tondustons l#ls %& 48358 > 1-96 Fac Hs null Hu pots, Ho- nes Thu te a at nipfeant diovaxe in the . | comumplion of Tea befont and ffir th the oxciae d