Final Test – Zdravka Asenova СК 32-08

I. Label the underlined parts of speech in the sentences.

The storm loomed over the city.

The: definite article
storm: noun (common, concrete)
loomed: verb (past tense)
over: preposition
the: definite article
city: noun (common, concrete)

Jerry leisurely ate his lunch, and then took a long nap.
Jerry: proper noun
leisurely: adverb
ate: verb (past tense)
his: possessive pronoun
lunch: noun (common, concrete)
and: conjunction
then: adverb
took: verb (past tense)
a: indefinite article
long: adjective
nap: noun (common, concrete)

Gee whiz, Officer! The robbers are escaping!

Gee whiz: interjection
Officer: noun (common, concrete)
The: definite article
robbers: noun (common, concrete)
are escaping: verb phrase (present progressive)

Griselda combed her long frizzy hair while leering at her captives.
Griselda: proper noun

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combed: verb (past tense)
her: possessive pronoun
long, frizzy: adjectives
hair: noun (common, concrete)
while: subordinating conjunction
leering: verb (present participle)
at: preposition
her: possessive pronoun
captives: noun (common, concrete)

When he's told to clean his bedroom, the little boy hides in the tool shed.
When: subordinating conjunction
he's: pronoun + verb (present, contraction of "he is")
told: verb (past participle)
to clean: infinitive verb phrase
his: possessive pronoun
bedroom: noun (common, concrete)
the: definite article
little: adjective
boy: noun (common, concrete)
hides: verb (present tense)
in: preposition
the: definite article
tool shed: noun (common, concrete)

We saw how badly you did your job last summer, and you should be ashamed of yourself.
We: pronoun
saw: verb (past tense)
how badly: adverbial clause
you: pronoun
did: verb (past tense)
your: possessive pronoun
job: noun (common, concrete)
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last summer: noun phrase (adverbial modifier of time)
and: conjunction
should be ashamed: verb phrase (modal + present participle)
of yourself: prepositional phrase

French fries and ketchup is a popular American snack.

French fries: noun (proper, concrete)
and: conjunction
ketchup: noun (common, concrete)
is: verb (present tense)
a: indefinite article
popular: adjective
American: adjective (proper)
snack: noun (common, concrete)

Jacques speaks French, English, and a bit of Chinese.

Jacques: proper noun
speaks: verb (present tense)
French: noun (proper, concrete)
English: noun (proper, concrete)
and: conjunction
a bit of: quantifier
Chinese: noun (proper, concrete)

II. Put the appropriate possessive pronoun/ no article, the, a. Explain in one sentence its use in the
context.
1. Her husband has been sent to ….. prison for 3 years.
No article is used before "prison" because it is treated as a general institution where the focus is on its
function not as a specific location

2. Inspectors will be visiting ….. school next week.

"The" is used because the sentence refers to a specific school
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 3. Children need …… love and ….. attention.

4. People have come to depend on ….. car as …… only means of transport.

"Their" is the possessive pronoun indicating ownership of the car, and "the" is used before "only means
of transport" to specify it as the sole method of transport.

III. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the underlined verb, and then change
the verb from the Passive Voice to the corresponding tense in the Active Voice.
1. The wiring must be checked.

Tense: Modal + be + past participle (Passive: Modal).

Active Voice: Someone must check the wiring.

2. The crow was being scolded by the squirrel.

Tense: Past continuous (Passive).

Active Voice: The squirrel was scolding the crow.

3. The mail is opened every day.

Tense: Present simple (Passive).

Active Voice: Someone opens the mail every day.

4. The ingredients for the cake have been measured.

Tense: Present perfect (Passive).

Active Voice: Someone has measured the ingredients for the cake.

5. His work will be published tomorrow.

Tense: Future simple (Passive).

Active Voice: Someone will publish his work tomorrow.

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IV. Write each noun and label it concrete or abstract and common or proper.

1. We went the Graywood Park and got an idea when we saw the birds in the pond.
Graywood Park: Concrete, Proper
idea: Abstract, Common
birds: Concrete, Common
pond: Concrete, Common
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Communication is a very important process to all people.
Communication: Abstract, Common
process: Abstract, Common
people: Concrete, Common

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Mary is filled with happiness today because justice has been served by the judge.
Mary: Concrete, Proper
happiness: Abstract, Common
justice: Abstract, Common
judge: Concrete, Common

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V. State whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive, intransitive or link verbs:
1. Heat expands metals.
Verb: Expands
Transitive (requires a direct object, "metals").

2. Those people are all professors.

Verb: Are
Linking (connects the subject "those people" to the complement "professors").

3. Metals expand on heating.

Verb: Expand
Intransitive (does not take a direct object; the phrase "on heating" is an adverbial phrase).

4. The driver stopped the car.

Verb: Stopped
Transitive (requires a direct object, "the car").

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5. Those professors are brilliant.
Verb: Are
Linking (connects the subject "those professors" to the complement "brilliant").

VI. Define the different functions of the constituents of the sentences (subject, verb, object, complement,
etc.):
Malcolm and Patrick like to read news online.

Subject: Malcolm and Patrick

The subject is who the sentence is about. Here, "Malcolm and Patrick" are the people performing the action.

Verb: like

The verb expresses the action or state of being. "Like" is the action they are performing.

Object: to read news online

The object is what the verb is acting upon. In this case, "to read news online" is the activity they like.

Complement: N/A

There is no complement in this sentence; the object is a verb phrase.

The Johnsons buy their dinner from the diner next to their house.

Subject: The Johnsons

The subject is who is performing the action. "The Johnsons" are the people who buy.

Verb: buy

The verb represents the action of purchasing.

Object: their dinner

The object is what is being bought. "Their dinner" is the thing that "The Johnsons" are buying.

Prepositional Phrase (Indirect Object/Location): from the diner next to their house

This phrase shows where the dinner is bought from. It describes the location of the action (the diner next to

their house).
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Complement: N/A

Explanation: There is no complement in this sentence, only the object and the prepositional phrase.

Stuart went to Poland by car.

Subject: Stuart

The subject is who the sentence is about. "Stuart" is the person who went.

Verb: went

Explanation: The verb shows the action, which is moving or traveling.

Prepositional Phrase (Direction/Location): to Poland

This prepositional phrase shows the direction or destination of the action (where Stuart went).

Prepositional Phrase (Means/Method): by car

This phrase describes the method or means by which the action was performed (Stuart went "by car").

Mary emailed the contract to her friend.

Subject: Mary

"Mary" is the person performing the action (sending an email).

Verb: emailed

The verb represents the action of sending an email.

Object: the contract

The object is what was emailed. "The contract" is the thing being sent.

Indirect Object: to her friend

This phrase shows the recipient of the action (who received the contract).

Melissa practiced her part before the rehearsal.

Subject: Melissa
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"Melissa" is the person performing the action.
Verb: practiced
The verb represents the action of rehearsing or practicing.
Object: her part
The object is what was practiced. "Her part" refers to the specific task or role that Melissa practiced.
Prepositional Phrase (Time): before the rehearsal
This phrase tells us when Melissa practiced her part (before the rehearsal).

VII. What are the different realizations of the Object in English. Point them out and give examples.

In English, the Object in a sentence can take various forms depending on its grammatical realization. Below
are the primary realizations of the object, along with explanations and examples:

Noun Phrase (NP)

A noun or a group of words that acts as a single noun, typically functioning as the Direct Object or Indirect
Object.
Example:
Direct Object: She bought a book.
Indirect Object: He gave his sister a gift.

2. Pronoun
A pronoun can function as the object in place of a noun.
Example:
Direct Object: I saw her yesterday.
Indirect Object: They sent me an invitation.

3. Clause
A subordinate clause can act as an object, often introduced by "that," "what," or "whether."
Example:
I know that she is coming.
Tell me what you want.

4. Gerund (V-ing) Phrase

A gerund phrase (verb + "-ing") can serve as the object.
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Example:
She enjoys reading novels.
We discussed going to the park.

5. Infinitive (to + verb) Phrase

An infinitive phrase can function as the object, often after certain verbs.
Example:
They decided to leave early.
I want to learn Spanish.

6. Prepositional Phrase
Although not as common, some verbs take objects that are prepositional phrases.
Example:
He glanced at the clock.
They agreed on the proposal.

7. Non-Finite Clause (Bare Infinitive)

After certain verbs, the object can take the form of a bare infinitive (without "to").
Example:
I saw her dance.
Let him go.

8. Nominalized Adjective or Participle

An adjective or participle used as a noun can function as the object.
Example:
She admired the brave.
They condemned the accused.

Examples of Realizations in Sentences:

Noun Phrase: He found a wallet.
Pronoun: She invited him.
Clause: I wonder why he left.
Gerund Phrase: They love playing tennis.
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Infinitive Phrase: He wants to visit Italy.
Prepositional Phrase: She looked into the matter.
Bare Infinitive: They saw her run.
Nominalized Adjective: He respects the wise.

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VIII. Make questions using the verbs given below. Use one of the tenses: the Present Progressive, the
Present Perfect Progressive or the Present Perfect:

1. What/now?
Question: What are you doing now?
Tense: Present Progressive

Why/not to walk?
Question: Why haven’t you been walking?
Tense: Present Perfect Progressive

How long/that wall?

Question: How long has that wall been standing?
Tense: Present Perfect Progressive

2. Whose proposal/now?
Question: Whose proposal are you considering now?
Tense: Present Progressive

3. Who/the car?
Question: Who has been driving the car?
Tense: Present Perfect Progressive

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IX. Underline the attributes in the text. Define them as parts of speech.

The eldest of our travellers gazed constantly towards heaven or into the distance; the second, a slave who
carried rugs and cloaks on his broad shoulders, never took his eyes off his master; and the third, a young,
free-man, looked wearily and dreamily down the road.
A broad path, leading to a stately temple, crossed that which led from the summit of the mountain to the
coast, and the bearded pedestrian turned up it; but he followed it only for a few steps, then he turned his head
with a dissatisfied air, muttered a few unintelligible words into his beard, turned round and hastily retraced
his steps to the narrow way, down which he went towards the valley.

1. The eldest of our travellers gazed constantly towards heaven or into the distance;
The: Article
eldest: Adjective
2. the second, a slave who carried rugs and cloaks on his broad shoulders, never took his eyes off his
master;
the second: Article + adjective
broad: Adjective
his: Possessive pronoun
3. and the third, a young, free-man, looked wearily and dreamily down the road.
the third: Article + adjective
young: Adjective
free-man: Noun (compound noun)
A broad path, leading to a stately temple, crossed that which led from the summit of the mountain to
the coast, and the bearded pedestrian turned up it;
broad: Adjective
stately: Adjective
the summit: Article + noun
the mountain: Article + noun
bearded: Adjective
5. but he followed it only for a few steps, then he turned his head with a dissatisfied air, muttered a few
unintelligible words into his beard, turned round and hastily retraced his steps to the narrow way,
down which he went towards the valley.
a few steps: Article + adjective + noun
his head: Possessive pronoun + noun
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a dissatisfied air: Article + adjective + noun
a few unintelligible words: Article + adjective + adjective + noun
his beard: Possessive pronoun + noun
the narrow way: Article + adjective + noun
the valley: Article + noun

X. Combine the following sentences in a complex sentence. The underlined words should be used in the
new sentence:
1. What will the Committee decide? Our decision depends on that.
Our decision depends on what the Committee will decide.
2. We have never been informed. Our protest is due to that.
Our protest is due to the fact that we have never been informed
3. His salary has been increased? I was not aware of it.
I was not aware that his salary had been increased
4. We spend more than we earn. I am fully conscious of it.
I am fully conscious that we spend more than we earn.
5. Why do you want to borrow all the books? I am interested.
I am interested in why you want to borrow all the books.

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