Editors

Agota Szende, Bas Janssen and Juan Cabasés

Self-Reported Population Health: An

International Perspective based on
EQ-5D
Editors
Agota Szende
Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research
Covance, Leeds, UK

Bas Janssen
EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Juan Cabasés
Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

ISBN 978-94-007-7595-4 e-ISBN 978-94-007-7596-1

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7596-1

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The EuroQol Group
The EuroQol Group is a network of international
multidisciplinary researchers devoted to the
measurement of health status. Established in
1987, the EuroQol Group originally consisted of
researchers from Europe, but nowadays includes
members from North and South America, Asia,
Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The Group is
responsible for the development of EQ-5D, a
preference-based measure of health status that is
now widely used in clinical trials, observational
studies, and other health surveys. The EuroQol
Group has been holding annual scientific
meetings since its inception in 1987.
The EuroQol Group can be justifiably proud of its
collective scientific achievements over the last 20
years. Research areas include valuation, EQ-5D
use in clinical studies and in population surveys,
experimentation with the EQ-5D descriptive
system, computerized applications, interpretation
of EQ-5D ratings, and the role of EQ-5D in
measuring social inequalities in self-reported
health.
The EuroQol Group’s website ( www.​euroqol.​org )
contains detailed information about EQ-5D,
guidance for users, a list of available language
versions, EQ-5D references, and contact details.
EQ-5D is a standardized measure of health status
developed by the EuroQol Group in order to
provide a simple, generic measure of health for
clinical and economic appraisal. Applicable to a
wide range of health conditions and treatments, it
provides a simple descriptive profile and a single
index value for health status that can be used in
the clinical and economic evaluation of health
care as well as in population health surveys.
Acknowledgements
The editors wish to acknowledge the following
researchers and organizations who contributed EQ-
5D country data described in this book.

Argentina Ministerio de Salud de Argentina, Buenos Aires,

Argentina
Armenia Gayane Gharagebakyan, Armenia Transition
Programme, Yerevan, Armenia
Belgium a ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators
Canada Tim Cooke, Health Quality Council of Alberta, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada
China Sun Sun and Kristina Burstrom, Department of
Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics,
Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
J. Chen, School of Health Policy and Management,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
Denmark Jan Sorensen, Centre for Applied Health Services
Research and Technology Assessment, University of
Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
England National Centre for Social Research and University
College London. Department of Epidemiology and
Public Health
Finland Seppo Koskinen, Division of Welfare and Health
Policies, National Institute for Health and Welfare,
Helsinki, Finland
France a ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators
Germany a ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators
Greece Yannis Yfantopoulos, University of Athens, Athens,
Greece
Hungary Agota Szende, Global Health Economics and
Outcomes Research, Covance, Leeds, United
Kingdom
Renata Nemeth, Hungarian National Center for
Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
Italy a ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators
Japan Naoki Ikegami, Keio University School of Medicine,
Tokyo, Japan
Aki Tsuchiya, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United
Kingdom
Korea Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Division of Chronic Disease
Surveillance, Korea Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Seoul, Korea
The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators
Netherlands
a
New Zealand Nancy Devlin, City University, London, United
Kingdom
Paul Hansen, Otago University, Dunedin, New
Zealand
Slovenia Valentina Prevolnik-Rupel, Ministry of Health,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Matejka Rebolj, Department of Public Health,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
Spain a ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators
 Anna Mompart, Health Plan Service, Department of
Health, Government of Catalonia
Yolanda Ramallo Fariña, Encuesta de Salud de
Canarias 2009, Servicio Canario de la Salud,
Government of Canarias
Sweden Stefan Björk, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
Kristina Burström, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm,
Sweden
Thailand Sirinart Tongsiri, Mahasarakham University,
Mahasarakham, Thailand, John Cairns, London
School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London,
United Kingdom
The United Paul Kind, University of York, York, United Kingdom
Kingdom
The United Patrick W. Sullivan, University of Colorado School of
States Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research
Program, Denver, Colorado; and the Center for
Outcomes and Evidence, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland
Zimbabwe Jennifer Jelsma, University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa

a The editors especially acknowledge the contribution of

the ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators who provided
representative population surveys with EQ-5D-3L data for
6 European countries from the European Study of the
Epidemiology of Mental Disorders.
The ESEMeD Investigators are as follows:
Jordi Alonso M.D., Ph.D. 1 , Matthias Angermeyer
M.D. 2 , Sebastian Bernert M.Sc. 2 , Ronny Bruffaerts
Ph.D. 3 , Traolach S. Brugha M.D. 4 , Giovanni de
Girolamo M.D. 5 , Ron de Graaf M.D., Ph.D. 6 , Koen
Demyttenaere M.D., Ph.D. 3 , Isabelle Gasquet M.D. 7
; Josep Maria Haro M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D. 8 , Steven J.
Katz M.D., Ph.D. 9 ; Ronald C. Kessler Ph.D. 10 ,
Hans-Helmut König M.D., M.P.H. 11 , Viviane Kovess
M.D., Ph.D. 12 , Jean Pierre Lépine M.D., HDR 13 ,
Herbert Matschinger Ph.D. 2 , Johan Ormel M.A.,
Ph.D. 14 , Gabriella Polidori M.D. 15 , and Gemma
Vilagut Stat 1 .
From the 1 Health Services Research Unit, IMIM –
Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques,
Barcelona, Spain, and CIBER en Epidemiología y
Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; 2 Department of
Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; 3
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital
Gasthuisberg; Leuven, Belgium; 4 Department of
Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester
General Hospital, Leicester, UK; 5 IRCCS
Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; 6 Netherlands Institute
of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos-Instituut),
Utrecht, The Netherlands; 7 Public Health
Department-Paul Brousse Hospital (AP-HP),Villejuif,
France; 8 Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi
de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER en Salud
Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; 9 Medical Center of
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; 10
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, USA; 11 Department of Medical
Sociology and Health Economics, University Medical
Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; 12
EA4069, Paris Descartes University, Ecole des
Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), Paris,
France; 13 Psychiatre des Hôpitaux, Hôpital Fernand
Widal, INSERM U705, University Paris Diderot and
Paris Descartes, Paris, France; 14 Center for
Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry,
University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen,
The Netherlands; and 15 Istituto Superiore di Sanità,
Rome, Italy.
The ESEMeD project was funded by the
European Commission (Contracts QLG5-1999-01042;
SANCO 2004123, EAHC 20081308); the Piedmont
Region (Italy); Fondo de InvestigaciónSanitaria,
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028);
Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a, Spain (SAF 2000-
158-CE); Departament de Salut, Generalitat de
Catalunya, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER
CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP); and
other local agencies and by an unrestricted
educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. The
ESEMeD project is part of the World Mental Health
(WMH) Surveys initiative; we are indebted to the
support received by the WMH Consortium.
Finally, the editors acknowledge the importance of
authors of the EuroQol Group booklet ‘Measuring
Self-Reported Population Health: An International
Perspective based on EQ-5D’ (Szende and Williams
ed. 2004). The authors of this booklet and their
organizations at the time of publication included the
following:
Irina Cleemput, Belgian Health Care Knowledge
Centre, Brussels, Belgium
Frank de Charro, Erasmus University Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
Mark Oppe, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
Rosalind Rabin, EuroQol Group Executive Office,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Matejka Rebolj, Department of Public Health,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
Agota Szende, Covance, Leeds, United Kingdom
Alan Williams + , Centre for Health Economics,
University of York, York, United Kingdom
+ Alan Williams has deceased.
Glossary of EQ-5D Terms

EQ-5D-3L Descriptive system of health-related

quality of life states consisting of five
dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual
activities, pain/discomfort,
anxiety/depression). Each dimension has
three responses recording three levels of
severity (no problems/some or moderate
problems/extreme problems) within a
particular EQ-5D dimension.
EQ-5D-5L Descriptive system of health-related
quality of life states consisting of five
dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual
activities, pain/discomfort,
anxiety/depression). Each dimension has five
responses recording five levels of severity (no
problems/slight problems/moderate
problems/severe problems/extreme problems)
within a particular EQ-5D dimension.
EQ-5D-Y EQ-5D-Y Youth version. Descriptive
system of youth health-related quality of life
states consisting of five dimensions (mobility,
looking after myself, doing usual activities,
having pain or discomfort, feeling worried, sad,
or unhappy). Each dimension has three
 responses recording three levels of severity
(no problems/some problems or a bit/a lot (of)
problems or very) within a particular EQ-5D
dimension.
EQ-5D descriptive system Standard layout for the
above five-dimensional descriptive system for
recording an individual’s current EQ-5D self-
reported health state (often referred to as
page 2 of the EQ-5D questionnaire).
EQ-5D Self-reported health state An EQ-5D health
state recorded by an individual on the EQ-5D
descriptive system.
EQ VAS Standard vertical 20-cm visual analogue
scale (similar to a thermometer) for recording
an individual’s rating for their current health-
related quality of life state (often referred to as
page 3 of the EQ-5D questionnaire).
EQ VAS score Score recorded by an individual for
their current health-related quality of life state
on the EQ VAS.
EQ SDQ Standard set of questions concerning
socio-demographic variables for use with the
EQ-5D valuation questionnaire and a modified
version for use with the EQ-5D questionnaire.
These questions are optional for users.
EQ-5D self-report questionnaire Questionnaire, of
standard layout, consisting of the EQ-5D
descriptive system, the EQ VAS, and (if
required) the modified version of the EQ SDQ.
EQ-5D valuation questionnaire Questionnaire, of
standard layout, consisting of the EQ-5D
questionnaire (including full EQ SDQ) in
addition to the EQ-5D VAS, and a standard set
of instructions.
EQ-5D index value Index value attached to an EQ-
5D state according to a particular set of
weights or value set.
EQ-5D value set A scoring algorithm that can be
used to attach a single index value to each
EQ-5D state using a scale anchored at 1 = full
health and 0 = dead. Value sets are derived
from EQ-5D valuation surveys normally
conducted on a representative sample of the
general population of specific countries or
regions, typically using the EQ-5D VAS rating
scale or the time trade-off techniques.
Contents
1 Introduction
Juan Cabasés and Rosalind Rabin

2 Data and Methods

Bas Janssen, Agota Szende and
Juan Manuel Ramos-Goñi

3 Population Norms for the EQ-5D

Bas Janssen and Agota Szende

4 Cross-Country Analysis of EQ-5D Data

Agota Szende and Bas Janssen

5 Socio-demographic Indicators Based on EQ-5D

Agota Szende and Bas Janssen

Annex 1: EQ-5D Population Norms – National

Surveys

Annex 2: EQ-5D Population Norms – Regional

Surveys

References

Index
Contributors
Juan Cabasés
Department of Economics, Public University of Navarra,
Pamplona, Spain

Bas Janssen
Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Rosalind Rabin
EuroQol Group, London, UK

Juan Manuel Ramos-Goñi

EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Agota Szende
Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research
Covance, Leeds, UK
© The Author(s) 2014
Agota Szende, Bas Janssen and Juan Cabases (eds.), Self-Reported
Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7596-1_1

1. Introduction
Juan Cabasés1 and Rosalind Rabin2

(1) Department of Economics, Public University of

Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
(2) EuroQol Group, London, UK

Juan Cabasés
Email: [email protected]

1.1 Purpose of This Book

During the 26 years since EQ-5D was first developed,
a substantial amount of research has been carried
out worldwide using the instrument. Among these
studies were surveys conducted in various countries
that measured the health-related quality of life of the
general population. These studies have been
informative in providing new data on population
health characteristics, complementing the traditionally
collected morbidity and mortality data.
The EuroQol Group is frequently asked to provide
EQ-5D population reference data (sometimes called
population norm data or simply population norms) for
a specific country or international region. Such data
can be used to compare profiles for patients with
specific conditions with data for the average person in
the general population in a similar age and/or gender
group. Also the burden of disease in question can be
compared to the general population’s health.
In response to the increasing need for EQ-5D
population reference data, the EuroQol Group
established the Self-Reported Health Task Force
whose objectives were as follows:
Updating the international EQ-5D general
population database archive.
Providing easy-to-use tables with population norm
data for individual countries.
Illustrating the potential use of EQ-5D data in
population health studies.
Providing a recommended format to present and
analyse EQ-5D data collected from future surveys.
A first booklet summarised this work and
presented population norms from population surveys
conducted in 15 countries (Szende and Willimas
2004). The current book presents the population
norms for 24 countries and some of their regions as
well as results of some additional analyses of
population health based on EQ-5D, including EQ-5D
index norms.
The target audiences for this book are
researchers using EQ-5D to collect data from patients
or members of the general population and policy-
makers using the collected information in health care
decision-making. Readers wishing to learn more are
encouraged to contact the EuroQol Group Executive
Office ([email protected]).

1.2 EQ-5D
EQ-5D is a standardized health-related quality of life
questionnaire developed by the EuroQol Group in
order to provide a simple, generic measure of health
for clinical and economic appraisal (EuroQol Group
1990). Applicable to a wide range of health conditions
and treatments, it provides a simple descriptive
profile, a self-report visual analogue scale and a
single index value for health status that can be used
in the clinical and economic evaluation of health care
as well as in population health surveys (Fig. 1.1).
Fig. 1.1 EQ-5D-3L
EQ-5D is designed for self-completion by
respondents and is suited for use in postal surveys,
web-based applications, and in face-to-face
interviews. It is cognitively undemanding, taking only
a few minutes to complete. The instructions to
respondents are included in the questionnaire.
The EQ-5D consists of 2 pages – the EQ-5D
descriptive system (page 2) and the EQ VAS (page
3). The EQ-5D descriptive system comprises five
dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities,
pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The EQ-5D
is available in three level and five level response
options, EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L, respectively, and a
youth version, EQ-5D-Y.
The EQ-5D-3L (EQ-5D 3 level) was introduced in
1990 and is available in more than 160 translated
versions. Although the EQ-5D-3L was initially
designed for self-completion in paper-and-pencil
format, EQ-5D-3L data are currently also collected
electronically by web or tablet versions, or by
following a telephone interviewer script. Each
dimension has three levels: no problems, some
problems, severe problems/unable to. The
respondent is asked to indicate his/her health state by
ticking (or placing a cross) in the box against the most
appropriate statement in each of the five dimensions.
This decision results in a 1-digit number expressing
the level selected for that dimension. The digits for
the five dimensions can be combined in a 5-digit
number (‘profile’) describing the respondent’s health
state. It should be noted that the numerals 1–3 have
no arithmetic properties and should not be used as a
cardinal score.
The EQ VAS records the respondent’s self-rated
health on a vertical, visual analogue scale where the
endpoints are labelled ‘Best imaginable health state’
and ‘Worst imaginable health state’. This information
can be used as a quantitative measure of health
outcome as judged by the individual respondents.
The responses to the EQ-5D dimensions can be
used to obtain a single index value (EQ-5D index) for
all health states described by the 5-digit number.
Given the five dimension and three-level response
option format of the EQ-5D-3L questionnaire, there
are 243 possible health states plus dead and
unconscious. An index value is attached to each EQ-
5D state according to a particular set of weights or
value sets that measure health states on a scale
anchored at 1 = full health and 0 = dead. Value sets
(previously also referred to as “tariffs”) were based on
representative samples of the general population (as
opposed to patients) of a particular country or
regions, and used a technique for valuing health
states with the EQ-5D VAS rating scale or the Time
Trade-Off technique. A distinction should be made
between the EQ-VAS self-report question for
measuring health outcome and the EQ-5D valuation
questionnaire that is designed to collect valuations for
health states defined by the EQ-5D descriptive
system using the EQ-5D VAS rating scale.
The EQ-5D index values can be used in the
estimations of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) as
standard QALY calculations require valuations for all
relevant health states on a scale anchored at 1 = full
health and 0 = dead. While the EQ-5D index values
(and QALYs based on it) are often used in economic
evaluation to inform priority setting in health care, the
EQ-5D index values are also useful as single index
measures in clinical studies as well as in population
health surveys.
After extensive research and preparation, the
EuroQol Group launched the EQ-5D-5L self-complete
version in 2009, with the aim of further improving the
sensitivity and discriminatory power of the existing
EQ-5D-3L version. The EQ-5D-5L (EQ-5D 5 level) is
available in more than 100 translated versions. The
EQ-5D-5L still consists of two pages – the EQ-5D-5L
descriptive system (page 2) and the EQ visual
Analogue scale (EQ VAS) (page 3). The descriptive
system comprises the same five dimensions as the
EQ-5D-3L. However, each dimension now has five
levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate
problems, severe problems, and extreme
problems/unable.
The EQ-5D-Y (EQ-5D Youth version) is an EQ-5D-
3L self complete version for children and adolescents
aged 7–12. It is available in more than 25 languages.
All analyses and results in this book, however, are
based on adult EQ-5D-3L and EQ VAS data.

1.3 The Structure of the Book

This book presents results from four main analyses of
the international EQ-5D database.
Chapter 2 presents the data sources and methods
of the book. General population surveys are
accumulated from 24 countries (Table 2.​1).
Descriptive statistics are used to provide EQ-5D
population norms by age and gender categories for
EQ VAS, EQ-5D index values, and for the five
dimensions. Correlations between country-specific
EQ-5D data (EQ VAS and 5 dimensions) and country-
specific economic and health system macro
indicators are calculated in the cross-country
analysis. Odds ratios and the health concentration
index methodology are used in the socio-
demographic analysis of EQ-5D data.
 Chapter 3 presents the population norm data
using EQ-5D for each country. EQ-5D norms are
reported for EQ VAS and EQ-5D index values, and for
self-reported problems on each of the five dimensions
of the EQ-5D descriptive system, all classified by age
and gender. These EQ-5D norms can be used as
reference data to compare patients with specific
conditions and to assess the burden of the disease in
question.
Chapter 4 demonstrates that cross-country
differences exist in EQ-5D outcomes after the
population data is standardized for demographic
differences. These cross-country differences in the
general level of health are explained by looking at
macro data on the economic and health system
characteristics of each country. Results show that it is
the prior living standards of a country that mostly
explain cross-country differences in self-reported
health.
Chapter 5 specifically addresses the distribution of
health within the population and the degree to which
age, gender, education level and country are
responsible for inequalities in self-reported health.
Usual activities and pain/discomfort were the highest
contributors to overall inequalities in self-assessed
health in most countries. Education had a consistent
role in explaining a lower level of self-reported health.
The level of inequalities in self-assessed health and
the health inequality profile by EQ-5D dimension
differed substantially across countries, deserving the
attention of policy makers within each country.
Future population surveys using EQ-5D-3L or EQ-
5D-5L may be integrated into the EuroQol archive of
population survey datasets as they become available.
Researchers planning to conduct new population
surveys using EQ-5D should contact the EuroQol
Group Executive Office
([email protected]).

Open Access This chapter is distributed under the

terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Noncommercial License, which permits any
noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author(s) and
source are credited.

References
EuroQol Group (1990) EuroQol – A new facility for the
measurement of health-related quality of life. Health
Policy 16:199–208
[CrossRef]
Szende A (Editor) and Williams A (Editor) (2004)
Measuring Self-Reported Population Health: An
International Perspective based on EQ-5D. EuroQol
Group.
© The Author(s) 2014
Agota Szende, Bas Janssen and Juan Cabases (eds.), Self-Reported Population Health: An
International Perspective based on EQ-5D, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7596-1_2

2. Data and Methods

Bas Janssen1, 2 , Agota Szende3 and Juan Manuel Ramos-Goñi2

(1) Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
(2) EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
(3) Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Covance, Leeds, UK

Bas Janssen (Corresponding author)

Email: [email protected]

Agota Szende
Email: [email protected]

2.1 International EQ-5D Archive of Population Surveys

The international EQ-5D database archive consists of 27 EQ-5D population
surveys collected in 24 countries. Countries with 1 or more population surveys
include: Argentina, Armenia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, England,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom,
United States, and Zimbabwe. The datasets are structured in a standardized
format to facilitate comparative research, although each survey also has its own
characteristics and variables specific to the individual research context in which
they were conducted. In addition, three datasets from Argentina, China, and
Sweden (Stockholm area) were analyzed locally and results were added to the
book, as the dataset transfer to the central archive was not possible from these
countries. The datasets captured by this book currently include observations on
216,703 individuals. For a more detailed account of the data, see Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 National and Regional EQ-5D Population Surveys

Source Sample Data Survey method
size collection
National
Argentina Ministry of Health 41,392 2005 Face-to-face interviews on the 2005 Risk
of Argentina 2005 Factors Survey on a random selection of
households representative also at regional level
 Source Sample Data Survey method
size collection
Belgium ESEMED, König 2,411 2001–2003 Personal computer-based home interviews on
et al. 2009 a national representative sample of the
noninstitutionalized general adult population as
part of the European Study of the Epidemiology
of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)
China Household Health 8,031 2010 Face-to-face interviews on the representative
Survey 2010; Sun 2010 Household Health Survey (HHS)
et al. 2011
Denmark Sorensen et al. 16,861 2000–2001 Face-to-face interviews on three representative
2009 national surveys, including a national health
interview survey undertaken by the National
Institute of Public Health (SUSY-2000), a health
survey undertaken in Funen County (Funen data
set) and a national health survey undertaken by
the University of Southern Denmark (SDU data
set) with a total of 22,486 individuals
England Health Survey for 14,763 2008 Computer assisted interviews on a randomly
England 2010 selected sample of households in England
Finland Saarni et al. 2006 8,028 2000 Face-to-face interviews on the Health 2000
survey sample, which is a representative survey
of the Finnish population aged 30 and over
France ESEMED, König 2,892 2001–2003 Personal computer-based home interviews on
et al. 2009 a national representative sample of the
noninstitutionalized general adult population as
part of the European Study of the Epidemiology
of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)
Germany ESEMED, König 3,552 2001–2003 Personal computer-based home interviews on
et al. 2009 a national representative sample of the
noninstitutionalized general adult population as
part of the European Study of the Epidemiology
of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)
Greece Yfantopoulous 464 1998 Face-to-face interviews on a sample of 500
1999 individuals selected from the general population
Hungary Szende and 5,503 2000 Self-administered questionnaire during a
Nemeth 2003 personal interview on a random sample of 7000
people from the electoral registry
Italy ESEMED, König 4,709 2001–2003 Personal computer-based home interviews on
et al. 2009 a national representative sample of the
noninstitutionalized general adult population as
part of the European Study of the Epidemiology
of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)
Korea Lee et al. 2009 1,307 2007 Face-to-face interviews on a random sample of
the South Korean residential registry
Netherlands ESEMED, König 2,367 2001–2003 Personal computer-based home interviews on
et al. 2009 a national representative sample of the
noninstitutionalized general adult population as
part of the European Study of the Epidemiology
of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)
 Source Sample Data Survey method
size collection
New Zealand Devlin et al. 2000 1,327 1999 Postal survey on a random sample of 3000 New
Zealanders selected from the electoral roll
Slovenia Prevolnik Rupel 742 2000 Postal survey on a randomized sample of 3000
and Rebolj 2001 people selected from the general population
Spain ESEMED, König 5,473 2001–2003 Personal computer-based home interviews on
et al. 2009 a national representative sample of the
noninstitutionalized general adult population as
part of the European Study of the Epidemiology
of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)
Sweden Björk et al. 1999 534 1994 Postal survey on a randomized sample of 1000
Swedish citizens selected from the general
population from an address register
Thailand Tongsiri et al. 2011 1,409 2007 Face-to-face interviews on a random national
sample provided by the national statistical office
United Kind et al. 1998 3,395 1993 Face-to-face interviews on a random sample of
Kingdom 5324 individuals selected from the general
population (based on the Postcode Address file)
from England, Scotland and Wales
United States MEPS, Sullivan et 38,678 2000–2002 Paper-and-pencil questionnaire among the
al. 2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey
participants a nationally representative survey of
the US civilian noninstitutionalized population.
The research pooled 2000, 2001, and 2002 MEPS
data on 23,839, 32,122, and 37,418 individuals
Regional
Armenia (5 Gharagebakyan 2,217 2002 Face-to-face interviews on a random sample of
regions) 2003 1300 households (2337 individuals) selected from
the general population of 5 regions of Armenia
(Yerevan city, Gegharkounik, Shirak, Lori, and
Suinik)
Canada HQCA 2010 5,010 2010 Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing
(Alberta) with a sample of 5010 adult Albertans
Japan (3 Tsuchiya et al. 620 1998 Face-to-face interviews on a random sample of
prefectures) 2002 972 individuals selected from the general
population (over age 20) of 3 Prefectures in Japan
– Saitama, Hiroshima and Hokkaido
Spain Canary Health 4,468 2009 Personal computer-based home interviews on
(Canary Survey 2009 a district representative regional Canaries Health
Islands) Survey to 4600 individuals
Spain Catalunya Health 5,603 2011 Personal computer-based home interviews on
(Catalonia) Survey 2011 a district representative regional Catalonia
Continuous Health Survey in semester waves of
2500 individuals
Sweden Sun et al. 2012 32,597 2006 Postal survey on a representative sample of the
(Stockholm Stockholm County population aged 20–88 years
county)
 Source Sample Data Survey method
size collection
Zimbabwe Jelsma 2003 2,350 2000 Face-to-face interviews with 2488 residents
(Harare) from Glenview (a high density suburb of Harare).
As compared to the 1992 census Harare Profile,
males were underrepresented and there were
more young and better educated respondents
than in the general population
All of the surveys used a standardized version of EQ-5D-3L. The Dutch,
Swedish and Finnish versions were translated in 1987 according to a
‘simultaneous’ process while the remaining versions were translated according to
the EuroQol Group’s translation protocol – based on international guidelines.
However, some differences between sampling and data collection methods
should be noted.
Most importantly, while the majority of surveys were national representative
surveys covering the whole of the country, some surveys covered a specific part
(such as prefectures, regions or even city areas). Therefore, care should be
exercised in generalizing data outside the geographic location captured by the
data collection. Results in this book are reported separately for the national and
the regional surveys.
Surveys also differed in sample sizes and in the method of data collection.
The Argentinean dataset had the largest sample with over 41,000 respondents,
while the Greek and the Swedish national surveys had the smallest sample of
around 500 respondents. Some of the surveys were postal while others were
performed as part of a face-to-face interview or administered by telephone. Since
the questions asked in EQ-5D are very simple to answer, there is no reason to
believe that there would be a significant impact on results other than differences
in response rates.
While only the most recent national surveys were included in this book from
each country, the date of data collection varied considerably across countries.
Data collection for the majority of surveys took place during or after 2000,
however some surveys were older with the United Kingdom and Swedish
national datasets being the earliest from 1993 to 1994, respectively. These
differences should be considered when interpreting results, given that health-
related quality of life in general and specifically EQ-5D ratings and values could
have changed over time.
Standardized variables across all datasets included reported problems by the
five dimensions, self-reported EQ VAS ratings, and the EQ-5D index values. In
addition, all analyses of EQ-5D data presented in this book focused on three
main characteristics of the population: age, gender, and education level. Age in
most surveys was measured as a continuous variable (life years), while gender
was recorded as a categorical variable. Education level in each country was
recoded to a three-level scale, distinguishing low (i.e. primary), medium (i.e.
secondary), and high (i.e. university degree) education level.
All data analyses were performed using SPSS version 19 and Stata version
12 statistical software packages. All codes were checked and analyses were
reproduced by a second analyst. The exact methodologies are described in the
remainder of this chapter.

2.2 Methods of Describing EQ-5D Population Norms

The EuroQol Group is frequently asked to provide EQ-5D population reference
data (sometimes called normative data) for a specific country or international
region. Such data can be used as reference data to compare profiles for patients
with specific conditions with data for the average person in the general population
in a similar age and/or gender group. This comparison helps to identify the
burden of disease in a particular patient population.
Descriptive statistics are provided for EQ VAS, the five dimensions, and EQ-
5D-3L index values for the total population and by gender and the following age
groups: 18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, 75+ years.
EQ-5D index value calculations are provided using the following value sets
(Szende et al. 2007):
European VAS value set for all countries. Note that the European VAS
value set was constructed using data from 11 valuation studies in 6 countries:
Finland (1), Germany (3), The Netherlands (1), Spain (3), Sweden (1) and the
UK (2). This survey included enough data from different European regions to
make the European VAS dataset moderately representative for Europe.
(Greiner et al. 2003; Weijnen et al. 2003).
Country-specific time trade-off (TTO) value set if available. Note that the
time trade-off (TTO) method has played an important role in generating value
sets for the EQ-5D as one of the most widely accepted preference elicitation
methods for health states (Torrance 1986) for economic evaluation and the
method of choice in the first large-scale EQ-5D valuation study (Dolan 1997).
Table 2.2 summarizes those 13 countries that have their own TTO value sets
and describes the value sets.

Table 2.2 Coefficients for the estimation of the EQ-5D index values based on TTO
valuation studies
Country Source Model MAD Constant MO2 MO3 SC2 SC3 UA2 UA3 PD2 PD
Argentina Augustovski OLS 0.039 −0.189 −0.272 −0.128 −0.209 −0.111 −0.067 −0.130 −0
2009
Country Source Model MAD Constant MO2 MO3 SC2 SC3 UA2 UA3 PD2 PD

Denmark Wittrup- RE 0.089 −0.114 −0.053 −0.411 −0.063 −0.192 −0.048 −0.144 −0.062 −0
Jensen
2002
France Chevalier RE 0.043 −0.155 −0.372 −0.212 −0.326 −0.156 −0.189 −0.112 −0
2011
Germany Greiner RE 0.047 −0.001 −0.099 −0.327 −0.087 −0.174 −0.112 −0
2005
Italy Scalone RE 0.030 −0.076 −0.518 −0.100 −0.289 −0.085 −0.198 −0.098 −0
2013
Japan Tsuchiya OLS 0.015 −0.152 −0.075 −0.418 −0.054 −0.102 −0.044 −0.133 −0.080 −0
2002
Korea Lee 2009 OLS 0.029 −0.050 −0.418 −0.046 −0.136 −0.051 −0.208 −0.037 −0.151 −0
Netherlands Lamers RE 0.030 −0.071 −0.036 −0.161 −0.082 −0.152 −0.032 −0.057 −0.086 −0
2006
Spain Badia 2001 RE NR −0.024 −0.106 −0.430 −0.134 −0.309 −0.071 −0.195 −0.089 −0
Thailand Tongsiri RE 0.080 −0.202 −0.121 −0.432 −0.121 −0.242 −0.059 −0.118 −0.072 −0
2011
United MVH Group RE 0.039 −0.081 −0.069 −0.314 −0.104 −0.214 −0.036 −0.094 −0.123 −0
Kingdom 1995
United Shaw 2005 RE 0.025 −0.146 −0.558 −0.175 −0.471 −0.140 −0.374 −0.173 −0
States

Zimbabwe Jelsma RE 0.049 −0.100 −0.056 −0.204 −0.092 −0.231 −0.043 −0.135 −0.067 −0
2003
MO2 = 1 if mobility is at level 2; MO3 = 1 if mobility is at level 3. SC2 = 1 if self-
care is at level 2; SC3 = 1 if self-care is at level 3. UA2 = 1 if usual activities is at
level 2; UA3 = 1 if usual activities is at level 3. PD2 = 1 if pain/discomfort is at level
2; PD3 = if pain/discomfort is at level 3. AD2 = 1 if anxiety/depression is at level 2;
AD3 = 1 if anxiety/depression is at level 3. N3 = 1 if any dimension is at level 3, D1
= additional number of dimensions at either level 2 or level 3; I2 = number of
dimensions at level 2 beyond the first; I3 = number of dimensions at level 3 beyond
the first; O2 = 1 if all dimensions at level 1 and level 2; O3 = 1 if all dimensions at
level 1 and level 3; Z2 = 1 if at least one dimension at level 2 and one dimension at
level 3; Z3 = number of dimensions at level 2 given at least one dimension at level 3;
C2 = number of dimensions at level 2; C3 = number of dimensions at level 3; MAD=
mean absolute difference; OLS = ordinary least squares; RE = random
Country-specific VAS value set if available. Note that the Visual Analogue
Scale (VAS) has become the other widely used method to elicit preferences
for the EQ-5D, including nine countries. Table 2.3 summarizes countries that
have their own VAS based value sets and describes the value sets, including
the European value set.

Table 2.3 Coefficients for the estimation of the EQ-5D index values based on VAS
valuation studies
Country Source Model MAD Constant MO2 MO3 SC2 SC3 UA2 UA3 PD2 PD3
Argentina Augustovski OLS 0.020 −0.248 −0.247 −0.184 −0.178 −0.209 −0.148 −0.185 −0.1
2009

Belgium Cleemput RE 0.036 −0.152 −0.074 −0.148 −0.083 −0.166 −0.031 −0.062 −0.084 −0.1
2004
Denmark Wittrup- RE NR −0.225 −0.126 −0.252 −0.112 −0.224 −0.064 −0.128 −0.078 −0.1
Jensen
2002

Europea Greiner RE 0.030 −0.128 −0.066 −0.183 −0.117 −0.156 −0.026 −0.086 −0.093 −0.1
2003
 Country Source Model MAD Constant MO2 MO3 SC2 SC3 UA2 UA3 PD2 PD3
Finland Ohinmaa OLS NR −0.158 −0.058 −0.230 −0.098 −0.143 −0.047 −0.131 −0.111 −0.1
1995

Germanyb Claes 1999 RE 0.036 0.926 0.945 0.393 0.808 0.470 0.880 0.554 0.975 0.46

New Devlin 2000 RE 0.041 −0.204 −0.075 −0.150 −0.071 −0.142 −0.014 −0.028 −0.080 −0.1
Zealand
Slovenia Prevolnik OLS NR −0.128 −0.206 −0.412 −0.093 −0.186 −0.054 −0.108 −0.111 −0.2
Rupel 2000
Spain Badia 1998 OLS NR −0.150 −0.090 −0.179 −0.101 −0.202 −0.055 −0.110 −0.060 −0.1
United MVH Group RE NR −0.155 −0.071 −0.182 −0.093 −0.145 −0.031 −0.081 −0.084 −0.1
Kingdom 1995

a These values have been rescaled with the mean value of dead
b TheGerman model is a multiplicative model. This implies that when any of the
dimensions is at level 1 the appropriate coefficient for that dimension is 1
MO2 = 1 if mobility is at level 2, 0 otherwise; MO3 = 1 if mobility is at level 3,
0 otherwise. SC2 = 1 if self-care is at level 2, 0 otherwise; SC3 = 1 if self-care is at
level 3, 0 otherwise. UA2 = 1 if usual activities is at level 2, 0 otherwise; UA3 = 1 if
usual activities is at level 3, 0 otherwise. PD2 = 1 if pain/discomfort is at level 2, 0
otherwise; PD3 = if pain/discomfort is at level 3, 0 otherwise. AD2 = 1 if
anxiety/depression is at level 2, 0 otherwise; AD3 = 1 if anxiety/depression is at level
3, 0 otherwise. N1 = 1 if any dimension is at either level 2 or level 3, 0 otherwise; N3
= 1 if any dimension is at level 3, 0 otherwise; O2 = 1 if all dimensions at level 1 and
level 2, 0 otherwise; O3 = 1 if all dimensions at level 1 and level 3, 0 otherwise; Z2
= 1 if at least one dimension at level 2 and one dimension at level 3, 0 otherwise; Z3
= number of dimensions at level 2 given at least one dimension at level 3; C2 =
number of dimensions at level 2; C3 = number of dimensions at level 3. GLIM =
generalized linear model; MAD = mean absolute difference; NR = not reported; OLS
= ordinary least squares; RE = random effects model
This means that for countries with no available value set from their own
general population, only the European VAS value set based EQ-5D index values
are summarised. However, for countries with available TTO and/or VAS value
sets, additional population norms of EQ-5D index values are calculated.
To summarize key results on reported problems, EQ VAS, and EQ-5D index
values, countries are tabulated in alphabetic order and are not ranked. Detailed
country-by-country results are provided in the appendices. Because the
population norms data are presented by age and gender, there is no need for the
sample to have the same age distribution as the general population in each
country. Therefore the data that are presented in the tables have not been
standardized for age or gender. This means that international comparisons
across several age groups should be made with caution as the demographic
build-up by age and gender varies between countries, and that the samples of
the general population used to create the tables do not necessarily follow that
same distribution. However, international comparisons of data contained in a
single cell (i.e. 1 age and gender group) are valid. The following section describes
the methodology used to analyse cross-country differences in EQ-5D population
data.

2.3 Methods of Cross-Country Analysis of EQ-5D Data

Cross-country summary data for reported problems by five dimensions and EQ
VAS were estimated using a standardized population structure for all countries
with national EQ-5D surveys. Countries were tabulated in alphabetic order.
Standardization for age was performed to avoid bias due to the fact that some
populations have a relatively higher proportion of elderly people. Age
standardization of reported problems by dimension and EQ VAS was based on
the European population structure using Eurostat data from 2010 (Table 2.4).

Table 2.4 European population age structure

Age group EU population (%)
18–24 11
25–34 17
35–44 18
45–54 18
55–64 15
65–74 11
75+ 10
ALL 100

Source: Eurostat 2010, EU 27

To explore reasons for cross-country differences in EQ-5D data, correlations

between country-specific EQ-5D data (EQ VAS and five dimensions) and
country-specific economic and health system macro indicators were calculated.
Living standards were estimated by means of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
per capita and unemployment rate. Indicators for health care system
performance were health expenditure per capita and health expenditure as a %
of GDP, number of hospital beds per 1,000 people and number of physicians per
1,000 people. The indicators were selected on the basis of a presumed or
possible relationship with self-reported health. Data were obtained from the
World Health Organization Statistical Information System and the World Bank.
The data were from 2010 or the closest year with available data (Table 2.5). An
alternative set of macro data was also used to see how results might change
when using macro data from the same year as the EQ-5D data collection,
including variables on gross national income on purchasing power parity,
unemployment rate, and health expenditure data.

Table 2.5 Country-specific economic and health system macro indicators

GDP per Unemployment Health Health Physicians per
capita $ rate % 2010a expenditure (% of expenditure per 1,000 people
2010 GDP) 2010a capita $ 2010a 2004–2009a
Argentina 9,124 8.6 8.1 742 3.2
Belgium 43,006 8.3 10.7 4,618 3.0
China 4,433 4.3 5.1 221 1.4
Denmark 56,486 7.4 11.4 6,422 3.4
France 39,170 9.3 11.9 4,691 3.5
Germany 40,164 7.1 11.6 4,668 3.5
Greece 25,832 12.5 10.2 2,729 6.0
Hungary 12,863 11.2 7.3 942 3.1
Italy 33,787 8.4 9.5 3,248 4.2
Korea 20,540 3.7 6.9 1,439 2.0
Netherlands 46,623 4.5 11.9 5,593 3.9
New 32,407 6.5 10.1 3,279 2.4
Zealand
Slovenia 22,898 7.2 9.4 2,154 2.5
Spain 29,956 20.1 9.5 2,883 3.7
Sweden 49,360 8.4 9.6 4,710 3.8
Thailand 4,614 1.2 3.9 179 0.3
United 36,256 7.8 9.6 3,503 2.7
Kingdom
United 46,612 9.6 17.9 8,362 2.4
States

Source: Macro indicators for each country were obtained from the World Bank (www.​
worldbank.​org) Physician per 1,000 population data were obtained from the World
Health Organization Statistical Information System (www.​who.​int)
aData availability for last year varies in some countries
For all correlation analyses, non-parametric Spearman rank correlations were
calculated. For this calculation, countries were ranked based on mean self-
assessed health results, and their living standards and health care system
performance characteristics. A high rank correlation means that the ranking of
countries on one variable (e.g. prevalence of self-reported health problems) is
similar to the ranking of another variable (e.g. GDP per capita).
2.4 Methods of Sociodemographic Analysis of EQ-5D Data
Two main approaches were used to derive socio-demographic indicators based
on EQ-5D, based on odds ratios and concentration indices.
Logistic regression age-adjusted odds ratios for reporting problems on each
EQ-5D dimension were calculated by age groups, gender, and education. An
odds ratio higher than 1 indicates that the examined group reported more health
problems than the reference group. The reference group was males, 18–24 years,
with medium/high education.
Secondly, the analysis used the concentration index method, which is a single
index measure of relative inequalities (Wagstaff et al. 1991; Kakwani et al. 1997).
The overall health concentration index measures the mean difference in health
between individuals as a proportion of the average health of the total population.
This index can also be interpreted as a measure of how unequal the distribution
of health is in the population. Health inequality is measured on a scale between 0
(meaning complete equality in health) and 1 (meaning complete inequality in
health). Researchers also showed that the concentration index value also
corresponds to 75 % of the Schutz index, and as such, it can also be interpreted
as the proportion of health that should be redistributed from those above the
average level to those below the average in order to equalize the distribution of
health. (Koolman and Doorslaer 2004).
The overall concentration index can be decomposed to identify the impact of
various factors, such as socio-demographic or quality of life characteristics, in
order to determine how much each factor contributes to inequalities (Wagstaff
and Doorslaer 2004; Clarke et al. 2010). In the current analysis, overall self-
reported health was measured by the EQ VAS. Decomposition analysis was
performed to determine inequalities by socio-demographic factors and by the
EQ-5D dimensions, as well as in a combined model in which both socio-
demographic and EQ-5D dimension variables were included.
The health concentration index for overall self-reported health, as measured
by the EQ VAS, was computed by the convenient regression model as proposed
by Kakwani et al. (1997):

where R i is the relative fractional rank of the ith individual (ranked by the
individual’s EQ VAS health), and γk is the estimated concentration index.
For the purposes of the decomposition analysis, the same estimation is used
for all explanatory variables (by replacing EQ VAS with the explanatory variable
in the equation and also using this variable for ranking purposes).
 The total health concentration index can be written as the weighted sum of the
concentration indices of the explanatory variables and the generalized
concentration index of ε:

where the weights are equal to the elasticities of EQ VAS score with respect to
each explanatory variable in the model:

where (the mean of xk explanatory variables: age, gender, education, EQ-5D

problems) is multiplied by the coefficients for each explanatory variable that are
taken from the linear regression model to explain EQ VAS:

Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative
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use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s)
and source are credited.

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© The Author(s) 2014
Agota Szende, Bas Janssen and Juan Cabases (eds.), Self-Reported
Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7596-1_3

3. Population Norms for the EQ-5D

Bas Janssen1, 2 and Agota Szende3

(1) Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus MC,

Rotterdam, The Netherlands
(2) EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
(3) Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research,
Covance, Leeds, UK

Bas Janssen (Corresponding author)

Email: [email protected]

Agota Szende
Email: [email protected]

3.1 Catalogue of Population Norms

Annexes 1 and 2 capture a full set of EQ-5D population
norm tables that were estimated for each country. The
tables contain information on the size of the study, EQ
VAS ratings and proportion of reported problems on each
of the EQ-5D dimensions, as well as EQ-5D index values.
 Annex 1 includes surveys that were based on national
representative populations. The survey for England is
included among the national surveys, as it is expected to
be referenced more widely in studies performed in the
United Kingdom. Annex 2 includes surveys that were
based on general populations but were limited to specific
regions of the particular country. There are three
examples where both national and regional surveys are
available in a single country, including Spain, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom. The choice between using the
national versus the regional dataset as a reference group
may well depend on the objectives and audiences of
future studies. It is important to note that in all of these
three countries, the regional surveys were conducted
more recently. Both the survey for England and the
Stockholm county survey capture a large proportion of the
population in England and Sweden. The results of the
English survey were similar to the UK survey, conducted
17 years previously, however no EQ VAS data were
collected in the English survey. The new Stockholm
county survey results show consistently worse EQ-5D
population norms in all EQ-5D variables and in all age
groups. The two Spanish regional surveys also generally
show worse EQ-5D population norms compared to the
earlier national Spanish survey, although this is not
consistently seen in all age groups.
All surveys included the EQ VAS ratings, with the
exception of the Finnish and English surveys. All surveys
included EQ-5D dimensions. The EQ-5D index population
norms based on the European value set were calculated
for all surveys. Country-specific TTO-based value sets
were available for 13 countries to calculate EQ-5D index
population norms. Country-specific VAS-based value sets
were available for 10 countries to calculate EQ-5D index
population norms. Results for sub-groups with less than 15
observations were indicated as not being available. Key
results are discussed in the sections below, while all
detailed tables are included in the annexes.
The population norm tables in the annexes reflect
granular reporting of descriptive statistics in order to
provide flexibility for researchers when using the EQ-5D
norms for comparative purposes. The population norm
tables can be used as reference data to compare profiles
for patients with specific conditions with data for the
average person in the general population in a similar age
and/or gender group.

3.2 EQ VAS Population Norms

For illustration purposes, the mean EQ VAS data from all
population surveys of the EuroQol archive were pooled
and are presented in Fig. 3.1. As can be seen, the mean
EQ VAS ratings decrease with increasing age. Also, men
of all age groups reported higher EQ VAS ratings than
women.
Fig. 3.1 Illustration of mean population EQ VAS ratings
Table 3.1 shows results for self-rated EQ VAS scores
for each country by age group and for the total population.
It is important to note that while results in each age group
may be compared across countries, the total population
scores cannot be compared directly as they reflect the
unique age structure within each country.

Table 3.1 EQ VAS ratings by age group and total population

(not standardized)
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
Argentina 82.0 79.4 77.2 74.4 69.5 67.9 62.2 75.3
Belgium 84.0 82.0 80.2 77.2 74.2 71.3 69.4 77.6
China 89.1 85.7 82.7 79.4 76.5 72.2 69.4 80.4
 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
Denmark 86.2 87.9 85.8 83.0 81.6 78.3 76.2 83.7
France 83.9 83.2 78.7 77.9 74.2 68.1 61.5 76.8
Germany 85.3 84.0 82.5 78.5 72.9 68.6 60.5 77.3
Greece 83.5 85.8 84.7 78.0 69.9 67.0 56.0 79.0
Hungary 83.3 81.1 75.3 69.1 63.7 59.0 53.9 71.1
Italy 87.5 83.9 81.4 77.0 74.0 67.8 60.1 77.1
Korea 78.9 80.7 80.6 80.4 76.9 76.5 – 79.5
Netherlands 85.7 84.6 83.7 81.0 80.7 78.0 72.9 82.0
New Zealand 82.4 82.3 82.5 82.2 81.6 79.6 70.8 80.8
Slovenia 85.4 82.6 80.8 75.5 67.9 65.3 55.4 76.4
Spain 82.0 80.1 76.7 73.6 72.0 69.0 62.2 75.0
Sweden 84.3 86.2 86.2 83.7 79.0 81.5 71.8 83.3
Thailand 82.9 80.9 80.1 78.3 79.3 76.1 72.3 79.4
United Kingdom 86.5 86.8 86.6 82.0 81.7 77.3 73.8 82.8
United States 86.2 83.5 81.8 79.2 76.9 75.1 68.5 80.0
Figure 3.2 graphically presents self-rated EQ VAS
scores by age group for each country. As can be seen, the
mean EQ VAS ratings decrease with increasing age,
although countries vary according to how younger age
groups rate their health and how the slope of people’s self-
rated health declines over the decades of their life. Korean
data show a somewhat outlier pattern in people reporting
their health within a narrow EQ VAS range. This was also
observed to some extent in the New Zealand data.
Fig. 3.2 EQ VAS ratings by age group
For easier interpretation, Figs. 3.3 and 3.4 present self-
rated EQ VAS scores separately by age group for two sets
of countries. The first graph shows the ‘upper values’
(mainly viewed from the perspective of older people), and
the second the ‘lower values’. Accordingly, a difference in
the lower end of the Y-axis on the first figure should be
noted.
Fig. 3.3 EQ VAS ratings by age group (countries with ‘upper
values’)

Fig. 3.4 EQ VAS ratings by age group (countries with ‘lower

values’)
 Table 3.2 shows results for self-rated EQ VAS scores
for each regional survey by age group and for the total
population. As seen across the national surveys, the mean
EQ VAS ratings decrease with increasing age in the
regional surveys as well.

Table 3.2 EQ VAS ratings by age group and total population

(not standardized) from regional surveys
18– 25– 35– 45– 55– 65– 75+ Total
24 34 44 54 64 74
Armenia (5 regions) 87.8 78.4 68.0 62.3 55.3 50.1 43.8 65.7
Canada (Alberta) 81.6 80.5 78.7 75.7 77.1 77.1 75.3 78.3
Japan (3 prefectures) 78.9 77.9 79.3 79.8 76.8 76.6 67.7 77.8
Spain – Canary Islands 83.3 79.7 77.4 71.6 66.1 64.4 56.4 71.7
Spain – Catalunya 82.4 79.3 77.5 72.7 67.6 63.6 54.4 72.3
Sweden – Stockholm 81.7 81.5 80.7 79.2 78.1 75.9 68.5 78.7
county
Zimbabwe – Harare district 81.8 79.8 76.6 75.1 70.5 61.5 – 79.8

3.3 EQ-5D Dimensions

As the data on the 5 EQ-5D dimensions are not
continuous but ordinal, the information is presented as the
proportions of the population reporting level 1 (no
problems), level 2 (some problems) and level 3 (extreme
problems) per dimension, by age group and gender.
Because the number of people reporting severe problems
is usually very small in general population surveys, the
sum of the proportions of reported level 2 and level 3
problems is sometimes used. This essentially changes the
3-level EQ-5D dimensions into 2-level dimensions, using
categories ‘no problems’ and ‘problems’.
In a pooled dataset of surveys, Fig. 3.5 illustrates the
sum of the proportion of reported level 2 and level 3
problems for each of the 5 EQ-5D dimensions for three
distinct age groups. As can be seen from the figure, the
proportion of problems increased with age on all
dimensions. Problems with mobility increased the most
with increasing age, whereas problems with
anxiety/depression increased the least. For every age
group the proportion of problems with pain/discomfort was
higher than the proportion of problems on the other
dimensions.
Fig. 3.5 EQ-5D profile of the population (% reporting any
problem)
Table 3.3 summarizes results for reported problems
along the five dimensions by country. These results reflect
the total population scores and cannot be compared
directly to each other as they reflect the unique age
structure within each country.

Table 3.3 Reported problems by 5 dimensions (% of any

problem)
Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression
care activities
Argentina 10.8 2.9 8.0 30.9 22.8
Belgium 12.6 4.0 12.4 28.5 6.6
China 5.1 2.8 5.2 10.7 8.7
Denmark 10.7 2.5 17.9 36.7 16.1
England 19.4 5.6 17.0 35.3 19.3
Finland 26.3 8.6 21.0 47.8 13.9
France 13.4 4.0 10.0 35.9 15.0
Germany 15.9 2.7 9.9 27.6 4.3
Greece 13.3 5.7 10.5 16.8 10.7
Hungary 19.6 6.5 14.8 39.2 35.2
Italy 10.4 3.3 9.4 26.6 8.7
Korea 5.9 0.8 4.1 21.3 17.4
Netherlands 11.5 3.4 13.5 34.2 3.5
New 20.0 4.4 21.5 40.8 21.2
Zealand
Slovenia 29.8 14.0 32.9 47.2 36.4
Spain 13.7 4.1 11.7 22.9 7.8
Sweden 8.6 1.5 7.9 40.8 26.0
 Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression
care activities
Thailand 26.3 8.7 22.7 65.0 47.4
United 18.4 4.3 16.3 33.0 21.0
Kingdom
United 18.5 3.7 17.9 48.3 23.2
States
Figure 3.6 graphically presents reported problems by
dimension for each country. As can be seen, problems
with pain/discomfort were generally the most prevalent,
while problems with self-care were the least prevalent
among the 5 dimensions.

Fig. 3.6 EQ-5D profile by country

Figures 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11 show reported

problems for each dimension separately across all
countries. Variability in reported problems for each
dimension is also present among countries, with
percentages of reported problem ranges of 5.1–29.8 % for
mobility; 0.8–14.0 % for self-care; 4.1–32.9 % for usual
activities; 10.7–65.0 % for pain/discomfort; and 3.5–47.4 %
for anxiety/depression.

Fig. 3.7 Reported problems with mobility (% of any problem)

Fig. 3.8 Reported problems with self-care (% of any problem)

Fig. 3.9 Reported problems with usual activities (% of any
problem)

Fig. 3.10 Reported problems with pain/discomfort (% of any

problem)
Fig. 3.11 Reported problems with anxiety/depression (% of
any problem)
Table 3.4 summarizes the results for reported problems
across the 5 dimensions by regional surveys. These
results reflect the total population scores and cannot be
compared directly to each other as they reflect the unique
age structure within each country.

Table 3.4 Reported problems by five dimensions (% of any

problem) – regional surveys
Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression
care activities
Armenia (5 27.4 14.3 30.2 65.1 53.5
regions)
Canada 18.5 3.7 17.9 48.3 23.2
(Alberta)
Japan (3 7.3 1.8 5.2 20.0 8.5
prefecture)
Spain- 17.1 6.3 14.7 39.5 25.7
Canary
Islands
 Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression
care activities
Spain – 16.9 7.0 12.4 32.9 19.5
Catalunya
Sweden – 11.6 2.1 10.4 45.2 32.7
Stockholm
county
Zimbabwe 9.8 3.4 11.0 30.5 30.7
– Harare
district

3.4 EQ-5D Index Population Norms

Tables 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7 summarize key EQ-5D index value
population norms by age group for each country, based on
different value sets. Table 3.5 shows EQ-5D index values
that are based on the European VAS value set scoring
algorithm. Table 3.6 shows the available EQ-5D index
values that are based on country-specific TTO value sets.
Table 3.7 shows the available EQ-5D index values that are
based on country-specific VAS value sets.

Table 3.5 EQ-5D index population norms (European VAS

value set)
Age
18– 25– 35– 45– 55– 65– 75+ Total
24 34 44 54 64 74
National
Argentina 0.907 0.889 0.869 0.849 0.829 0.796 0.724 0.856
Belgium 0.953 0.921 0.920 0.889 0.881 0.848 0.761 0.891
China 0.990 0.980 0.970 0.960 0.930 0.900 0.840 0.951
Denmark 0.914 0.914 0.881 0.861 0.845 0.818 0.753 0.866
 Age
18– 25– 35– 45– 55– 65– 75+ Total
24 34 44 54 64 74
Finland N/A 0.919 0.891 0.853 0.805 0.762 0.573 0.815
France 0.924 0.921 0.883 0.893 0.836 0.804 0.756 0.872
Germany 0.950 0.949 0.943 0.908 0.881 0.838 0.771 0.902
Greece 0.979 0.972 0.957 0.916 0.817 0.793 0.739 0.913
Hungary 0.934 0.911 0.873 0.802 0.755 0.716 0.639 0.823
Italy 0.969 0.956 0.943 0.910 0.877 0.823 0.724 0.899
Korea 0.957 0.958 0.949 0.915 0.828 0.787 N/A 0.915
Netherlands 0.938 0.910 0.922 0.874 0.869 0.863 0.798 0.892
New Zealand 0.913 0.906 0.893 0.858 0.817 0.800 0.712 0.848
Slovenia 0.879 0.859 0.831 0.772 0.697 0.663 0.621 0.788
Spain 0.968 0.963 0.939 0.911 0.884 0.870 0.773 0.915
Sweden 0.888 0.893 0.868 0.835 0.813 0.836 0.701 0.851
Thailand 0.814 0.785 0.771 0.717 0.694 0.670 0.657 0.742
UK 0.934 0.922 0.905 0.849 0.804 0.785 0.734 0.856
UK-England 0.922 0.915 0.891 0.857 0.819 0.785 0.720 0.857
US 0.899 0.883 0.853 0.809 0.776 0.756 0.677 0.825
Regional
Armenia (5 regions) 0.881 0.798 0.736 0.690 0.600 0.521 0.473 0.693
Canada (Alberta) 0.879 0.960 0.944 0.905 0.937 0.931 0.868 0.925
Japan (3 prefectures) 0.961 0.961 0.965 0.938 0.908 0.886 0.758 0.927
Spain-Canary Islands 0.930 0.910 0.878 0.825 0.753 0.736 0.619 0.815
Spain – Catalunya 0.958 0.929 0.914 0.871 0.807 0.762 0.623 0.853
Sweden – Stockholm 0.860 0.860 0.850 0.820 0.800 0.800 0.740 0.824
county
Zimbabwe – Harare 0.867 0.859 0.774 0.750 0.697 0.607 N/A 0.842
district
Table 3.6 EQ-5D index population norms (country-specific
TTO value sets)
Age
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
National
Argentina 0.951 0.936 0.919 0.898 0.874 0.835 0.756 0.902
Denmark 0.928 0.927 0.901 0.882 0.870 0.847 0.794 0.887
France 0.948 0.946 0.913 0.922 0.853 0.810 0.735 0.892
Germany 0.972 0.973 0.966 0.945 0.922 0.891 0.839 0.938
Italy 0.984 0.978 0.973 0.955 0.936 0.904 0.839 0.947
Korea 0.981 0.982 0.976 0.960 0.909 0.888 0.958
Netherlands 0.950 0.927 0.935 0.890 0.890 0.886 0.830 0.910
Spain 0.982 0.975 0.949 0.923 0.901 0.891 0.781 0.929
UK 0.940 0.927 0.911 0.847 0.799 0.779 0.726 0.856
UK-England 0.929 0.919 0.893 0.855 0.810 0.773 0.703 0.855
US 0.924 0.912 0.889 0.855 0.830 0.817 0.755 0.867
Regional 18– 25– 35– 45– 55– 65– 75+ Total
24 34 44 54 64 74
Japan (3 prefecture) 0.967 0.963 0.965 0.941 0.912 0.881 0.768 0.929
Spain-Canary Islands 0.953 0.934 0.911 0.854 0.780 0.754 0.596 0.836
Spain – Catalunya 0.974 0.947 0.941 0.898 0.838 0.780 0.594 0.871
Zimbabwe – Harare 0.848 0.841 0.793 0.785 0.756 0.661 0.833
district

Table 3.7 EQ-5D index population norms (country-specific

VAS value set)
Age
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
National
Argentina 0.928 0.911 0.888 0.867 0.837 0.793 0.712 0.871
 Age
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
Belgium 0.948 0.915 0.912 0.881 0.871 0.836 0.748 0.883
Denmark 0.885 0.884 0.845 0.822 0.799 0.766 0.691 0.826
Finland 0.909 0.878 0.835 0.781 0.738 0.583 0.800
Germany 0.962 0.966 0.962 0.937 0.915 0.882 0.817 0.930
New Zealand 0.890 0.883 0.869 0.827 0.782 0.763 0.672 0.818
Slovenia 0.869 0.841 0.794 0.712 0.619 0.554 0.498 0.738
Spain 0.969 0.963 0.939 0.912 0.883 0.866 0.761 0.914
UK 0.931 0.920 0.902 0.846 0.799 0.778 0.726 0.852
UK-England 0.922 0.914 0.888 0.854 0.814 0.775 0.706 0.853
Regional 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
Japan (3 prefecture) 0.885 0.884 0.845 0.822 0.799 0.766 0.691 0.826
Spain-Canary Islands 0.934 0.916 0.886 0.834 0.765 0.740 0.617 0.821
Spain – Catalunya 0.960 0.932 0.919 0.878 0.815 0.770 0.620 0.857
Therefore, cross-country differences seen in Tables 3.6
and 3.7 can be due to a mixture of differences in how
people in each country report problems along the five
dimensions and how different populations value these
problems. Total population scores also cannot be
compared for the reason that they are not standardized for
demographic differences across countries. Regional data
are presented using the available national TTO and VAS
value sets.
© The Author(s) 2014
Agota Szende, Bas Janssen and Juan Cabases (eds.), Self-Reported Population
Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7596-1_4

4. Cross-Country Analysis of EQ-5D Data

Agota Szende1 and Bas Janssen2, 3

(1) Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Covance, Leeds,

UK
(2) Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
(3) EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Agota Szende (Corresponding author)

Email: [email protected]

Bas Janssen
Email: [email protected]

4.1 Cross Country Comparison of Standardized EQ-5D

Data
EQ VAS ratings and the rate of self-reported problems on the five
dimensions within specific age groups were seen to be variable
between countries in Chap.​3. However, when aggregate measures
of self-assessed health are compared between countries, it is
necessary to adjust for potential differences in demographics. As
gender was shown to play a small role in explaining EQ-5D data, the
standardization took into account age differences across countries.
Table 4.1 presents mean EQ-5D data for 18 countries with
national representative population surveys where demographic
characteristics were standardized based on a European population
structure. Note that the data presented in Table 4.1 do not represent
the actual situation in each country, but are based on the European
age distribution. Because the age structure superimposed on the
dataset was the same for each country, comparisons between
countries can be made. When comparing Table 4.1 with the non-
standardized EQ VAS ratings (Table 3.​1, column for total) and 5D
reported problems (Table 3.​3), the results show the impact of age
standardization of population norms, that are usually within a few
percentage score difference.

Table 4.1 Self-reported EQ-5D results after age standardization (mean

VAS and proportions of any problem)
EQ Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression
VAS care activity
Argentina 73.92 0.133 0.037 0.098 0.339 0.238
Belgium 77.42 0.139 0.048 0.129 0.294 0.061
China 79.91 0.061 0.034 0.061 0.115 0.092
Denmark 83.28 0.115 0.028 0.186 0.370 0.162
France 76.32 0.144 0.046 0.107 0.358 0.145
Germany 77.16 0.172 0.031 0.105 0.278 0.045
Greece 76.50 0.172 0.083 0.137 0.204 0.112
Hungary 70.37 0.209 0.072 0.158 0.404 0.362
Italy 76.95 0.123 0.044 0.111 0.277 0.092
Korea 71.31 0.065 0.010 0.046 0.296 0.229
Netherlands 81.44 0.118 0.035 0.125 0.326 0.032
New Zealand 80.76 0.192 0.043 0.208 0.393 0.212
Slovenia 74.47 0.347 0.167 0.365 0.510 0.380
Spain 74.29 0.127 0.040 0.110 0.213 0.073
Sweden 82.49 0.113 0.025 0.096 0.425 0.264
Thailand 78.90 0.298 0.092 0.259 0.652 0.470
United 82.75 0.182 0.043 0.162 0.331 0.209
Kingdom
US 79.33 0.193 0.037 0.183 0.480 0.224
As can be seen in Table 4.1, the data show that important
differences exist in EQ-5D population data across countries after
taking into account differences in population structure. Mean EQ
VAS score varied from 70.37 to 83.28 in the total population. The
largest difference between any two countries in reporting problems
were 28.6, 12.7, 31.9, 53.7, and 43.8 % in absolute terms along the
five dimensions, respectively.
Hungary reported the lowest EQ VAS ratings, followed by Korea,
while Denmark and the United Kingdom reported the highest EQ
VAS ratings. The highest proportion of problems on the 5 EQ-5D
dimensions was reported by Slovenia and Thailand. Note that while
Hungary and Korea reported a lower mean EQ VAS than Slovenia
and Thailand, more problems were reported in Slovenia and
Thailand across the 5 EQ-5D dimensions. At the other end of the
spectrum, China reported the lowest proportion of problems but
reported average EQ VAS ratings, while Denmark and the UK
reported the highest EQ VAS ratings and average proportions of
problems. These results indicate that countries also differed in how
they answered the more general EQ VAS question relative to how
they answered the more specific questions on the EQ-5D
dimensions.

4.2 The Impact of Economic and Health Care Indicators

After seeing that differences in EQ-5D data across countries exist
after standardization for population structure, this section examines
whether these patterns can be explained by differences in living
standards and health care system performance. In addition, we
explored whether macro-economic variables are correlated with EQ
VAS ratings and the prevalence of problems in different age groups
across countries.
Table 4.2 gives an overview of Spearman rank correlation
coefficients between EQ VAS ratings and self-reported health
problems on EQ-5D dimensions, and indicators of living standards
and health care system performance in the 18 countries.
Correlations are presented for different age groups and for all age
groups combined.
Table 4.2 Spearman rank correlations between indicators of living
standards and self-reported health
Age GDP Unemployment Health Health Physicians
group per rate expenditure (% expenditure per 1,000
capita of GDP) per capita people
EQ- 18–24 0.38 −0.12 0.29 0.40 0.09
VAS 25–34
0.55* −0.06 0.44 0.53* 0.32
35–44 0.50* −0.26 0.35 0.47 0.18
45–54 0.49* −0.50* 0.29 0.48* −0.13
55–64 0.45 −0.50* 0.26 0.45 −0.25
65–74 0.47 −0.48* 0.20 0.44 −0.21
75+ 0.42 −0.51* 0.17 0.37 −0.24
Total 0.58* −0.35 0.39 0.55* −0.03
EQ-5D dimension Age GDP Unemployment Health Health Physicians
group per rate expenditure expenditure per 1,000
capita (% of GDP) per capita people
Mobility 18–24 0.20 −0.24 0.28 0.21 −0.38
25–34 0.11 −0.21 0.16 0.14 −0.43
35–44 −0.09 0.11 0.10 −0.03 −0.33
45–54 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.00 −0.23
55–64 −0.38 0.05 −0.11 −0.32 −0.22
65–74 −0.32 0.07 −0.11 −0.27 −0.24
75+ −0.11 0.08 −0.10 −0.13 −0.01
Total −0.19 0.14 0.04 −0.13 −0.27
Self-care 18–24 −0.21 −0.32 −0.15 −0.18 −0.30
25–34 0.09 −0.20 0.10 0.11 −0.37
35–44 −0.33 0.36 −0.03 −0.25 −0.20
45–54 0.01 −0.04 0.02 −0.02 −0.26
55–64 −0.48* 0.24 −0.25 −0.42 −0.26
65–74 −0.50* 0.09 −0.26 −0.47* −0.17
75+ −0.25 0.51* −0.14 −0.31 0.44
Total −0.35 0.26 −0.14 −0.35 −0.05
EQ-5D dimension Age GDP Unemployment Health Health Physicians
group per rate expenditure expenditure per 1,000
capita (% of GDP) per capita people
Usual activities 18–24 0.34 −0.29 0.31 0.37 −0.34
25–34 0.33 −0.26 0.28 0.34 −0.32
35–44 0.23 −0.16 0.24 0.25 −0.32
45–54 0.23 −0.09 0.13 0.22 −0.27
55–64 −0.18 0.12 −0.03 −0.14 −0.17
65–74 −0.15 −0.10 −0.05 −0.15 −0.25
75+ −0.13 0.09 −0.13 −0.18 −0.05
Total 0.08 −0.03 0.13 0.09 −0.24
Pain/discomfort 18–24 0.34 −0.18 0.26 0.37 −0.27
25–34 0.32 −0.17 0.23 0.32 −0.21
35–44 0.26 0.01 0.15 0.27 −0.21
45–54 0.16 −0.05 0.05 0.17 −0.28
55–64 −0.04 −0.13 −0.17 −0.04 −0.38
65–74 −0.16 −0.21 −0.24 −0.14 −0.51*
75+ −0.20 −0.16 −0.30 −0.18 −0.44
Total 0.10 −0.11 −0.01 0.12 −0.38
Anxiety/depression 18–24 −0.01 −0.08 −0.17 0.00 −0.36
25–34 −0.24 0.01 −0.30 −0.22 −0.47
35–44 −0.30 0.10 −0.37 −0.28 −0.42
45–54 −0.30 0.07 −0.41 −0.30 −0.40
55–64 −0.43 −0.07 −0.56* −0.44 −0.47*
65–74 −0.53* −0.08 −0.60** −0.52* −0.54*
75+ −0.51* −0.25 −0.68** −0.52* −0.59**
Total −0.38 −0.04 −0.51* −0.38 −0.46

*p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01

The prior living standards (GDP per capita) in the countries
studied correlated most with the EQ VAS scores (0.58), while
unemployment appeared to significantly correlate in people over the
age of 45 only. Health care expenditure also correlated with better
EQ VAS data (0.55). Less significant results were detected between
macro indicators and reported problems.
The positive relationship between living standards and self-
reported EQ VAS was further examined and is graphically presented
in Fig 4.1.

Fig. 4.1 Self-reported EQ VAS according to GDP* per capita in 18

countries *GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced by an
economy in 1 year

As Fig 4.1 shows, EQ VAS correlated well with a country’s GDP,

although China and Thailand were outliers with relatively high EQ
VAS scores compared to their GDP.
Further linear regression analyses showed that GDP level
explained 29 % of EQ VAS at the country level (p = 0.02), but
explained 67 % of the EQ VAS when excluding ‘outliers’ China and
Thailand. Health expenditure per capita was the only other
statistically significant explanatory factor that explained 26 % of the
country mean VAS (p = 0.03). While GPD showed a stronger
correlation with VAS than health expenditure, a dollar unit of health
expenditure had eight times the impact of a dollar unit of GPD on the
country mean VAS scores (with coefficients of 0.0001 for GPD and
0.0008 for health expenditure). Another set of regression analyses,
that used macro data from the year of EQ-5D data collection in each
country on gross national income expressed in purchasing power
parity in 2010 values, did not reach statistically significant results.
However, health care expenditure remained a statistically significant
factor (p = 0.03), explaining 27 % of variation in the country mean
VAS scores.
© The Author(s) 2014
Agota Szende, Bas Janssen and Juan Cabases (eds.), Self-Reported Population Health: An
International Perspective based on EQ-5D, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7596-1_5

5. Socio-demographic Indicators Based on EQ-5D

Agota Szende1 and Bas Janssen2, 3

(1) Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Covance, Leeds, UK

(2) Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
(3) EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Agota Szende (Corresponding author)

Email: [email protected]

Bas Janssen
Email: [email protected]

5.1 The Use of EQ-5D in Socio-demographic Analysis

In addition to describing population norms, the EQ-5D database archive also
offered the opportunity to explore health inequalities as reported by general
populations of 18 countries. We have seen that age, and gender to a lesser
extent, played an important role in explaining EQ-5D data across individuals. A
social indicator, education, was also available in most datasets that were
analysed alongside age and gender to explain EQ-5D data.
The level of attained education is important as it represents the cultural
component of an individual’s socio-economic status, and is an indicator of living
circumstances in the earlier part of one’s life. Education level is fairly stable over
the life course of an individual. Later in life it shapes one’s occupation and
expected income potential. Through this mechanism, its indirect link with health is
stronger than its direct effect (Singh-Manoux et al. 2002).
Among the higher education groups, lower prevalence of health risk factors
has been observed. Given the existing health problems, individuals with a lower
level of education experience greater ill-health (Eachus et al. 1999). Higher
education can directly or through its vehicle mechanisms (such as being able to
afford domestic help, acquisition of home appliances, reduced workload or part-
time work) enable extra coping pathways that are not available to individuals with
lower levels of attained education (Simon 2002). Furthermore, observational
studies among people suffering from chronic conditions revealed that, through
better self-management and compliance, better treatment results can be
achieved among the better-educated (Katz 1998; Karter et al. 2000; Goldman and
Smith 2002). A large body of literature has shown that education is an important
determinant of health indicators (Kunst et al. 1995; Mackenbach et al. 1997;
Regidor et al. 1999; Borrell et al. 1999; Dalstra et al. 2002; Blakely et al. 2002;
Regidor et al. 2003; von dem Knesebeck et al. 2003; Nishi et al. 2004).
Two commonly used approaches of socio-demographic analysis of health,
odds ratios and concentration indices, were applied to the EQ-5D national
surveys.

5.2 Odds Ratios Based on EQ-5D

The odds ratios for age, gender, and education are presented by country and by
EQ-5D dimension in Table 5.1. The reference population group was men aged
18–24 years with medium or high education level. The odds ratios presented for
demographic and education categories should be interpreted as relative to this
reference group.

Table 5.1 Odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals) for reporting problems on EQ-5D-3L
dimensions in 19 countries
Country Dimension Gender 95 % CI Age 95 % CI Edu 95 % CI
Belgium Mobility 1.37 0.98 1.91 1.64 1.46 1.84 1.05 0.70 1.58
Self-care 1.37 0.91 2.07 1.63 1.30 2.03 0.91 0.53 1.56
Usual activities 1.47 1.13 1.91 1.50 1.33 1.68 1.17 0.83 1.65
Pain/discomfort 1.31 1.05 1.63 1.31 1.22 1.42 1.19 0.88 1.63
Anxiety/depression 1.63 1.04 2.55 1.05 0.93 1.20 1.04 0.60 1.82
China Mobility 1.18 0.95 1.45 1.71 1.58 1.84 1.89 1.46 2.46
Self-care 1.08 0.82 1.42 1.53 1.39 1.68 1.71 1.23 2.38
Usual activities 1.20 0.97 1.48 1.55 1.44 1.67 2.47 1.89 3.23
Pain/discomfort 1.67 1.43 1.95 1.55 1.47 1.63 1.54 1.29 1.83
Anxiety/depression 1.19 1.01 1.40 1.23 1.17 1.30 2.36 1.95 2.86
Denmark Mobility 1.25 1.12 1.38 1.41 1.37 1.45 1.82 1.62 2.04
Self-care 1.25 1.02 1.53 1.51 1.42 1.59 1.89 1.49 2.40
Usual activities 1.48 1.36 1.61 1.28 1.25 1.31 1.62 1.48 1.76
Pain/discomfort 1.41 1.32 1.51 1.17 1.15 1.20 1.41 1.32 1.51
Anxiety/depression 1.68 1.54 1.83 1.06 1.04 1.09 1.33 1.22 1.46
England Mobility 1.22 1.11 1.35 1.65 1.59 1.70 2.17 1.95 2.41
Self-care 1.19 1.02 1.40 1.47 1.40 1.55 2.33 1.95 2.79
Usual activities 1.28 1.16 1.41 1.47 1.43 1.52 2.04 1.82 2.27
Pain/discomfort 1.16 1.08 1.26 1.39 1.36 1.43 1.72 1.57 1.88
Anxiety/depression 1.52 1.39 1.67 1.03 1.00 1.06 1.52 1.37 1.68
Country Dimension Gender 95 % CI Age 95 % CI Edu 95 % CI
Finland Mobility 1.04 0.91 1.18 2.17 2.06 2.28 1.89 1.65 2.16
Self-care 0.96 0.80 1.15 2.24 2.08 2.41 1.78 1.46 2.17
Usual activities 1.17 1.02 1.34 1.92 1.83 2.02 1.82 1.57 2.10
Pain/discomfort 1.32 1.19 1.46 1.46 1.40 1.52 1.62 1.44 1.81
Anxiety/depression 1.26 1.08 1.46 1.16 1.10 1.22 1.50 1.28 1.77
France Mobility 1.63 1.22 2.17 1.91 1.73 2.10 1.36 0.97 1.89
Self-care 0.94 0.59 1.49 1.68 1.43 1.99 1.51 0.86 2.65
Usual activities 1.22 0.89 1.66 1.54 1.38 1.72 1.29 0.89 1.88
Pain/discomfort 1.19 0.98 1.44 1.39 1.30 1.48 1.20 0.97 1.49
Anxiety/depression 1.16 0.90 1.49 1.01 0.93 1.09 0.93 0.71 1.22
Germany Mobility 1.18 0.96 1.46 1.92 1.79 2.06 1.89 1.16 3.09
Self-Care 1.47 0.90 2.39 2.17 1.84 2.57 1.91 1.00 3.67
Usual activities 1.22 0.93 1.59 1.69 1.54 1.86 1.96 1.25 3.08
Pain/discomfort 1.36 1.15 1.60 1.38 1.28 1.48 1.59 0.99 2.56
Anxiety/depression 1.43 0.98 2.07 1.04 0.90 1.19 1.79 0.82 3.91
Greece Mobility 1.34 0.71 2.53 1.93 1.54 2.42 2.13 1.06 4.29
Self-care 4.76 1.75 13.01 2.58 1.76 3.78 1.54 0.55 4.33
Usual activities 1.95 0.93 4.11 2.52 1.86 3.40 2.22 0.96 5.14
Pain/discomfort 1.83 1.04 3.20 1.59 1.32 1.92 3.03 1.62 5.68
Anxiety/depression 1.27 0.66 2.43 1.19 0.96 1.47 3.79 1.71 8.36
Hungary Mobility 1.17 1.00 1.37 1.80 1.71 1.89 2.00 1.70 2.35
Self-care 0.84 0.66 1.08 1.84 1.69 2.00 2.61 2.00 3.40
Usual activities 1.02 0.86 1.21 1.64 1.56 1.73 2.35 1.97 2.80
Pain/discomfort 1.45 1.28 1.64 1.48 1.43 1.54 1.95 1.71 2.23
Anxiety/depression 1.71 1.51 1.93 1.24 1.20 1.29 1.98 1.74 2.26
Italy Mobility 1.44 1.15 1.79 2.25 2.07 2.45 1.78 1.30 2.43
Self-care 1.94 1.39 2.70 2.16 1.88 2.48 1.81 1.12 2.91
Usual activities 1.77 1.41 2.20 1.91 1.76 2.07 2.00 1.46 2.75
Pain/discomfort 1.74 1.50 2.02 1.53 1.46 1.60 1.47 1.24 1.75
Anxiety/depression 2.26 1.81 2.81 1.25 1.17 1.35 1.20 0.90 1.59
Korea Mobility 2.40 1.37 4.22 1.66 1.29 2.15 3.56 1.81 7.03
Self-care 6.53 0.77 55.11 3.52 1.44 8.64 3.34 0.31 35.97
Usual activities 1.67 0.87 3.20 1.60 1.17 2.18 6.72 2.77 16.27
Pain/discomfort 1.73 1.28 2.34 1.63 1.42 1.86 2.51 1.70 3.71
Anxiety/depression 2.05 1.51 2.80 1.31 1.14 1.49 1.42 0.93 2.16
Netherlands Mobility 1.60 1.12 2.29 1.53 1.37 1.70 1.38 0.95 2.01
Self-care 2.93 1.60 5.39 1.36 1.07 1.72 1.08 0.55 2.13
Usual activities 1.97 1.43 2.71 1.30 1.19 1.42 1.14 0.82 1.60
Pain/discomfort 1.42 1.13 1.78 1.22 1.13 1.31 1.06 0.84 1.35
Anxiety/depression 2.12 1.08 4.15 0.80 0.63 1.01 2.41 1.07 5.46
Country Dimension Gender 95 % CI Age 95 % CI Edu 95 % CI
New Zealand Mobility 1.04 0.77 1.40 1.75 1.58 1.93 1.26 0.92 1.73
Self-care 0.77 0.45 1.33 1.76 1.46 2.13 1.28 0.73 2.25
Usual activities 1.11 0.83 1.47 1.58 1.44 1.73 1.09 0.80 1.48
Pain/discomfort 1.08 0.86 1.37 1.45 1.34 1.56 1.29 0.99 1.68
Anxiety/depression 1.43 1.08 1.89 1.11 1.02 1.21 1.27 0.94 1.71
Slovenia Mobility 0.70 0.48 1.02 1.95 1.72 2.20 4.48 2.64 7.58
Self-care 0.87 0.54 1.39 1.67 1.45 1.93 3.89 2.30 6.58
Usual activities 0.93 0.66 1.31 1.51 1.37 1.68 3.29 2.04 5.31
Pain/discomfort 1.04 0.76 1.43 1.52 1.37 1.67 2.30 1.39 3.81
Anxiety/depression 1.13 0.83 1.54 1.16 1.06 1.27 1.66 1.06 2.59
Spain Mobility 1.61 1.30 2.00 1.91 1.78 2.06 1.46 1.10 1.96
Self-care 2.02 1.36 3.01 1.79 1.58 2.03 2.12 1.20 3.74
Usual activities 1.76 1.39 2.24 1.63 1.51 1.75 1.37 1.01 1.88
Pain/discomfort 1.71 1.43 2.05 1.34 1.28 1.41 1.41 1.15 1.73
Anxiety/depression 1.86 1.41 2.46 1.15 1.08 1.23 1.48 1.10 2.01
Sweden Mobility 1.37 0.71 2.61 1.68 1.34 2.11 1.36 0.67 2.75
Self-care 3.06 0.60 15.69 1.39 0.83 2.32 11.63 1.24 109.0
Usual activities 0.97 0.51 1.87 1.27 1.03 1.57 1.58 0.77 3.26
Pain/discomfort 1.11 0.77 1.62 1.26 1.12 1.42 2.05 1.33 3.16
Anxiety/depression 1.74 1.16 2.63 0.94 0.83 1.07 1.41 0.87 2.28
Thailanda Mobility 1.30 1.01 1.67 1.57 1.42 1.72 – – –
Self-care 0.93 0.64 1.36 1.40 1.22 1.61 – – –
Usual activities 0.97 0.75 1.24 1.22 1.11 1.34 – – –
Pain/discomfort 1.37 1.09 1.71 1.31 1.20 1.43 – – –
Anxiety/depression 1.44 1.17 1.79 1.14 1.05 1.23 – – –
United Kingdom Mobility 0.90 0.75 1.09 1.65 1.56 1.76 1.68 1.37 2.06
Self-care 0.80 0.57 1.13 1.45 1.30 1.62 1.85 1.26 2.71
Usual activities 0.88 0.72 1.07 1.40 1.32 1.48 1.56 1.27 1.92
Pain/discomfort 1.02 0.87 1.19 1.39 1.33 1.46 1.77 1.50 2.09
Anxiety/depression 1.35 1.14 1.61 1.13 1.07 1.18 1.52 1.26 1.82
United States Mobility 1.25 1.17 1.34 1.73 1.70 1.77 1.96 1.80 2.14
Self-care 1.04 0.93 1.16 1.61 1.55 1.68 2.33 2.06 2.63
Usual activities 1.43 1.35 1.52 1.54 1.51 1.57 1.84 1.69 2.01
Pain/discomfort 1.30 1.24 1.37 1.46 1.43 1.48 1.45 1.35 1.57
Anxiety/depression 1.49 1.42 1.57 1.12 1.10 1.14 1.42 1.33 1.51

aEducationvariable not available

Generally, each decade of age added substantial odds for higher reported
problems along all the EQ-5D dimensions. The only exception was
anxiety/depression in the Netherlands and Sweden, where the odds decreased
with age. In all other countries, anxiety/depression had increased odds with age
but among the five dimension this dimension had the smallest odds ratio. Gender
related odds ratios generally favoured men in terms of reported problems.
However, exceptions included mobility, self-care, and usual activities in some
countries. Gender related odds ratios were highest for self-care in Korea (6.53),
self-care in Greece (4.76), and self-care in Sweden (3.06).
In most countries, attaining at least the medium level of education translated
into significantly lower age- and gender-adjusted odds of experiencing problems
on any dimension. Education had generally the highest impact in Korea and
Slovenia, and had a particularly high impact on self-care in Sweden, with an odds
ratio of 11.63.

5.3 Concentration Indices Based on EQ-5D

Results of the concentration index analysis of the 17 countries are shown in
Tables 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4. Findings suggest that the level of inequalities in self-
assessed EQ VAS health and the health inequality profile by EQ-5D dimension
differed across countries. In terms of the overall level of inequalities, Korea,
Denmark, and China presented the lowest level of relative inequalities (0.090,
0.094, and 0.095 respectively) while Spain and Hungary had the highest relative
inequalities (0.173 and 0.157, respectively).

Table 5.2 Health inequality profile of 17 countries by socio-demographic factors

(explained share in absolute and relative percentages)
Country Inequality index* Socio-demographic factor (percentages)
Explained share Gender Age Education
Belgium 0.126 7.9 0.2 7.7 0.0
100.0 1.9 97.8 0.3
China 0.095 21.7 0.1 12.9 8.6
100.0 0.6 59.6 39.7
Denmark 0.094 7.0 0.0 4.3 2.7
100.0 0.0 61.2 38.8
France 0.132 12.8 0.0 11.9 0.9
100.0 0.0 93.3 6.7
Germany 0.131 17.8 0.1 16.9 0.8
100.0 0.5 95.2 4.3
Greece 0.125 16.5 0.5 12.7 3.3
100.0 2.9 77.2 19.9
Hungary 0.157 24.4 0.4 19.6 4.4
100.0 1.5 80.2 18.2
Country Inequality index* Socio-demographic factor (percentages)
Explained share Gender Age Education
Italy 0.133 19.0 0.7 17.6 0.7
100.0 3.6 92.5 3.9
Korea 0.090 3.0 0.2 0.0 2.8
100.0 6.1 0.0 93.9
Netherlands 0.104 4.7 0.4 3.7 0.6
100.0 8.8 78.1 13.0
New Zealand 0.103 2.4 0.1 2.1 0.2
100.0 2.9 86.8 10.3
Slovenia 0.136 27.6 0.3 15.9 11.4
100.0 1.1 57.7 41.2
Spain 0.173 7.5 0.5 6.7 0.4
100.0 6.4 88.8 4.9
Sweden 0.103 4.0 0.1 1.6 2.3
100.0 2.7 40.1 57.2
Thailanda 0.108 0.9 0.2 0.7 –
100.0 21.7 78.3 –
United Kingdom 0.110 9.0 0.0 5.9 3.1
100.0 0.1 65.6 34.3
United States 0.112 9.3 0.3 7.6 1.4
100.0 3.7 81.5 14.8

* p<0.05 in all countries

aEducation variable is not available in Thailand

Table 5.3 Health inequality profile of 17 countries by quality of life dimensions

(explained share in absolute and relative percentages)
Country Inequality Quality of life factors (percentages)
index* Explained Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression
share care activities
Belgium 0.126 24.9 5.2 3.5 8.2 4.7 3.4
100.0 20.9 13.9 32.9 18.8 13.5
China 0.095 24.4 3.1 0.2 2.8 9.5 8.9
100.0 12.5 0.8 11.4 38.9 36.4
Denmark 0.094 36.5 7.0 2.6 12.7 8.4 5.8
100.0 19.3 7.2 34.7 23.0 15.8
France 0.132 24.2 5.4 3.0 4.6 7.4 3.7
100.0 22.5 12.5 19.1 30.5 15.4
Germany 0.131 34.6 11.3 1.6 9.1 9.3 3.3
100.0 32.8 4.6 26.4 26.8 9.4
Country Inequality Quality of life factors (percentages)
index* Explained Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression
share care activities
Greece 0.125 54.3 20.4 0.2 16.5 11.7 5.6
100.0 37.5 0.4 30.3 21.5 10.3
Hungary 0.157 46.3 9.0 2.9 6.8 18.3 9.3
100.0 19.5 6.3 14.7 39.5 20.0
Italy 0.133 35.2 7.7 2.7 9.2 10.8 4.8
100.0 21.8 7.6 26.2 30.7 13.7
Korea 0.090 16.8 0.3 0.3 2.8 8.3 5.1
100.0 1.8 2.0 16.6 49.6 30.1
Netherlands 0.104 30.7 6.5 0.4 14.7 8.3 0.9
100.0 21.1 1.2 48.0 26.9 2.8
New 0.103 37.4 7.3 8.1 10.6 5.0 6.4
Zealand 100.0 19.5 21.7 28.3 13.4 17.2
Slovenia 0.136 54.3 13.0 9.3 14.6 11.9 5.5
100.0 24.0 17.1 26.8 21.9 10.1
Spain 0.173 21.5 5.1 0.6 5.5 7.7 2.7
100.0 23.5 2.9 25.5 35.7 12.5
Sweden 0.103 43.9 2.6 2.6 9.6 16.6 12.6
100.0 5.9 5.9 21.8 37.7 28.6
Thailand 0.108 14.6 1.5 0.0 2.2 8.4 2.7
100.0 10.2 0.0 15.1 57.2 18.5
United 0.110 35.0 7.1 1.6 9.7 9.6 7.0
Kingdom 100.0 20.3 4.5 27.7 27.4 20.1
United 0.112 42.6 8.2 4.3 13.8 7.8 8.5
States 100.0 19.3 10.1 32.5 18.2 19.9

* p<0.05 in all countries

Table 5.4 Health inequality profile of 17 countries by socio-demographic and quality of

life dimensions (explained share in absolute and relative percentages)
Inequality Explained Gender Age Education Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anx
index * share care activities
Belgium 0.126 26.8 0.0 3.8 0.0 4.3 3.4 7.8 4.2 3.4
100.0 0.0 14.0 0.0 16.1 12.6 29.0 15.5 12.7
China 0.095 36.6 0.1 11.5 4.1 2.3 0.2 2.4 7.4 8.6
100.0 0.3 31.3 11.3 6.2 0.7 6.5 20.3 23.4
Denmark 0.094 38.4 0.1 1.6 1.7 7.1 2.4 12.0 8.1 5.5
100.0 0.1 4.2 4.3 18.5 6.3 31.1 21.1 14.4
France 0.132 28.6 0.0 7.0 0.7 3.5 2.9 4.5 6.1 4.0
100.0 0.0 24.5 2.4 12.1 10.0 15.7 21.4 13.8
 Inequality Explained Gender Age Education Mobility Self- Usual Pain/discomfort Anx
index * share care activities
Germany 0.131 39.4 0.0 9.0 0.3 8.3 1.3 8.7 8.5 3.4
100.0 0.0 22.9 0.7 21.1 3.2 22.0 21.4 8.7
Greece 0.126 55.2 0.1 2.6 0.3 20.4 0.0 15.4 10.4 6.0
100.0 0.1 4.7 0.5 37.1 0.0 27.9 18.9 10.8
Hungary 0.157 50.6 0.0 9.4 1.2 6.6 2.4 5.9 15.8 9.2
100.0 0.0 18.7 2.3 13.1 4.8 11.8 31.3 18.1
Italy 0.133 38.8 0.0 8.0 0.1 5.6 2.5 8.7 9.1 4.8
100.0 0.0 20.5 0.2 14.5 6.4 22.4 23.5 12.4
Korea 0.090 19.3 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.4 0.4 2.7 9.0 5.3
100.0 0.0 0.0 7.9 2.1 2.0 14.0 46.6 27.4
Netherlands 0.104 31.4 0.0 1.4 0.4 5.7 0.4 14.7 8.0 0.9
100.0 0.0 4.4 1.2 18.2 1.2 46.7 25.4 2.8
New 0.103 38.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 8.1 8.1 10.6 5.3 6.5
Zealand 100.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 20.8 20.9 27.3 13.8 16.8
Slovenia 0.136 57.7 0.3 4.1 6.2 8.8 7.4 13.9 11.3 5.7
100.0 0.5 7.2 10.7 15.3 12.7 24.2 19.6 9.9
Spain 0.173 22.8 0.1 2.8 0.1 4.0 0.6 5.2 7.2 2.7
100.0 0.6 12.4 0.6 17.5 2.5 22.9 31.6 12.0
Sweden 0.104 44.4 0.0 0.4 0.3 2.4 2.5 9.7 16.3 12.8
100.0 0.1 0.9 0.7 5.4 5.6 21.9 36.7 28.8
Thailanda 0.108 15.4 0.4 0.2 – 1.5 0.0 2.1 8.4 2.9
100.0 2.3 1.0 – 9.5 0.0 13.9 54.7 18.6
United 0.110 35.9 0.0 1.1 1.3 6.3 1.5 9.8 8.9 6.9
Kingdom 100.0 0.0 3.0 3.7 17.7 4.3 27.2 24.7 19.3
United 0.112 43.1 0.0 1.1 0.5 7.6 4.0 13.9 7.4 8.5
States 100.0 0.0 2.6 1.2 17.5 9.4 32.2 17.3 19.8

* p<0.05 in all countries

aEducation variable is not available in Thailand
Differences were discerned in the extent to which the socio-demographic and
the quality of life factors explained overall inequalities in self-assessed health.
Socio-demographic factors explained the smallest proportion of health
inequalities in New Zealand (2.4 %), Korea (3.0 %), and Sweden (4.0 %), while
they explained higher proportions in Slovenia (27.6 %) and Hungary (24.4 %).
The five dimensions of EQ-5D were generally more powerful in explaining
overall self-assessed health. The explained proportion of the index varied from
14.6 % in Thailand to 54.3 % in Slovenia and Greece.
Within the socio-demographic variables, gender played the smallest role in
explaining overall inequalities in self-assessed health (0–21.7 %), while age was
generally the most important determinant (0–97.8 %). Education played a variable
role in explaining inequalities in each country, from 0.3 % in Belgium to 93.9 % in
Korea.
The health inequality profile according to the EQ-5D dimensions showed
different patterns across countries. Pain/discomfort and usual activities were the
highest contributors to overall inequalities in self-assessed health in most
countries (n = 8 and n = 7, respectively). In Greece and Germany, mobility was the
most important factor among the five dimensions. The relative share of mobility
was the highest in Greece (37.5 %), while New Zealand had the highest relative
share of self-care (21.7 %). Problems with usual activities contributed with the
highest relative share in The Netherlands (48.0 %). Pain/discomfort had a
particularly high relative share in Thailand (57.2 %) and Korea (49.6 %). The
relative share of anxiety/depression was highest in China (36.4 %) in explaining
overall inequalities in self-assessed health.
The decomposition analysis that combined both the socio-demographic
variables and reported problems along the five dimensions confirmed the above
findings. However, in this analysis, problems with usual activities became the
strongest contributor to overall inequalities in the majority of countries (n=9)
followed by pain/discomfort.

5.4 Conclusions
Evidence from these analyses shows that inequalities in self-reported health
measured by the EQ-5D exist across many countries despite different
demographic, economic and cultural characteristics. The individual health
inequality profile of each country deserves the attention of policy makers to
promote greater equity.
Both the analysis of odds ratios and concentration indices showed that age is
the most important overall predictor of experiencing lower EQ VAS and problems
on mobility, self-care, usual activities, and pain/discomfort in all countries. Gender
does play an additional role, although its role is much smaller. Having attained at
least a medium level of education, adjusted for age and gender, translated into
lower odds of reporting problems on any dimension of EQ-5D in almost all
surveyed countries. However, this relationship seemed to possess some country-
specific traits that deserve the attention of policy makers.
In addition, the decomposition analysis of the concentration index provided a
unique insight into the role of each individual EQ-5D dimension in explaining
overall inequalities in EQ VAS. This analysis, in particular, highlighted the
widespread importance of problems with pain/discomfort and usual activities in
explaining inequalities in overall self-assessed health.
 Finally, it has to be noted that the above results should not be used for
ranking countries based on health inequality among their populations. Neither
was the analysis designed to account for potential differences in demographic or
other sample characteristics across countries. Each country should consider the
results within the light of their own social and health care context. Further data
collection and research by population subgroups that were not included in this
study – such as social, ethnic, or patient groups – could help prioritize and further
refine inequality reduction programs.
Another limitation of this study derives from the simple, generic nature of the
EQ-5D questionnaire. The domains described by the EQ-5D-3L are generic and
response options are limited to three levels. While these characteristics make the
EQ-5D feasible to administer in large population surveys, they also lead to some
limitations in interpreting results. For example, it is not possible to determine what
proportion of reported pain related to acute, sub-acute, or chronic pain, or what
were the key types of usual activities people had problem with. Targeted research
along each important quality of life domain could further help understand in-depth
characteristics of inequalities and identify strategies to tackle them efficiently.

Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s)
and source are credited.

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Annex 1: EQ-5D Population Norms – National Surveys
Argentina
Source: Ministry of Health of Argentina ( 2005 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 5,957 9,059 8,213 6,690 5,078 3,686 2,709 41,392
Males 2,829 3,951 3,569 3,008 2,171 1,350 949 17,827
Females 3,128 5,108 4,644 3,682 2,907 2,336 1,760 23,565

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 82.0 79.4 77.2 74.4 69.5 67.9 62.2 75.3
Standard error 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.2
25th percentile 75 70 70 70 60 50 50 70
50th percentile 85 80 80 80 70 70 60 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 80 80 80 90
Males Mean 83.9 81.1 79.3 75.9 70.3 69.6 64.2 77.3
Standard error 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.8 0.3
25th percentile 80 70 70 70 60 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 80 80 80 90
Females Mean 79.9 77.9 75.5 72.9 68.8 66.5 60.8 73.6
Standard error 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.3
25th percentile 70 70 70 60 50 50 50 60
50th percentile 80 80 80 80 70 70 60 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 80 80 80 80 90

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 5,800 97.3 8,743 96.6 7,715 94.6 5,960 90.9 4,084 82.5 2,592 74.0 1,486 56.5
problems
Some 142 2.6 303 3.3 477 5.2 709 8.9 969 17.2 1,051 24.8 1,140 40.8
problems
Confined 15 0.2 13 0.1 21 0.3 21 0.2 25 0.4 43 1.3 83 2.7
to bed
 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Self-care No 5,917 98.8 8,996 99.1 8,130 98.3 6,557 98.4 4,892 97.1 3,409 93.4 2,234 83.6
problems
Some 30 1.1 50 0.8 71 1.6 117 1.5 174 2.8 251 5.1 382 13.5
problems
Unable 10 0.1 13 0.0 12 0.1 16 0.1 12 0.1 26 1.4 93 2.9
to
Usual activities No 5,794 97.4 8,769 96.6 7,775 95.6 6,103 93.8 4,359 87.8 2,965 82.2 1,769 68.0
problems
Some 153 2.6 278 3.1 416 4.2 565 6.0 677 11.6 651 15.9 770 27.0
problems
Unable 10 0.1 12 0.3 22 0.2 22 0.2 42 0.5 70 2.0 170 4.9
to
Pain/discomfort No 4,804 83.0 6,996 78.0 5,797 71.1 4,161 65.6 2,843 60.7 1,804 53.3 1,064 41.9
Some 1,076 16.1 1,890 19.7 2,150 26.2 2,176 29.3 1,873 34.5 1,565 39.5 1,305 45.0
Extreme 77 0.9 173 2.4 266 2.7 353 5.0 362 4.8 317 7.2 340 13.2
Anxiety/depression No 4,922 83.2 7,288 79.9 6,238 76.4 4,929 74.8 3,668 74.5 2,623 73.8 1,882 69.4
Some 918 14.9 1,545 17.9 1,726 20.9 1,503 22.0 1,150 20.8 879 21.8 680 25.2
Extreme 117 1.9 226 2.3 249 2.7 258 3.1 260 4.7 184 4.4 147 5.3
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 2,757 97.5 3,817 97.0 3,399 95.4 2,773 92.5 1,826 84.9 992 78.4 574 65.2
problems
Some 65 2.4 130 3.0 161 4.5 230 7.4 336 14.9 339 20.4 354 32.8
problems
Confined 7 0.1 4 0.1 9 0.1 5 0.1 9 0.2 19 1.2 21 2.0
to bed
Self-care No 2,812 99.2 3,922 99.3 3,537 99.2 2,965 98.2 2,103 97.4 1,262 93.1 821 86.9
problems
Some 12 0.8 21 0.7 28 0.8 36 1.7 61 2.5 77 4.9 98 10.4
problems
Unable to 5 0.1 8 0.0 4 0.1 7 0.1 7 0.1 11 1.9 30 2.7
Usual activities No 2,750 97.5 3,845 96.9 3,433 96.6 2,854 95.8 1,919 89.6 1,121 85.8 694 78.9
problems
Some 72 2.4 98 3.0 128 3.3 144 4.0 235 10.1 204 12.4 208 17.0
problems
Unable to 7 0.1 8 0.1 8 0.1 10 0.2 17 0.3 25 1.8 47 4.1
Pain/discomfort No 2,405 87.0 3,230 81.0 2,781 78.0 2,085 70.5 1,380 65.5 774 61.1 433 48.3
Some 406 12.6 672 17.5 715 19.9 823 24.7 673 31.1 490 32.4 420 40.3
Extreme 18 0.4 49 1.5 73 2.1 100 4.8 118 3.4 86 6.5 96 11.4
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 2,420 85.8 3,347 82.4 2,927 82.2 2,397 79.8 1,663 76.9 1,034 76.9 714 74.6
Some 371 12.9 535 15.7 590 16.4 536 18.0 425 18.4 276 20.6 202 21.2
Extreme 38 1.4 69 1.8 52 1.5 75 2.3 83 4.7 40 2.4 33 4.2
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 3,043 96.9 4,926 96.3 4,316 93.9 3,187 89.4 2,258 80.2 1,600 70.6 912 50.7
problems
Some 77 2.8 173 3.6 316 5.8 479 10.3 633 19.3 712 28.1 786 46.1
problems
Confined 8 0.3 9 0.2 12 0.4 16 0.4 16 0.5 24 1.3 62 3.2
to bed
Self-care No 3,105 98.5 5,074 99.0 4,593 97.5 3,592 98.7 2,789 96.7 2,147 93.7 1,413 81.4
problems
Some 18 1.5 29 1.0 43 2.3 81 1.3 113 3.2 174 5.3 284 15.6
problems
Unable 5 0.0 5 0.0 8 0.2 9 0.1 5 0.1 15 1.0 63 3.1
to
Usual activities No 3,044 97.2 4,924 96.3 4,342 94.7 3,249 91.8 2,440 86.1 1,844 79.5 1,075 60.7
problems
Some 81 2.8 180 3.2 288 5.0 421 8.0 442 13.2 447 18.5 562 33.8
problems
Unable 3 0.0 4 0.5 14 0.3 12 0.2 25 0.7 45 2.1 123 5.5
to
Pain/discomfort No 2,399 78.6 3,766 75.4 3,016 65.2 2,076 60.9 1,463 56.0 1,030 47.2 631 37.5
Some 670 20.1 1,218 21.6 1,435 31.6 1,353 33.8 1,200 37.9 1,075 45.0 885 48.1
Extreme 59 1.4 124 3.1 193 3.2 253 5.3 244 6.1 231 7.8 244 14.4
Anxiety/depression No 2,502 80.3 3,941 77.7 3,311 71.5 2,532 70.0 2,005 72.2 1,589 71.4 1,168 66.0
Some 547 17.2 1,010 19.7 1,136 24.7 967 26.0 725 23.0 603 22.7 478 28.0
Extreme 79 2.5 157 2.6 197 3.8 183 4.0 177 4.8 144 5.9 114 6.1
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.907 0.889 0.869 0.849 0.829 0.796 0.724 0.856
Standard error 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.002
25th percentile 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.73 0.71 0.62 0.78
50th percentile 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.84 0.78 0.76 0.98
75th percentile 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Males Mean 0.920 0.901 0.894 0.868 0.847 0.819 0.764 0.877
Standard error 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.015 0.002
25th percentile 0.98 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.65 0.78
50th percentile 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.81 0.78 0.98
75th percentile 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
Females Mean 0.892 0.879 0.847 0.832 0.813 0.778 0.698 0.837
Standard error 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.002
25th percentile 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.60 0.76
50th percentile 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.73 0.98
75th percentile 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.951 0.936 0.919 0.898 0.874 0.835 0.756 0.902
Standard error 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.002
25th percentile 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.88 0.83 0.72 0.65 0.88
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.88 0.83 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.962 0.947 0.939 0.913 0.889 0.857 0.795 0.920
Standard error 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.017 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.69 0.88
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.88 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.940 0.926 0.902 0.883 0.859 0.818 0.729 0.885
Standard error 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.003
25th percentile 0.93 0.88 0.88 0.83 0.82 0.72 0.61 0.83
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.77 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.928 0.911 0.888 0.867 0.837 0.793 0.712 0.871
Standard error 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.002
25th percentile 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.81 0.72 0.62 0.51 0.81
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.81 0.72 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Males Mean 0.941 0.923 0.913 0.887 0.856 0.819 0.761 0.893
Standard error 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.72 0.66 0.57 0.81
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.81 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.914 0.900 0.866 0.846 0.819 0.772 0.679 0.850
Standard error 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.003
25th percentile 0.84 0.81 0.81 0.72 0.72 0.61 0.50 0.72
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.65 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 1.00
Belgium
Source: ESEMeD; König et al. ( 2009 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 165 405 560 433 349 302 197 2,411
Males 74 205 283 215 179 145 87 1,188
Females 91 200 277 218 170 157 110 1,223

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 84.0 82.0 80.2 77.2 74.2 71.3 69.4 77.6
Standard error 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.7 0.5
25th percentile 80 80 80 70 70 65 60 70
50th percentile 85 85 85 80 80 75 75 80
75th percentile 90 95 90 90 90 85 80 90
Males Mean 84.3 81.6 81.7 78.8 75.8 70.6 69.2 78.6
Standard error 1.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.8 0.8
25th percentile 80 80 80 75 70 65 60 70
50th percentile 85 85 85 80 80 75 75 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 85 80 90
Females Mean 83.7 82.5 78.7 75.4 72.4 71.7 69.6 76.7
Standard error 1.7 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.1 0.8
25th percentile 80 80 75 70 70 65 60 70
50th percentile 87 88 85 80 80 75 70 80
75th percentile 95 95 90 90 90 80 80 90

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 157 95.1 384 95.1 526 94.1 380 87.1 300 86.3 234 76.0 124 55.5
Some problems 8 4.9 20 4.0 31 5.5 50 12.5 49 13.7 67 23.9 71 43.4
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.9 3 0.5 3 0.4 0 0.0 1 0.1 2 1.1
Self-care No problems 163 99.4 396 97.7 549 98.5 416 94.4 336 97.0 285 93.4 163 81.5
Some problems 2 0.6 7 1.4 9 1.3 16 5.5 13 3.0 15 6.2 28 15.8
Unable to 0 0.0 2 1.0 2 0.3 1 0.1 0 0.0 2 0.5 6 2.7
Usual activities No problems 161 96.5 381 94.6 518 92.6 373 85.2 309 88.7 242 79.3 128 62.7
Some problems 4 3.5 20 4.7 37 6.7 54 14.1 38 10.7 56 19.4 52 28.0
Unable to 0 0.0 4 0.7 5 0.7 6 0.7 2 0.6 4 1.2 17 9.4
Pain/discomfort No 140 87.7 325 78.3 434 78.1 298 68.1 229 64.1 193 57.8 106 49.1
Some 24 12.0 75 20.1 117 20.4 119 29.3 113 33.0 102 40.7 82 45.4
Extreme 1 0.4 5 1.6 9 1.5 16 2.6 7 2.9 7 1.6 9 5.5
Anxiety/depression No 160 96.6 378 93.9 526 93.2 401 93.4 325 93.8 278 91.9 185 94.1
Some 5 3.4 22 5.4 27 5.1 27 5.8 20 5.3 21 7.0 11 5.1
Extreme 0 0.0 5 0.7 7 1.7 5 0.8 4 0.9 3 1.0 1 0.8
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 68 91.4 202 97.7 269 94.6 190 89.0 159 90.5 115 75.0 63 64.7
Some problems 6 8.6 2 0.6 12 4.8 22 10.2 20 9.5 29 24.7 24 35.3
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 1.6 2 0.6 3 0.7 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 73 99.1 202 97.8 276 98.0 204 93.9 174 97.4 139 94.6 79 90.4
Some problems 1 0.9 1 0.3 5 1.4 10 5.8 5 2.6 6 5.4 7 8.3
Unable to 0 0.0 2 1.8 2 0.6 1 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.2
Usual activities No problems 73 97.4 196 95.7 263 93.1 190 87.0 158 88.6 124 81.7 67 77.0
Some problems 1 2.6 8 4.1 15 5.4 22 12.3 19 10.3 18 15.8 14 16.4
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.2 5 1.4 3 0.6 2 1.1 3 2.5 6 6.5
Pain/discomfort No 61 82.6 170 79.9 218 78.5 156 74.1 125 68.1 99 61.0 56 64.5
Some 12 16.7 34 18.4 61 20.1 50 24.0 50 28.3 43 37.5 29 33.3
Extreme 1 0.7 1 1.6 4 1.4 9 1.9 4 3.6 3 1.5 2 2.2
Anxiety/depression No 70 94.7 193 94.6 270 95.1 208 97.8 164 92.9 138 95.4 83 95.1
Some 4 5.3 9 4.5 9 2.8 6 2.0 14 6.8 7 4.6 4 4.9
Extreme 0 0.0 3 0.9 4 2.0 1 0.2 1 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 89 99.0 182 92.2 257 93.6 190 85.1 141 81.3 119 76.7 61 49.4
Some problems 2 1.0 18 7.8 19 6.1 28 14.9 29 18.7 38 23.3 47 48.8
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.8
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Self-care No problems 90 99.6 194 97.5 273 98.9 212 94.9 162 96.5 146 92.4 84 75.6
Some problems 1 0.4 6 2.5 4 1.1 6 5.1 8 3.5 9 6.7 21 20.7
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.8 5 3.7
Usual activities No problems 88 95.6 185 93.3 255 92.2 183 83.2 151 88.9 118 77.7 61 53.3
Some problems 3 4.4 12 5.5 22 7.8 32 16.0 19 11.1 38 22.0 38 35.5
Unable to 0 0.0 3 1.2 0 0.0 3 0.8 0 0.0 1 0.3 11 11.2
Pain/discomfort No 79 93.2 155 76.6 216 77.7 142 61.8 104 59.4 94 55.4 50 39.1
Some 12 6.8 41 21.9 56 20.7 69 34.9 63 38.5 59 43.0 53 53.4
Extreme 0 0.0 4 1.5 5 1.6 7 3.3 3 2.1 4 1.6 7 7.6
Anxiety/depression No 90 98.6 185 93.1 256 91.4 193 88.7 161 94.8 140 89.4 102 93.5
Some 1 1.4 13 6.4 18 7.2 21 9.9 6 3.6 14 8.8 7 5.2
Extreme 0 0.0 2 0.6 3 1.4 4 1.5 3 1.6 3 1.8 1 1.3
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.953 0.921 0.920 0.889 0.881 0.848 0.761 0.891
Standard error 0.008 0.010 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.020 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.66 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.933 0.925 0.921 0.912 0.890 0.862 0.834 0.905
Standard error 0.014 0.017 0.010 0.013 0.016 0.017 0.024 0.006
25th percentile 0.81 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.976 0.918 0.919 0.864 0.871 0.838 0.714 0.878
Standard error 0.007 0.011 0.010 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.027 0.006
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.78 0.71 0.57 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.949 0.915 0.912 0.881 0.871 0.836 0.748 0.883
Standard error 0.009 0.011 0.008 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.020 0.005
25th percentile 1.00 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.69 0.66 0.76
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.82 0.76 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.926 0.918 0.913 0.907 0.881 0.852 0.823 0.897
Standard error 0.016 0.018 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.018 0.025 0.006
25th percentile 0.77 0.82 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.69 0.76
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.973 0.911 0.911 0.853 0.860 0.825 0.699 0.869
Standard error 0.008 0.012 0.011 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.027 0.006
25th percentile 1.00 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.76 0.69 0.58 0.76
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.74 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
China
Source: Household Health Survey ( 2010 ), Sun et al. ( 2011 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 1,095 958 1,782 1,491 1,401 884 420 8,031
Males 549 450 853 721 675 444 184 3,876
Females 546 508 929 770 726 440 236 4,155

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 89.1 85.7 82.7 79.4 76.5 72.2 69.4 80.4
Standard error 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.2
25th percentile 80 80 80 70 70 60 60 73
50th percentile 90 90 90 80 80 75 70 84
75th percentile 100 90 90 90 90 80 80 90
Males Mean 89.3 86.1 83.1 80.7 77.8 73.1 72.0 81.3
Standard error 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.1 0.2
25th percentile 85 80 80 75 70 65 60 75
50th percentile 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 84
75th percentile 100 90 90 90 90 80 80 90
EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 88.9 85.4 82.4 78.2 75.3 71.3 67.4 79.6
Standard error 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.1 0.2
25th percentile 80 80 80 70 70 60 60 73
50th percentile 90 90 85 80 80 70 70 82
75th percentile 98 90 90 90 85 80 80 89

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 1,084 99.0 942 98.3 1,737 97.5 1,448 97.0 1,310 93.5 783 88.6 316 75.3
Some 10 0.9 14 1.5 41 2.3 42 2.8 87 6.2 94 10.6 95 22.6
problems
Confined to 1 0.1 2 0.2 4 0.2 3 0.2 4 0.3 7 0.8 9 2.1
bed
Self-care No problems 1,076 98.2 949 99.1 1,761 98.8 1,464 98.2 1,358 97.0 832 94.1 362 86.2
Some 18 1.6 7 0.7 18 1.0 24 1.6 36 2.6 46 5.2 48 11.4
problems
Unable to 2 0.2 2 0.2 4 0.2 3 0.2 6 0.4 6 0.7 10 2.4
Usual activities No problems 1,080 98.6 940 98.1 1,736 97.4 1,439 96.4 1,306 93.2 799 90.4 319 75.9
Some 13 1.2 16 1.7 39 2.2 49 3.3 85 6.1 68 7.7 75 17.9
problems
Unable to 2 0.2 2 0.2 7 0.4 4 0.3 10 0.7 17 1.9 26 6.2
Pain/discomfort No 1,073 98.0 919 95.9 1,688 94.7 1,331 89.3 1,170 83.5 698 79.0 296 70.5
Some 22 2.0 37 3.9 89 5.0 155 10.4 224 16.0 176 19.9 119 28.3
Extreme 0 0.0 2 0.2 5 0.3 4 0.3 7 0.5 10 1.1 5 1.2
Anxiety/depression No 1,064 97.2 908 94.8 1,657 93.1 1,370 91.8 1,238 88.4 754 85.3 338 80.5
Some 30 2.7 45 4.7 119 6.7 115 7.7 156 11.1 120 13.6 77 18.3
Extreme 1 0.1 5 0.5 4 0.2 7 0.5 7 0.5 10 1.1 5 1.2
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 544 99.1 440 97.8 834 97.8 703 97.5 632 93.6 409 92.1 141 76.6
Some problems 4 0.7 8 1.8 17 2.0 17 2.4 41 6.1 32 7.2 43 23.4
Confined to bed 1 0.2 2 0.4 2 0.2 1 0.1 2 0.3 3 0.7 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 540 98.3 445 98.9 843 98.9 707 98.1 654 96.9 422 95.0 164 89.2
Some problems 8 1.5 3 0.7 8 0.9 13 1.8 16 2.4 18 4.1 17 9.2
Unable to 1 0.2 2 0.4 2 0.2 1 0.1 5 0.7 4 0.9 3 1.6
Usual activities No problems 542 98.7 442 98.3 834 97.8 703 97.5 630 93.3 409 92.1 147 79.8
Some problems 6 1.1 6 1.3 14 1.6 17 2.4 39 5.8 28 6.3 31 16.9
Unable to 1 0.2 2 0.4 5 0.6 1 0.1 6 0.9 7 1.6 6 3.3
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Pain/discomfort No 541 98.5 435 96.7 822 96.4 670 92.9 587 87.0 371 83.6 141 76.6
Some 8 1.5 14 3.1 30 3.5 51 7.1 86 12.7 68 15.3 43 23.4
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.2 1 0.1 0 0.0 2 0.3 5 1.1 0 0.0
Anxiety/depression No 535 97.4 432 96.0 801 93.9 667 92.5 611 90.5 387 87.2 153 83.2
Some 13 2.4 16 3.6 49 5.7 52 7.2 60 8.9 52 11.7 30 16.3
Extreme 1 0.2 2 0.4 3 0.4 2 0.3 4 0.6 5 1.1 1 0.5
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 540 98.9 502 98.8 903 97.2 744 96.6 678 93.4 374 85.0 175 74.2
Some problems 6 1.1 6 1.2 24 2.6 24 3.1 46 6.3 62 14.1 52 22.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.2 2 0.3 2 0.3 4 0.9 9 3.8
Self-care No problems 536 98.1 504 99.2 918 98.8 757 98.3 704 97.0 410 93.1 198 83.9
Some problems 9 1.7 4 0.8 9 1.0 11 1.4 21 2.9 28 6.4 31 13.1
Unable to 1 0.2 0 0.0 2 0.2 2 0.3 1 0.1 2 0.5 7 3.0
Usual activities No problems 538 98.5 498 98.0 902 97.1 735 95.4 675 92.9 390 88.6 172 72.9
Some problems 7 1.3 10 2.0 25 2.7 32 4.2 47 6.5 40 9.1 44 18.6
Unable to 1 0.2 0 0.0 2 0.2 3 0.4 4 0.6 10 2.3 20 8.5
Pain/discomfort No 532 97.4 484 95.3 866 93.2 662 86.0 583 80.3 327 74.3 155 65.7
Some 14 2.6 23 4.5 59 6.4 104 13.5 138 19.0 108 24.6 76 32.2
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.2 4 0.4 4 0.5 5 0.7 5 1.1 5 2.1
Anxiety/depression No 529 96.9 476 93.7 857 92.3 703 91.2 628 86.5 367 83.4 185 78.4
Some 17 3.1 29 5.7 71 7.6 62 8.1 95 13.1 68 15.5 47 19.9
Extreme 0 0.0 3 0.6 1 0.1 5 0.7 3 0.4 5 1.1 4 1.7
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.990 0.980 0.970 0.960 0.930 0.900 0.840 0.951
Standard error 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.011 0.001
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.69 0.96
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.990 0.980 0.970 0.960 0.940 0.920 0.870 0.956
Standard error 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.014 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.99
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.980 0.970 0.970 0.950 0.920 0.880 0.810 0.940
Standard error 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.018 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.92
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Denmark
Source: Sørensen et al. ( 2009 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 1,580 2,974 3,277 3,341 2,737 1,824 1,128 16,861
Males 733 1,358 1,475 1,615 1,347 862 510 7,900
Females 847 1,616 1,802 1,726 1,390 962 618 8,961

EQ VAS (self-rated health)*

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 86.2 87.9 85.8 83.0 81.6 78.3 76.2 83.7
Standard error 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.2
25th percentile 80 82 80 75 75 70 67.5 80
50th percentile 90 90 90 89 85 80 80 90
75th percentile 95 95 95 95 95 90 90 95
Males Mean 86.2 88.1 85.7 82.5 82.3 79.6 75.6 83.8
Standard error 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.5 0.3
25th percentile 80 82 80 75 75 75 65.25 80
50th percentile 90 90 90 85 85 83 80 90
75th percentile 95 95 95 94 95 90 90 95
Females Mean 86.1 87.7 85.9 83.5 80.9 77.1 76.7 83.5
Standard error 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.3 0.3
25th percentile 80 82.25 80 75 75 67 69 75
50th percentile 90 90 90 90 85 80 80 90
75th percentile 95 95 95 95 95 90 90 95

*N = 6,500; EQ VAS was included in two of three sub-studies

Problems reported by dimension

 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 1,531 96.9 2,854 96.0 3,069 93.7 3,049 91.3 2,378 86.9 1,463 80.2 719 63.7
problems
Some 48 3.0 117 3.9 206 6.3 290 8.7 354 12.9 357 19.6 393 34.8
problems
Confined 1 0.1 3 0.1 2 0.1 2 0.1 5 0.2 4 0.2 16 1.4
to bed
Self-care No 1,571 99.4 2,961 99.6 3,236 98.7 3,275 98.0 2,671 97.6 1,727 94.7 997 88.4
problems
Some 7 0.4 12 0.4 34 1.0 64 1.9 54 2.0 82 4.5 102 9.0
problems
Unable to 2 0.1 1 0.0 7 0.2 2 0.1 12 0.4 15 0.8 29 2.6
Usual activities No 1,466 92.8 2,680 90.1 2,832 86.4 2,743 82.1 2,138 78.1 1,328 72.8 653 57.9
problems
Some 106 6.7 267 9.0 385 11.7 510 15.3 517 18.9 399 21.9 347 30.8
problems
Unable to 8 0.5 27 0.9 60 1.8 88 2.6 82 3.0 97 5.3 128 11.3
Pain/discomfort No 1,185 75.0 2,248 75.6 2,156 65.8 2,041 61.1 1,545 56.4 970 53.2 530 47.0
Some 388 24.6 702 23.6 1,066 32.5 1,197 35.8 1,116 40.8 787 43.1 545 48.3
Extreme 7 0.4 24 0.8 55 1.7 103 3.1 76 2.8 67 3.7 53 4.7
Anxiety/depression No 1,374 87.0 2,607 87.7 2,770 84.5 2,749 82.3 2,259 82.5 1,476 80.9 908 80.5
Some 193 12.2 350 11.8 489 14.9 562 16.8 460 16.8 334 18.3 206 18.3
Extreme 13 0.8 17 0.6 18 0.5 30 0.9 18 0.7 14 0.8 14 1.2
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 716 97.7 1,311 96.5 1,388 94.1 1,484 91.9 1,195 88.7 701 81.3 340 66.7
Some 16 2.2 44 3.2 86 5.8 129 8.0 150 11.1 160 18.6 165 32.4
problems
Confined to 1 0.1 3 0.2 1 0.1 2 0.1 2 0.1 1 0.1 5 1.0
bed
Self-care No problems 728 99.3 1,354 99.7 1,454 98.6 1,581 97.9 1,321 98.1 824 95.6 456 89.4
Some 4 0.5 4 0.3 16 1.1 33 2.0 22 1.6 31 3.6 45 8.8
problems
Unable to 1 0.1 0 0.0 5 0.3 1 0.1 4 0.3 7 0.8 9 1.8
Usual activities No problems 693 94.5 1,246 91.8 1,314 89.1 1,376 85.2 1,097 81.4 658 76.3 326 63.9
Some 35 4.8 104 7.7 137 9.3 205 12.7 214 15.9 161 18.7 145 28.4
problems
Unable to 5 0.7 8 0.6 24 1.6 34 2.1 36 2.7 43 5.0 39 7.6
Pain/discomfort No 583 79.5 1,070 78.8 1,030 69.8 1,059 65.6 807 59.9 505 58.6 269 52.7
Some 146 19.9 277 20.4 432 29.3 513 31.8 509 37.8 337 39.1 224 43.9
Extreme 4 0.5 11 0.8 13 0.9 43 2.7 31 2.3 20 2.3 17 3.3
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 667 91.0 1,232 90.7 1,300 88.1 1,369 84.8 1,168 86.7 736 85.4 441 86.5
Some 62 8.5 118 8.7 171 11.6 239 14.8 175 13.0 122 14.2 63 12.4
Extreme 4 0.5 8 0.6 4 0.3 7 0.4 4 0.3 4 0.5 6 1.2
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 815 96.2 1,543 95.5 1,681 93.3 1,565 90.7 1,183 85.1 762 79.2 379 61.3
Some 32 3.8 73 4.5 120 6.7 161 9.3 204 14.7 197 20.5 228 36.9
problems
Confined to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 3 0.2 3 0.3 11 1.8
bed
Self-care No problems 843 99.5 1,607 99.4 1,782 98.9 1,694 98.1 1,350 97.1 903 93.9 541 87.5
Some 3 0.4 8 0.5 18 1.0 31 1.8 32 2.3 51 5.3 57 9.2
problems
Unable to 1 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.1 1 0.1 8 0.6 8 0.8 20 3.2
Usual activities No problems 773 91.3 1,434 88.7 1,518 84.2 1,367 79.2 1,041 74.9 670 69.6 327 52.9
Some 71 8.4 163 10.1 248 13.8 305 17.7 303 21.8 238 24.7 202 32.7
problems
Unable to 3 0.4 19 1.2 36 2.0 54 3.1 46 3.3 54 5.6 89 14.4
Pain/discomfort No 602 71.1 1,178 72.9 1,126 62.5 982 56.9 738 53.1 465 48.3 261 42.2
Some 242 28.6 425 26.3 634 35.2 684 39.6 607 43.7 450 46.8 321 51.9
Extreme 3 0.4 13 0.8 42 2.3 60 3.5 45 3.2 47 4.9 36 5.8
Anxiety/depression No 707 83.5 1,375 85.1 1,470 81.6 1,380 80.0 1,091 78.5 740 76.9 467 75.6
Some 131 15.5 232 14.4 318 17.6 323 18.7 285 20.5 212 22.0 143 23.1
Extreme 9 1.1 9 0.6 14 0.8 23 1.3 14 1.0 10 1.0 8 1.3
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.914 0.914 0.881 0.861 0.845 0.818 0.753 0.866
Standard error 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.001
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.66 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.78 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.930 0.928 0.899 0.877 0.864 0.842 0.791 0.884
Standard error 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.002
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.900 0.902 0.867 0.847 0.828 0.796 0.722 0.850
Standard error 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.002
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.60 0.75
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.75 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.928 0.927 0.901 0.882 0.870 0.847 0.794 0.887
Standard error 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.001
25th percentile 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.78 0.77 0.72 0.82
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.82 0.82 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.942 0.938 0.917 0.896 0.886 0.869 0.825 0.903
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.009 0.002
25th percentile 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.78 0.72 0.82
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.82 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.917 0.918 0.888 0.869 0.854 0.827 0.768 0.873
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.002
25th percentile 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.82 0.82 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.885 0.884 0.845 0.822 0.799 0.766 0.691 0.826
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.002
25th percentile 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.68 0.63 0.61 0.51 0.68
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.71 0.70 0.68 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.907 0.903 0.866 0.841 0.822 0.794 0.730 0.848
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.002
25th percentile 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.68 0.63 0.51 0.70
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.865 0.869 0.828 0.804 0.777 0.741 0.659 0.806
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.002
25th percentile 0.70 0.70 0.68 0.63 0.61 0.57 0.51 0.63
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.70 0.63 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
England
Source: Health Survey for England (2008)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 1,259 2,143 2,709 2,524 2,544 1,937 1,647 14,763
Males 572 937 1,197 1,130 1,181 900 676 6,593
Females 687 1,206 1,512 1,394 1,363 1,037 971 8,170

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

Not included in survey

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 1,135 96.0 1,926 95.1 2,343 91.3 2,056 86.3 1,900 77.8 1,222 65.6 735 47.4
problems
Some 50 3.9 104 4.9 219 8.6 337 13.4 547 22.0 633 34.1 816 52.3
problems
Confined 1 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.0 6 0.3 7 0.3 7 0.4 5 0.3
to bed
Self-care No 1,177 99.2 1,998 98.5 2,505 98.0 2,285 95.6 2,255 92.6 1,663 90.1 1,293 85.1
problems
Some 10 0.8 30 1.4 55 2.0 102 4.0 174 6.9 175 9.4 208 13.6
problems
Unable 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 8 0.4 11 0.5 9 0.5 21 1.4
to
Usual activities No 1,129 95.7 1,911 94.5 2,327 91.0 2,061 86.9 1,928 79.2 1,351 73.1 898 58.8
problems
Some 53 4.1 110 5.1 215 8.2 292 11.6 445 17.9 436 23.8 542 35.4
problems
Unable 3 0.3 8 0.4 19 0.7 38 1.5 73 3.0 57 3.1 90 5.8
to
Pain/discomfort No 994 84.0 1,672 83.0 1,942 75.6 1,582 66.4 1,406 57.6 894 48.0 591 38.1
Some 186 15.5 330 16.0 561 22.2 717 29.9 881 36.1 829 44.5 818 52.7
Extreme 7 0.5 23 1.1 59 2.2 95 3.7 160 6.3 141 7.5 142 9.2
 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 996 84.4 1,678 83.3 2,102 82.4 1,894 79.9 1,950 80.0 1,487 80.2 1,171 76.7
Some 178 14.6 307 15.0 412 15.8 441 17.8 440 17.7 338 18.5 330 21.8
Extreme 13 1.0 39 1.7 45 1.8 56 2.2 56 2.2 24 1.3 23 1.5
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 515 96.6 830 95.8 1,011 90.6 938 88.8 892 79.1 594 68.6 327 51.3
Some 18 3.1 36 4.0 107 9.4 120 10.9 237 20.6 265 31.0 307 48.1
problems
Confined to 1 0.3 1 0.1 0 0.0 3 0.3 3 0.2 4 0.4 4 0.6
bed
Self-care No problems 531 99.4 853 98.7 1,092 97.9 1,023 96.6 1,043 92.9 781 91.0 541 86.7
Some 3 0.6 12 1.3 25 2.1 32 2.9 76 6.4 71 8.3 74 11.7
problems
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 0.4 7 0.6 6 0.7 10 1.6
Usual activities No problems 517 97.5 823 95.2 1,022 91.8 940 89.1 893 79.5 647 75.4 400 64.0
Some 14 2.2 39 4.3 82 7.3 106 9.9 200 17.2 177 21.1 187 30.0
problems
Unable to 2 0.3 4 0.5 11 0.9 12 1.0 37 3.3 31 3.5 38 6.0
Pain/discomfort No 457 85.7 726 84.3 825 73.7 722 68.2 686 60.7 457 52.7 268 42.4
Some 74 13.8 129 14.8 271 24.4 307 29.1 377 33.4 359 41.7 326 51.6
Extreme 3 0.5 8 0.8 22 1.9 31 2.8 69 5.8 49 5.6 38 6.0
Anxiety/depression No 469 87.8 748 86.6 938 84.1 874 83.2 946 83.9 727 84.2 507 80.9
Some 61 11.5 104 12.1 156 13.8 170 15.5 166 14.6 127 14.8 110 17.9
Extreme 4 0.7 11 1.2 22 2.0 14 1.3 17 1.5 8 0.9 8 1.3
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 620 95.3 1,096 94.3 1,332 92.1 1,118 83.9 1,008 76.5 628 62.9 408 44.6
Some 32 4.7 68 5.7 112 7.9 217 15.8 310 23.2 368 36.8 509 55.3
problems
Confined to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 3 0.3 4 0.3 3 0.3 1 0.1
bed
Self-care No problems 646 99.0 1,145 98.4 1,413 98.0 1,262 94.6 1,212 92.2 882 89.3 752 83.9
Some 7 1.0 18 1.5 30 2.0 70 5.0 98 7.4 104 10.4 134 14.9
problems
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 4 0.4 4 0.4 3 0.3 11 1.2
Usual activities No problems 612 93.9 1,088 93.8 1,305 90.3 1,121 84.7 1,035 78.8 704 71.0 498 55.2
Some 39 6.0 71 5.9 133 9.2 186 13.4 245 18.5 259 26.3 355 39.2
problems
Unable to 1 0.2 4 0.3 8 0.5 26 1.9 36 2.6 26 2.7 52 5.7
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Pain/discomfort No 537 82.2 946 81.7 1,117 77.3 860 64.6 720 54.6 437 43.8 323 35.1
Some 112 17.3 201 17.0 290 20.2 410 30.7 504 38.6 470 47.0 492 53.5
Extreme 4 0.5 15 1.3 37 2.6 64 4.6 91 6.8 92 9.2 104 11.4
Anxiety/depression No 527 81.0 930 80.1 1,164 80.8 1,020 76.7 1,004 76.3 760 76.6 664 73.7
Some 117 17.6 203 17.7 256 17.7 271 20.1 274 20.7 211 21.8 220 24.6
Extreme 9 1.4 28 2.2 23 1.5 42 3.1 39 3.0 16 1.6 15 1.6
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.926 0.918 0.895 0.862 0.825 0.790 0.726 0.862
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.002
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.62 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.71 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.936 0.929 0.894 0.877 0.839 0.813 0.755 0.877
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.915 0.907 0.896 0.847 0.811 0.770 0.706 0.848
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.002
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.60 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.933 0.923 0.898 0.862 0.819 0.784 0.717 0.862
Standard error 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.002
25th percentile 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.80
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.74 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Males Mean 0.942 0.934 0.897 0.879 0.833 0.810 0.753 0.878
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.80 0.74 0.73 0.69 0.80
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.80 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.924 0.913 0.900 0.846 0.804 0.760 0.692 0.847
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.003
25th percentile 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.73 0.69 0.62 0.80
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.80 0.73 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00
EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.923 0.916 0.892 0.858 0.820 0.784 0.717 0.858
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.002
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.76 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.76
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.70 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.934 0.928 0.890 0.873 0.835 0.807 0.746 0.873
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.76 0.70 0.69 0.66 0.76
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.76 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.912 0.905 0.893 0.844 0.806 0.763 0.697 0.844
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.002
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.70 0.66 0.60 0.75
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.76 0.69 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00

Finland
Source: HEALTH (2000), Aromaa and Koskinen (2004)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 0 856 1,813 1,920 1,282 993 1,164 8,028
Males 0 415 901 963 612 422 324 3,637
Females 0 441 912 957 670 571 840 4,391

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

 Not included in survey

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems – – 681 95.6 1,401 93.1 1,383 83.1 761 68.0 465 55.4 202 23.5
Some problems – – 31 4.4 102 6.8 278 16.7 357 31.9 370 44.0 601 69.9
Confined to bed – – 0 0.0 2 0.1 3 0.2 1 0.1 5 0.6 57 6.6
Self-care No problems – – 703 98.6 1,476 98.1 1,580 94.9 1,026 91.4 748 88.8 478 55.9
Some problems – – 8 1.1 22 1.5 83 5.0 91 8.1 84 10.0 256 29.9
Unable to – – 2 0.3 6 0.4 2 0.1 5 0.4 10 1.2 121 14.2
Usual activities No problems – – 677 95.6 1,394 93.9 1,414 85.8 862 77.4 585 70.5 294 35.3
Some problems – – 28 4.0 82 5.5 220 13.3 233 20.9 213 25.7 324 38.8
Unable to – – 3 0.4 9 0.6 14 0.8 18 1.6 32 3.9 216 25.9
Pain/discomfort No – – 535 75.8 990 67.4 934 57.1 467 42.6 282 34.3 221 26.3
Some – – 170 24.1 469 31.9 682 41.7 611 55.7 521 63.4 580 69.0
Extreme – – 1 0.1 10 0.7 19 1.2 19 1.7 19 2.3 39 4.6
Anxiety/depression No – – 620 91.4 1,256 89.0 1,341 87.0 919 86.9 675 84.6 598 75.4
Some – – 49 7.2 139 9.8 187 12.1 132 12.5 118 14.8 184 23.2
Extreme – – 9 1.3 17 1.2 14 0.9 6 0.6 5 0.6 11 1.4
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems – – 315 95.5 661 92.6 662 81.7 352 67.8 206 57.9 70 28.5
Some problems – – 15 4.5 52 7.3 146 18.0 166 32.0 148 41.6 167 67.9
Confined to bed – – 0 0.0 1 0.1 2 0.2 1 0.2 2 0.6 9 3.7
Self-care No problems – – 327 98.5 699 97.9 760 93.8 478 91.9 312 86.9 143 58.4
Some problems – – 4 1.2 11 1.5 49 6.0 41 7.9 44 12.3 77 31.4
Unable to – – 1 0.3 4 0.6 1 0.1 1 0.2 3 0.8 25 10.2
Usual activities No problems – – 312 94.5 651 92.9 681 85.4 405 78.9 261 73.9 106 44.0
Some problems – – 17 5.2 44 6.3 108 13.6 101 19.7 79 22.4 89 36.9
Unable to – – 1 0.3 6 0.9 8 1.0 7 1.4 13 3.7 46 19.1
Pain/discomfort No – – 254 77.2 486 69.8 483 61.0 233 45.8 146 41.5 67 27.7
Some – – 75 22.8 205 29.5 301 38.0 267 52.5 196 55.7 165 68.2
Extreme – – 0 0.0 5 0.7 8 1.0 9 1.8 10 2.8 10 4.1
Anxiety/depression No – – 292 92.4 596 90.0 650 87.7 429 89.2 301 88.3 167 73.2
Some – – 19 6.0 54 8.2 84 11.3 49 10.2 39 11.4 59 25.9
Extreme – – 5 1.6 12 1.8 7 0.9 3 0.6 1 0.3 2 0.9
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems – – 366 95.8 740 93.6 721 84.4 409 68.2 259 53.5 132 21.5
Some problems – – 16 4.2 50 6.3 132 15.5 191 31.8 222 45.9 434 70.7
Confined to bed – – 0 0.0 1 0.1 1 0.1 0 0.0 3 0.6 48 7.8
Self-care No problems – – 376 98.7 777 98.4 820 95.9 548 91.0 436 90.3 335 54.9
Some problems – – 4 1.0 11 1.4 34 4.0 50 8.3 40 8.3 179 29.3
Unable to – – 1 0.3 2 0.3 1 0.1 4 0.7 7 1.4 96 15.7
Usual activities No problems – – 365 96.6 743 94.8 733 86.1 457 76.2 324 67.9 188 31.7
Some problems – – 11 2.9 38 4.8 112 13.2 132 22.0 134 28.1 235 39.6
Unable to – – 2 0.5 3 0.4 6 0.7 11 1.8 19 4.0 170 28.7
Pain/discomfort No – – 281 74.5 504 65.2 451 53.5 234 39.8 136 28.9 154 25.8
Some – – 95 25.2 264 34.2 381 45.2 344 58.5 325 69.1 415 69.4
Extreme – – 1 0.3 5 0.6 11 1.3 10 1.7 9 1.9 29 4.8
Anxiety/depression No – – 328 90.6 660 88.0 691 86.3 490 85.1 374 81.8 431 76.3
Some – – 30 8.3 85 11.3 103 12.9 83 14.4 79 17.3 125 22.1
Extreme – – 4 1.1 5 0.7 7 0.9 3 0.5 4 0.9 9 1.6
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean – 0.923 0.897 0.859 0.810 0.768 0.578 0.820
Standard error – 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.010 0.003
25th percentile – 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.34 0.71
50th anxiety – 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.66 0.78
75th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
Males Mean – 0.927 0.899 0.866 0.824 0.781 0.617 0.843
Standard error – 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.017 0.004
25th percentile – 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.48 0.71
50th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 1.00
75th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
Females Mean – 0.919 0.894 0.852 0.798 0.757 0.562 0.802
Standard error – 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.004
25th percentile – 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.28 0.69
50th percentile – 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.64 0.78
75th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.75 1.00

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean – 0.907 0.876 0.832 0.778 0.735 0.578 0.798
Standard error – 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.003
25th percentile – 0.73 0.73 0.68 0.67 0.63 0.41 0.67
50th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.73 0.73 0.63 0.73
75th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.73 1.00
Males Mean – 0.914 0.882 0.842 0.795 0.755 0.607 0.822
Standard error – 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.015 0.004
25th percentile – 0.73 0.73 0.68 0.67 0.63 0.44 0.67
50th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.73 0.73 0.63 1.00
75th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.73 1.00
Females Mean – 0.902 0.871 0.823 0.764 0.719 0.566 0.778
Standard error – 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.004
25th percentile – 0.73 0.73 0.68 0.63 0.63 0.40 0.63
50th percentile – 1.00 1.00 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.57 0.73
75th percentile – 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.68 1.00
France
Source: ESEMeD; König et al. ( 2009 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 233 510 655 610 395 319 170 2,892
Males 111 233 319 286 185 127 67 1,328
Females 122 277 336 324 210 192 103 1,564

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 83.9 83.2 78.7 77.9 74.2 68.1 61.5 76.8
Standard error 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.4 0.5
25th percentile 80 80 70 70 70 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 80
75th percentile 95 90 90 90 90 80 80 90
Males Mean 83.5 82.0 79.2 78.0 73.1 70.0 63.7 77.4
Standard error 2.7 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.9 0.6
25th percentile 80 80 70 70 70 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 85 80 80 80 70 70 80
75th percentile 95 90 90 90 85 80 80 90
EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 84.4 84.4 78.2 77.7 75.3 66.7 60.3 76.3
Standard error 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.9 3.4 0.7
25th percentile 80 80 70 70 70 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 80 80 80 70 60 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 80 80 90

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 227 98.4 492 96.7 610 93.1 556 93.1 313 80.0 213 67.8 93 53.9
Some problems 6 1.6 18 3.3 44 6.5 53 6.8 82 20.0 104 31.6 76 45.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.3 1 0.1 0 0.0 2 0.6 1 1.1
Self-care No problems 232 99.4 503 98.5 637 97.6 594 98.3 369 93.5 296 91.9 142 83.7
Some problems 1 0.6 6 1.4 17 2.4 15 1.5 26 6.5 21 7.4 25 13.3
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.2 0 0.0 2 0.8 3 3.0
Usual activities No problems 228 96.4 487 96.3 605 92.7 565 94.3 339 84.7 265 82.1 114 68.2
Some problems 5 3.6 22 3.5 46 6.4 42 5.4 53 14.7 49 15.8 52 28.3
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.2 4 0.9 3 0.3 3 0.7 5 2.0 4 3.5
Pain/discomfort No 193 81.4 389 80.0 450 67.2 398 66.8 211 55.1 146 45.5 67 37.7
Some 38 17.1 116 19.5 199 31.6 204 32.4 173 41.8 160 49.2 95 57.3
Extreme 2 1.5 5 0.5 6 1.1 8 0.8 11 3.2 13 5.3 8 4.9
Anxiety/depression No 206 87.5 438 85.8 549 83.4 516 86.0 322 83.0 279 87.6 147 85.0
Some 24 10.0 69 13.5 100 15.7 88 13.4 66 15.8 36 11.5 21 14.0
Extreme 3 2.6 3 0.7 6 0.9 6 0.6 7 1.2 4 0.9 2 1.1
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 109 99.1 222 96.0 302 94.6 262 94.5 152 81.6 94 78.3 45 65.1
Some problems 2 0.9 11 4.0 17 5.4 23 5.3 33 18.4 33 21.7 22 34.9
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 110 98.9 230 98.9 309 98.0 278 98.0 174 94.2 119 93.0 55 77.0
Some problems 1 1.1 3 1.1 9 1.9 7 1.6 11 5.8 8 7.0 12 23.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 1 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 109 96.6 219 95.2 293 92.0 265 94.7 163 86.4 112 89.8 48 69.4
Some problems 2 3.4 13 4.4 24 7.5 18 4.7 20 12.7 14 8.2 18 29.2
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.4 2 0.5 3 0.6 2 1.0 1 2.1 1 1.4
Pain/discomfort No 90 79.4 181 81.4 220 68.1 192 67.2 107 57.8 65 53.9 29 43.0
Some 20 18.4 50 18.3 97 31.2 90 32.2 72 38.2 61 44.0 37 55.6
Extreme 1 2.2 2 0.3 2 0.7 4 0.6 6 3.9 1 2.1 1 1.4
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 97 86.2 207 89.1 267 83.1 251 86.8 155 83.7 116 90.3 57 84.6
Some 12 11.0 26 10.9 49 15.4 31 12.6 28 15.6 11 9.7 10 15.4
Extreme 2 2.8 0 0.0 3 1.5 4 0.6 2 0.7 0 0.0 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 118 97.7 270 97.4 308 91.7 294 91.8 161 78.4 119 60.6 48 47.6
Some problems 4 2.3 7 2.6 27 7.7 30 8.2 49 21.6 71 38.4 54 50.6
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.0 1 1.8
Self-care No problems 122 100.0 273 98.1 328 97.1 316 98.6 195 92.8 177 91.1 87 87.4
Some problems 0 0.0 3 1.6 8 2.9 8 1.4 15 7.2 13 7.6 13 7.9
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.3 3 4.7
Usual activities No problems 119 96.1 268 97.4 312 93.4 300 93.9 176 83.0 153 76.9 66 67.5
Some problems 3 3.9 9 2.6 22 5.4 24 6.1 33 16.6 35 21.1 34 27.8
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.3 0 0.0 1 0.3 4 2.0 3 4.7
Pain/discomfort No 103 83.4 208 78.5 230 66.4 206 66.4 104 52.4 81 39.7 38 34.7
Some 18 15.8 66 20.8 102 32.1 114 32.6 101 45.2 99 52.8 58 58.3
Extreme 1 0.8 3 0.7 4 1.5 4 0.9 5 2.4 12 7.6 7 6.9
Anxiety/depression No 109 88.8 231 82.4 282 83.7 265 85.3 167 82.3 163 85.7 90 85.2
Some 12 8.9 43 16.1 51 16.0 57 14.2 38 15.9 25 12.7 11 13.2
Extreme 1 2.3 3 1.4 3 0.3 2 0.6 5 1.8 4 1.6 2 1.7
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.924 0.921 0.883 0.893 0.836 0.804 0.756 0.872
Standard error 0.012 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.020 0.004
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.918 0.931 0.889 0.893 0.843 0.846 0.781 0.885
Standard error 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.016 0.020 0.027 0.005
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.78 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.931 0.911 0.877 0.892 0.829 0.775 0.742 0.859
Standard error 0.016 0.010 0.011 0.009 0.015 0.018 0.027 0.006
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.948 0.946 0.913 0.922 0.853 0.810 0.735 0.892
Standard error 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.013 0.017 0.028 0.004
25th percentile 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.80 0.73 0.58 0.89
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.85 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.944 0.952 0.917 0.925 0.862 0.868 0.767 0.908
Standard error 0.019 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.019 0.024 0.041 0.006
25th percentile 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.63 0.89
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.91 0.89 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.953 0.941 0.910 0.920 0.843 0.771 0.717 0.877
Standard error 0.014 0.009 0.012 0.009 0.018 0.024 0.037 0.007
25th percentile 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.80 0.64 0.58 0.89
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.89 0.73 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Germany
Source: ESEMeD; König et al. ( 2009 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 264 551 838 637 597 418 247 3,552
Males 127 259 389 290 292 205 98 1,660
Females 137 292 449 347 305 213 149 1,892

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 85.3 84.0 82.5 78.5 72.9 68.6 60.5 77.3
Standard error 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.5 0.4
25th percentile 80 80 80 70 60 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 88 80 80 70 65 80
75th percentile 95 95 90 90 90 80 75 90
Males Mean 84.6 84.2 82.3 78.0 73.2 72.0 61.5 78.4
Standard error 1.7 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.3 2.2 0.5
25th percentile 80 80 80 70 60 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 85 80 80 75 60 80
75th percentile 95 95 90 90 90 80 80 90
Females Mean 86.0 83.8 82.7 79.0 72.5 66.2 60.0 76.3
Standard error 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.9 0.5
25th percentile 80 80 80 70 60 50 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 90 80 80 70 65 80
75th percentile 95 95 90 90 90 80 75 90

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 257 98.1 529 95.6 794 94.6 547 85.5 468 76.1 276 66.5 115 45.8
Some problems 7 1.9 22 4.4 41 5.0 90 14.5 129 23.9 139 32.9 130 53.5
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.6 2 0.7
Self-care No problems 263 99.8 549 99.8 829 99.1 625 98.3 584 97.6 394 94.4 208 84.0
Some problems 1 0.2 2 0.2 7 0.7 9 1.1 12 2.1 21 4.9 35 14.6
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.2 3 0.6 1 0.3 3 0.6 4 1.4
Usual activities No problems 254 96.6 533 97.1 806 96.2 587 92.3 518 86.0 340 80.7 164 66.2
Some problems 10 3.4 18 2.9 29 3.5 45 6.9 78 13.8 73 18.2 78 31.9
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.2 5 0.9 1 0.2 5 1.0 5 1.9
Pain/discomfort No 230 84.8 453 83.0 680 81.0 461 72.6 389 65.5 241 56.1 117 47.8
Some 32 13.6 95 16.5 150 18.2 170 26.6 196 32.4 166 41.2 119 47.8
Extreme 2 1.6 3 0.4 8 0.8 6 0.8 12 2.1 11 2.7 11 4.5
Anxiety/depression No 252 94.5 531 96.2 810 96.8 606 95.1 571 95.6 398 95.3 232 93.4
Some 12 5.5 18 3.5 27 3.1 29 4.5 23 3.9 17 4.0 14 6.2
Extreme 0 0.0 2 0.3 1 0.1 2 0.4 3 0.5 3 0.7 1 0.4
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 126 99.5 251 95.9 364 93.8 240 82.5 231 75.9 143 74.5 57 57.5
Some problems 1 0.5 8 4.1 23 5.7 50 17.5 61 24.1 60 24.6 40 41.7
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.9 1 0.7
Self-care No problems 127 100.0 258 99.8 386 99.4 285 98.5 285 97.0 196 96.3 87 88.9
Some problems 0 0.0 1 0.2 3 0.6 3 0.7 6 2.4 7 2.8 10 10.4
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.8 1 0.6 2 0.9 1 0.7
Usual activities No problems 123 96.1 254 98.4 374 96.0 259 90.0 260 88.4 169 83.3 73 73.4
Some problems 4 3.9 5 1.6 15 4.0 26 8.2 31 11.2 33 15.5 24 25.8
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 1.8 1 0.4 3 1.2 1 0.7
Pain/discomfort No 115 89.2 213 82.3 325 83.6 208 72.4 199 68.1 129 64.0 57 61.0
Some 10 7.8 45 17.4 62 15.9 79 26.5 88 30.7 72 34.0 37 35.3
Extreme 2 3.1 1 0.3 2 0.4 3 1.1 5 1.2 4 2.0 4 3.8
Anxiety/depression No 122 96.2 251 97.1 380 98.0 277 94.9 280 95.4 197 96.7 93 94.5
Some 5 3.8 7 2.7 9 2.0 12 4.5 9 3.6 7 2.8 5 5.5
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0 1 0.6 3 1.0 1 0.6 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 131 96.6 278 95.4 430 95.4 307 88.4 237 76.4 133 60.5 58 40.2
Some problems 6 3.4 14 4.6 18 4.3 40 11.6 68 23.6 79 39.1 90 59.2
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.4 1 0.7
Self-care No problems 136 99.6 291 99.8 443 98.9 340 98.1 299 98.2 198 93.0 121 81.6
Some problems 1 0.4 1 0.2 4 0.7 6 1.5 6 1.8 14 6.6 25 16.6
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.4 1 0.4 0 0.0 1 0.4 3 1.8
Usual activities No problems 131 97.1 279 95.7 432 96.5 328 94.4 258 83.6 171 78.8 91 62.7
Some problems 6 2.9 13 4.3 14 3.0 19 5.6 47 16.4 40 20.2 54 34.8
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.9 4 2.4
Pain/discomfort No 115 80.2 240 83.8 355 78.3 253 72.8 190 62.8 112 50.2 60 41.4
Some 22 19.8 50 15.6 88 20.6 91 26.7 108 34.2 94 46.6 82 53.7
Extreme 0 0.0 2 0.6 6 1.2 3 0.6 7 3.0 7 3.3 7 4.8
Anxiety/depression No 130 92.8 280 95.3 430 95.6 329 95.4 291 95.8 201 94.3 139 92.8
Some 7 7.2 11 4.3 18 4.3 17 4.4 14 4.2 10 4.9 9 6.5
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.4 1 0.1 1 0.2 0 0.0 2 0.8 1 0.7
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.950 0.949 0.943 0.908 0.881 0.838 0.771 0.902
Standard error 0.009 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.013 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.960 0.949 0.951 0.901 0.885 0.870 0.819 0.916
Standard error 0.015 0.007 0.006 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.018 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.938 0.949 0.934 0.914 0.877 0.815 0.748 0.889
Standard error 0.012 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.004
25th percentile 0.81 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.75 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.972 0.973 0.966 0.945 0.922 0.891 0.839 0.938
Standard error 0.008 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.013 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.89 0.79 0.79 0.89
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.89 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.971 0.973 0.970 0.940 0.927 0.915 0.880 0.948
Standard error 0.014 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.011 0.016 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.79 0.90
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.974 0.972 0.962 0.950 0.917 0.874 0.820 0.929
Standard error 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.012 0.017 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.89 0.79 0.79 0.89
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.89 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.963 0.966 0.962 0.937 0.915 0.882 0.817 0.930
Standard error 0.009 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.013 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.75 0.90
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.85 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.966 0.969 0.968 0.930 0.919 0.906 0.854 0.941
Standard error 0.015 0.005 0.005 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.018 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.77 0.90
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.959 0.964 0.956 0.944 0.911 0.864 0.799 0.920
Standard error 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.012 0.017 0.004
25th percentile 0.90 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.85 0.79 0.75 0.90
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.85 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00
Greece
Source: Yfantopoulos et al. (1999)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 86 97 78 83 60 48 12 464
Males 43 55 37 44 35 29 8 251
Females 43 42 41 39 25 19 4 213

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 83.5 85.8 84.7 78.0 69.9 67.0 56.0 79.0
Standard error 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.9 2.9 7.8 0.9
25th percentile 78 80 80 69.75 59.25 58 40 70
50th percentile 89 90 90 80 73.5 70 53 83
75th percentile 91 96.5 95 90 90 81.5 70 90
Males Mean 85.0 85.2 86.5 78.7 77.5 65.3 61.1 80.1
Standard error 1.9 1.8 2.9 2.5 3.4 3.2 11.0 1.1
25th percentile 79.5 75 80 69 61 58 40 70
50th percentile 90 89 90 82 84 61 59 85
75th percentile 90 96 100 90 91 80 95 92
EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 82.1 86.5 83.1 77.2 59.4 69.5 47.0 77.8
Standard error 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.8 4.4 5.4 9.6 1.4
25th percentile 75 83.75 80 70 45 50 28.75 70
50th percentile 85 90 87 80 60 79 46.5 80
75th percentile 95 97 92.5 92 78.5 90 65.75 90

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 71 97.3 84 98.8 64 92.8 68 87.2 40 69.0 31 68.9 6 50.0
Some problems 2 2.7 1 1.2 5 7.2 10 12.8 17 29.3 12 26.7 6 50.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7 2 4.4 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 73 100.0 85 100.0 66 95.7 75 96.2 53 91.4 37 80.4 8 66.7
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 4.3 3 3.8 5 8.6 7 15.2 4 33.3
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 4.3 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 71 100.0 84 98.8 67 97.1 73 93.6 43 74.1 31 66.0 7 58.3
Some problems 0 0.0 1 1.2 2 2.9 5 6.4 15 25.9 15 31.9 5 41.7
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.1 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 74 92.5 83 94.3 67 91.8 69 85.2 39 65.0 29 61.7 6 50.0
Some 6 7.5 5 5.7 6 8.2 11 13.6 16 26.7 16 34.0 4 33.3
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.2 5 8.3 2 4.3 2 16.7
Anxiety/depression No 70 97.2 79 91.9 65 92.9 68 87.2 47 81.0 35 79.5 11 91.7
Some 1 1.4 6 7.0 4 5.7 8 10.3 9 15.5 6 13.6 1 8.3
Extreme 1 1.4 1 1.2 1 1.4 2 2.6 2 3.4 3 6.8 0 0.0
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Mobility No problems 38 97.4 48 98.0 31 88.6 37 90.2 28 82.4 17 63.0 4 50.0
Some problems 1 2.6 1 2.0 4 11.4 4 9.8 6 17.6 9 33.3 4 50.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 3.7 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 39 100.0 49 100.0 34 97.1 41 100.0 34 100.0 23 85.2 6 75.0
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 11.1 2 25.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 3.7 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 38 100.0 48 98.0 34 97.1 39 95.1 29 85.3 18 64.3 5 62.5
Some problems 0 0.0 1 2.0 1 2.9 2 4.9 5 14.7 10 35.7 3 37.5
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 40 95.2 46 92.0 35 94.6 36 83.7 29 82.9 18 64.3 5 62.5
Some 2 4.8 4 8.0 2 5.4 7 16.3 5 14.3 10 35.7 3 37.5
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.9 0 0.0 0 0.0
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Anxiety/depression No 38 97.4 45 90.0 33 94.3 37 90.2 28 82.4 22 84.6 7 87.5
Some 1 2.6 4 8.0 1 2.9 2 4.9 5 14.7 2 7.7 1 12.5
Extreme 0 0.0 1 2.0 1 2.9 2 4.9 1 2.9 2 7.7 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Mobility No problems 33 97.1 36 100.0 33 97.1 31 83.8 12 50.0 14 77.8 2 50.0
Some problems 1 2.9 0 0.0 1 2.9 6 16.2 11 45.8 3 16.7 2 50.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 4.2 1 5.6 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 34 100.0 36 100.0 32 94.1 34 91.9 19 79.2 14 73.7 2 50.0
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 5.9 3 8.1 5 20.8 4 21.1 2 50.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 5.3 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 33 100.0 36 100.0 33 97.1 34 91.9 14 58.3 13 68.4 2 50.0
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.9 3 8.1 10 41.7 5 26.3 2 50.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 5.3 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 34 89.5 37 97.4 32 88.9 33 86.8 10 40.0 11 57.9 1 25.0
Some 4 10.5 1 2.6 4 11.1 4 10.5 11 44.0 6 31.6 1 25.0
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.6 4 16.0 2 10.5 2 50.0
Anxiety/depression No 32 97.0 34 94.4 32 91.4 31 83.8 19 79.2 13 72.2 4 100.0
Some 0 0.0 2 5.6 3 8.6 6 16.2 4 16.7 4 22.2 0 0.0
Extreme 1 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 4.2 1 5.6 0 0.0
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.979 0.972 0.957 0.916 0.817 0.793 0.739 0.913
Standard error 0.010 0.010 0.016 0.019 0.032 0.040 0.074 0.009
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.69 0.71 0.50 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.70 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.989 0.960 0.952 0.923 0.894 0.783 0.818 0.923
Standard error 0.008 0.017 0.025 0.024 0.032 0.045 0.073 0.011
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.81 0.71 0.67 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.86 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.967 0.988 0.963 0.907 0.708 0.809 0.580 0.902
Standard error 0.020 0.008 0.021 0.029 0.057 0.076 0.153 0.015
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.57 0.73 0.32 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.52 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00
Hungary
Source: Szende and Nemeth ( 2003 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 742 907 958 1,022 821 668 385 5,503
Males 369 442 437 480 351 256 132 2,467
Females 373 465 521 542 470 412 253 3,036

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 83.3 81.1 75.3 69.1 63.7 59.0 53.9 71.1
Standard error 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.3
25th percentile 80 75 70 50 50 50 40 58
50th percentile 85 85 80 70 65 60 50 75
75th percentile 90 90 90 83 80 75 70 89
Males Mean 84.1 81.9 75.8 70.2 65.7 62.5 55.2 73.3
Standard error 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.9 0.4
25th percentile 80 75 70 55 50 50 40 60
50th percentile 85 85 80 73.5 70 60 50 80
75th percentile 90 90 86.25 85 80 79.75 70 90
Females Mean 82.5 80.3 74.9 68.0 62.2 56.8 53.2 69.3
Standard error 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.4 0.4
25th percentile 75 70 70 50 50 45 40 50
50th percentile 85 84 80 70 60 50 50 70.5
75th percentile 90 90 90 80 80 70 70 85

Problems reported by dimension

 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 725 99.0 853 95.4 860 91.4 790 78.8 553 69.7 386 60.4 160 42.4
Some problems 6 0.8 36 4.0 71 7.5 199 19.8 236 29.8 241 37.7 213 56.5
Confined to bed 1 0.1 5 0.6 10 1.1 14 1.4 4 0.5 12 1.9 4 1.1
Self-care No problems 729 99.6 889 99.2 922 98.3 944 94.9 713 90.0 547 85.6 271 73.2
Some problems 3 0.4 4 0.4 14 1.5 41 4.1 69 8.7 74 11.6 85 23.0
Unable to 0 0.0 3 0.3 2 0.2 10 1.0 10 1.3 18 2.8 14 3.8
Usual activities No problems 717 98.2 871 97.1 872 93.3 826 83.3 611 77.7 452 71.2 206 55.8
Some problems 10 1.4 22 2.5 52 5.6 145 14.6 146 18.6 145 22.8 131 35.5
Unable to 3 0.4 4 0.4 11 1.2 21 2.1 29 3.7 38 6.0 32 8.7
Pain/discomfort No 625 85.5 726 81.5 649 69.5 534 53.9 355 45.2 248 38.9 114 30.4
Some 105 14.4 159 17.8 274 29.3 424 42.8 394 50.2 335 52.5 223 59.5
Extreme 1 0.1 6 0.7 11 1.2 33 3.3 36 4.6 55 8.6 38 10.1
Anxiety/depression No 604 83.0 675 76.1 653 70.1 598 60.5 415 52.9 337 53.1 167 45.0
Some 115 15.8 192 21.6 262 28.1 351 35.5 326 41.6 257 40.5 176 47.4
Extreme 9 1.2 20 2.3 17 1.8 40 4.0 43 5.5 41 6.5 28 7.5
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 360 99.2 421 96.1 393 91.4 384 81.4 245 73.1 163 66.5 63 48.8
Some problems 3 0.8 16 3.7 31 7.2 81 17.2 88 26.3 76 31.0 64 49.6
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.2 6 1.4 7 1.5 2 0.6 6 2.4 2 1.6
Self-care No problems 360 99.2 435 99.1 421 98.4 447 95.3 300 90.1 212 86.9 92 73.0
Some problems 3 0.8 3 0.7 6 1.4 17 3.6 26 7.8 23 9.4 30 23.8
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.2 1 0.2 5 1.1 7 2.1 9 3.7 4 3.2
Usual activities No problems 359 98.9 428 97.5 401 93.9 395 84.8 262 79.2 178 73.0 74 59.7
Some problems 4 1.1 10 2.3 21 4.9 59 12.7 55 16.6 48 19.7 38 30.6
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.2 5 1.2 12 2.6 14 4.2 18 7.4 12 9.7
Pain/discomfort No 313 86.2 370 84.7 315 73.8 282 60.6 181 54.4 119 49.0 44 34.1
Some 50 13.8 66 15.1 108 25.3 170 36.6 145 43.5 112 46.1 77 59.7
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.2 4 0.9 13 2.8 7 2.1 12 4.9 8 6.2
Anxiety/depression No 319 87.9 363 83.1 328 76.5 314 67.4 208 63.2 156 64.7 61 48.0
Some 40 11.0 69 15.8 93 21.7 138 29.6 111 33.7 76 31.5 60 47.2
Extreme 4 1.1 5 1.1 8 1.9 14 3.0 10 3.0 9 3.7 6 4.7
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 365 98.9 432 94.7 467 91.4 406 76.5 308 67.2 223 56.6 97 39.1
Some problems 3 0.8 20 4.4 40 7.8 118 22.2 148 32.3 165 41.9 149 60.1
Confined to bed 1 0.3 4 0.9 4 0.8 7 1.3 2 0.4 6 1.5 2 0.8
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Self-care No problems 369 100.0 454 99.3 501 98.2 497 94.5 413 90.0 335 84.8 179 73.4
Some problems 0 0.0 1 0.2 8 1.6 24 4.6 43 9.4 51 12.9 55 22.5
Unable to 0 0.0 2 0.4 1 0.2 5 1.0 3 0.7 9 2.3 10 4.1
Usual activities No problems 358 97.5 443 96.7 471 92.7 431 81.9 349 76.7 274 70.1 132 53.9
Some problems 6 1.6 12 2.6 31 6.1 86 16.3 91 20.0 97 24.8 93 38.0
Unable to 3 0.8 3 0.7 6 1.2 9 1.7 15 3.3 20 5.1 20 8.2
Pain/discomfort No 312 84.8 356 78.4 334 65.9 252 47.9 174 38.5 129 32.7 70 28.5
Some 55 14.9 93 20.5 166 32.7 254 48.3 249 55.1 223 56.5 146 59.3
Extreme 1 0.3 5 1.1 7 1.4 20 3.8 29 6.4 43 10.9 30 12.2
Anxiety/depression No 285 78.1 312 69.3 325 64.6 284 54.3 207 45.5 181 45.9 106 43.4
Some 75 20.5 123 27.3 169 33.6 213 40.7 215 47.3 181 45.9 116 47.5
Extreme 5 1.4 15 3.3 9 1.8 26 5.0 33 7.3 32 8.1 22 9.0
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.934 0.911 0.873 0.802 0.755 0.716 0.639 0.823
Standard error 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.014 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.62 0.60 0.48 0.69
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
Males Mean 0.946 0.933 0.886 0.828 0.798 0.762 0.666 0.857
Standard error 0.006 0.006 0.009 0.010 0.013 0.017 0.024 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.48 0.75
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00
Females Mean 0.922 0.889 0.861 0.780 0.724 0.687 0.626 0.796
Standard error 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.004
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.62 0.55 0.48 0.69
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00

Italy
Source: ESEMeD; König et al. ( 2009 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 425 901 955 874 715 520 319 4,709
Males 201 454 472 434 352 273 133 2,319
Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
Females 224 447 483 440 363 247 186 2,390
EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 87.5 83.9 81.4 77.0 74.0 67.8 60.0 77.1
Standard error 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 0.3
25th percentile 80 80 80 70 60 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 80 80 80 70 60 80
75th percentile 98 95 90 90 90 80 80 90
Males Mean 89.1 84.3 82.2 78.1 75.5 70.7 61.0 79.0
Standard error 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.3 2.1 0.4
25th percentile 80 80 80 70 70 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 85 80 80 70 60 80
75th percentile 99.5 95 90 90 90 85 80 90
Females Mean 85.8 83.4 80.6 75.9 72.5 65.3 59.5 75.3
Standard error 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.8 0.5
25th percentile 80 80 70 70 60 50 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 80 80 80 70 60 80
75th percentile 95 95 90 90 90 80 80 90

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 420 99.0 883 98.2 934 97.5 818 93.5 618 86.2 387 72.6 156 47.6
Some problems 4 0.8 16 1.6 21 2.5 54 6.3 95 13.6 132 27.2 157 50.4
Confined to bed 1 0.2 2 0.2 0 0.0 2 0.2 2 0.2 1 0.2 6 2.0
Self-care No problems 422 99.3 892 99.1 952 99.6 860 98.4 684 95.7 481 91.2 253 77.2
Some problems 3 0.7 8 0.8 3 0.4 12 1.3 27 3.8 36 8.2 57 19.8
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 2 0.2 4 0.5 3 0.6 9 3.0
Usual activities No problems 416 98.2 876 97.3 934 97.5 813 92.7 627 87.6 417 78.2 182 55.1
Some problems 8 1.6 22 2.4 20 2.4 59 7.0 81 11.5 96 20.3 117 38.1
Unable to 1 0.2 3 0.4 1 0.1 2 0.3 7 0.9 7 1.5 20 6.8
Pain/discomfort No 387 91.4 788 87.8 776 81.6 629 72.3 461 65.0 289 53.7 127 37.1
Some 37 8.5 108 11.6 176 18.2 236 26.6 242 33.3 210 41.5 175 57.1
Extreme 1 0.1 5 0.6 3 0.2 9 1.1 12 1.8 21 4.8 17 5.8
Anxiety/depression No 404 94.8 852 94.5 896 93.6 802 91.6 631 88.3 448 84.5 268 82.9
Some 21 5.2 47 5.3 56 6.1 69 8.0 79 11.0 67 14.4 47 15.9
Extreme 0 0.0 2 0.2 3 0.3 3 0.4 5 0.7 5 1.0 4 1.2
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 198 99.0 446 98.4 459 97.0 414 95.5 311 88.8 212 77.7 72 54.2
Some problems 2 0.7 7 1.5 13 3.0 20 4.5 39 10.7 61 22.3 61 45.8
Confined to bed 1 0.3 1 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 200 99.7 450 99.3 470 99.6 431 99.4 337 95.7 261 95.0 114 84.9
Some problems 1 0.3 3 0.5 2 0.4 3 0.6 12 3.5 12 5.0 18 14.3
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.8 0 0.0 1 0.8
Usual activities No problems 197 98.4 441 97.3 464 98.1 415 95.5 317 90.5 230 83.7 89 67.0
Some problems 3 1.3 11 2.2 7 1.7 18 4.1 32 8.7 42 15.9 37 27.9
Unable to 1 0.3 2 0.5 1 0.3 1 0.3 3 0.8 1 0.4 7 5.1
Pain/discomfort No 187 93.7 400 88.5 403 85.0 339 79.2 250 70.9 175 64.8 65 47.1
Some 14 6.3 52 11.0 69 15.0 92 20.1 95 26.9 93 33.3 62 47.7
Extreme 0 0.0 2 0.5 0 0.0 3 0.7 7 2.2 5 1.8 6 5.2
Anxiety/depression No 195 97.5 439 96.8 450 95.3 412 94.8 320 91.1 248 90.4 121 91.8
Some 6 2.5 15 3.2 21 4.5 21 5.1 30 8.3 24 9.1 10 6.9
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.2 1 0.1 2 0.6 1 0.5 2 1.3
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 222 99.0 437 98.0 475 98.0 404 91.5 307 83.8 175 68.5 84 44.1
Some problems 2 1.0 9 1.7 8 2.0 34 8.0 56 16.2 71 31.2 96 52.9
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0 2 0.4 0 0.0 1 0.3 6 3.1
Self-care No problems 222 99.0 442 98.8 482 99.5 429 97.4 347 95.6 220 88.1 139 73.1
Some problems 2 1.0 5 1.2 1 0.5 9 2.1 15 4.2 24 10.9 39 22.7
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.5 1 0.2 3 1.0 8 4.2
Usual activities No problems 219 98.0 435 97.2 470 96.9 398 89.8 310 84.9 187 73.8 93 48.7
Some problems 5 2.0 11 2.5 13 3.1 41 9.9 49 14.1 54 23.9 80 43.5
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0 1 0.3 4 1.0 6 2.3 13 7.8
Pain/discomfort No 200 89.0 388 87.0 373 78.1 290 65.4 211 59.5 114 44.6 62 31.8
Some 23 10.7 56 12.3 107 21.4 144 33.0 147 39.1 117 48.1 113 62.1
Extreme 1 0.3 3 0.7 3 0.5 6 1.5 5 1.4 16 7.3 11 6.1
Anxiety/depression No 209 91.9 413 92.1 446 92.0 390 88.4 311 85.6 200 79.7 147 78.2
Some 15 8.1 32 7.4 35 7.6 48 10.9 49 13.4 43 18.8 37 20.6
Extreme 0 0.0 2 0.5 2 0.4 2 0.7 3 0.9 4 1.5 2 1.2
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.969 0.956 0.943 0.910 0.877 0.823 0.724 0.899
Standard error 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.60 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.75 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.978 0.962 0.953 0.935 0.897 0.873 0.777 0.926
Standard error 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.019 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.959 0.950 0.933 0.884 0.858 0.783 0.695 0.874
Standard error 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.015 0.018 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.57 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.71 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.985 0.978 0.973 0.955 0.937 0.904 0.839 0.947
Standard error 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.007 0.011 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.86 0.78 0.90
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.87 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.988 0.981 0.978 0.969 0.944 0.935 0.880 0.962
Standard error 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.006 0.012 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.83 0.92
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.981 0.975 0.968 0.941 0.929 0.879 0.817 0.932
Standard error 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.011 0.015 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.77 0.90
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.85 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00

Korea
Source: Lee et al. ( 2009 )
Number of respondents
Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
Total 142 256 353 268 184 99 5 1,307
Males 69 138 174 132 81 44 3 641
Females 73 118 179 136 103 55 2 666
EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 78.9 80.7 80.6 80.4 76.9 76.5 – 79.5
Standard error 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.6 – 0.4
25th percentile 70 70 70 70 70 70 – 70
50th percentile 80 80 80 80 80 80 – 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 – 90
Males Mean 78.9 81.7 80.5 79.8 80.8 79.1 – 80.4
Standard error 1.6 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.5 2.2 – 0.5
25th percentile 70 73.75 70 70 70 70 – 70
50th percentile 80 80 80 80 80 80 – 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 – 90
Females Mean 78.9 79.4 80.7 81.0 73.8 74.4 – 78.7
Standard error 1.6 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.3 2.2 – 0.5
25th percentile 70 70 70 75 70 70 – 70
50th percentile 80 80 80 80 75 80 – 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 80 90 – 90

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Mobility No problems 140 98.6 254 99.2 346 98.0 256 95.5 152 82.6 77 77.8 5 100.0
Some problems 2 1.4 2 0.8 7 2.0 12 4.5 32 17.4 22 22.2 0 0.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 142 100.0 256 100.0 353 100.0 268 100.0 180 97.8 93 93.9 5 100.0
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 2.2 6 6.1 0 0.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 141 99.3 255 99.6 348 98.6 263 98.1 162 88.0 80 80.8 5 100.0
Some problems 1 0.7 1 0.4 5 1.4 5 1.9 20 10.9 19 19.2 0 0.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.1 0 0.0 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 128 90.1 236 92.2 312 88.4 207 77.2 105 57.1 40 40.4 1 20.0
Some 13 9.2 20 7.8 39 11.0 58 21.6 71 38.6 54 54.5 4 80.0
Extreme 1 0.7 0 0.0 2 0.6 3 1.1 8 4.3 5 5.1 0 0.0
 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Anxiety/depression No 126 88.7 222 86.7 312 88.4 223 83.2 129 70.1 65 65.7 2 40.0
Some 16 11.3 34 13.3 39 11.0 43 16.0 54 29.3 34 34.3 3 60.0
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.6 2 0.7 1 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Mobility No problems 68 98.6 138 100.0 170 97.7 128 97.0 74 91.4 41 93.2 3 100.0
Some problems 1 1.4 0 0.0 4 2.3 4 3.0 7 8.6 3 6.8 0 0.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 69 100.0 138 100.0 174 100.0 132 100.0 80 98.8 44 100.0 3 100.0
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.2 0 0.0 0 0.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 69 100.0 138 100.0 171 98.3 130 98.5 74 91.4 41 93.2 3 100.0
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 1.7 2 1.5 6 7.4 3 6.8 0 0.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.2 0 0.0 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 64 92.8 130 94.2 157 90.2 104 78.8 61 75.3 24 54.5 1 33.3
Some 5 7.2 8 5.8 17 9.8 28 21.2 20 24.7 19 43.2 2 66.7
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.3 0 0.0
Anxiety/depression No 67 97.1 128 92.8 161 92.5 111 84.1 64 79.0 33 75.0 1 33.3
Some 2 2.9 10 7.2 12 6.9 20 15.2 17 21.0 11 25.0 2 66.7
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.6 1 0.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Mobility No problems 72 98.6 116 98.3 176 98.3 128 94.1 78 75.7 36 65.5 2 100.0
Some problems 1 1.4 2 1.7 3 1.7 8 5.9 25 24.3 19 34.5 0 0.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 73 100.0 118 100.0 179 100.0 136 100.0 100 97.1 49 89.1 2 100.0
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 2.9 6 10.9 0 0.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 72 98.6 117 99.2 177 98.9 133 97.8 88 85.4 39 70.9 2 100.0
Some problems 1 1.4 1 0.8 2 1.1 3 2.2 14 13.6 16 29.1 0 0.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 64 87.7 106 89.8 155 86.6 103 75.7 44 42.7 16 29.1 0 0.0
Some 8 11.0 12 10.2 22 12.3 30 22.1 51 49.5 35 63.6 2 100.0
Extreme 1 1.4 0 0.0 2 1.1 3 2.2 8 7.8 4 7.3 0 0.0
Anxiety/depression No 59 80.8 94 79.7 151 84.4 112 82.4 65 63.1 32 58.2 1 50.0
Some 14 19.2 24 20.3 27 15.1 23 16.9 37 35.9 23 41.8 1 50.0
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.6 1 0.7 1 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
 EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.957 0.958 0.949 0.915 0.828 0.787 – 0.915
Standard error 0.009 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.014 0.018 – 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.71 0.69 – 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 – 1.00
Males Mean 0.977 0.973 0.961 0.924 0.901 0.853 – 0.942
Standard error 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.011 0.016 0.023 – 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 – 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 – 1.00
Females Mean 0.938 0.941 0.937 0.906 0.771 0.734 – 0.888
Standard error 0.015 0.010 0.009 0.013 0.019 0.025 – 0.006
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.69 0.62 – 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.71 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 – 1.00

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.981 0.982 0.976 0.960 0.909 0.888 – 0.958
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.011 – 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.87 0.82 – 0.91
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.91 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 – 1.00
Males Mean 0.990 0.989 0.981 0.966 0.949 0.931 – 0.973
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.009 0.012 – 0.002
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.91 0.91 – 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 – 1.00
Females Mean 0.972 0.974 0.971 0.955 0.879 0.853 – 0.944
Standard error 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.012 0.016 – 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.82 0.77 – 0.91
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.87 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 – 1.00

Netherlands
Source: ESEMeD; König et al. ( 2009 )
 Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 133 431 495 453 405 286 164 2,367
Males 52 197 199 206 188 133 55 1,030
Females 81 234 296 247 217 153 109 1,337

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 85.7 84.6 83.7 81.0 80.7 78.0 72.9 82.0
Standard error 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.9 0.4
25th percentile 80 75 75 75 75 70 60 75
50th percentile 85 90 90 85 85 80 75 85
75th percentile 95 95 95 95 95 90 90 95
Males Mean 89.4 85.2 84.9 82.3 80.3 76.7 78.6 83.3
Standard error 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.6 2.6 0.6
25th percentile 85 80 80 75 70 70 70 77
50th percentile 90 90 90 85 85 80 85 85
75th percentile 95 95 95 95 90 90 90 95
Females Mean 82.3 84.0 82.6 79.6 81.1 79.1 69.8 80.8
Standard error 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 2.3 0.6
25th percentile 75 75 75 70 75 70 60 75
50th percentile 85 90 90 85 85 80 75 85
75th percentile 95 95 95 95 95 90 80 95

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 129 97.5 405 95.2 469 95.1 402 88.3 343 84.6 241 82.1 105 63.5
Some problems 4 2.5 25 4.7 24 4.8 50 11.6 61 14.2 43 17.1 58 35.9
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.1 2 0.2 1 0.1 1 1.2 2 0.7 1 0.6
Self-care No problems 130 96.8 423 98.9 490 99.2 437 95.7 390 96.3 269 94.4 145 88.3
Some problems 3 3.2 8 1.1 3 0.4 9 2.4 11 2.0 15 5.0 17 10.8
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.4 7 1.9 4 1.7 2 0.7 2 0.9
Usual activities No problems 125 95.9 386 91.6 452 91.7 381 84.4 350 86.9 233 81.1 120 74.0
Some problems 8 4.1 38 7.4 40 7.9 63 12.6 49 10.9 48 17.3 41 23.2
Unable to 0 0.0 7 1.0 3 0.3 9 3.0 6 2.1 5 1.6 3 2.8
 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Pain/discomfort No 106 82.3 299 71.4 356 73.1 288 64.9 245 60.4 177 59.9 86 51.5
Some 25 16.0 120 26.8 127 24.3 140 29.2 142 35.6 94 35.0 65 39.7
Extreme 2 1.7 12 1.8 12 2.7 25 5.9 18 4.0 15 5.1 13 8.8
Anxiety/depression No 128 95.5 409 95.4 484 98.3 432 95.7 392 96.1 281 99.0 158 96.4
Some 5 4.5 19 3.8 10 1.5 19 3.8 10 2.2 2 0.3 4 2.6
Extreme 0 0.0 3 0.8 1 0.2 2 0.5 3 1.7 3 0.7 2 1.0
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 52 100.0 187 95.8 192 96.6 186 90.4 160 84.2 114 85.1 43 83.9
Some problems 0 0.0 10 4.2 7 3.4 20 9.6 28 15.8 17 13.3 12 16.1
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.7 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 52 100.0 196 99.5 198 99.2 199 97.5 184 98.4 125 95.4 51 94.9
Some problems 0 0.0 1 0.5 0 0.0 4 1.5 4 1.6 6 3.1 4 5.1
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 3 1.0 0 0.0 2 1.5 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 51 99.7 185 94.8 192 96.7 178 87.3 164 88.4 108 81.1 47 89.9
Some problems 1 0.3 11 4.7 7 3.3 25 10.3 22 11.0 22 16.4 7 7.9
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.5 0 0.0 3 2.4 2 0.5 3 2.4 1 2.2
Pain/discomfort No 47 88.2 143 72.8 154 77.5 138 67.8 117 60.8 85 64.0 40 75.5
Some 5 11.8 51 26.2 42 21.3 60 27.6 65 36.9 37 27.6 13 20.7
Extreme 0 0.0 3 1.0 3 1.2 8 4.6 6 2.3 11 8.4 2 3.9
Anxiety/depression No 51 97.4 193 98.9 199 100.0 197 94.7 184 98.2 130 98.7 53 96.1
Some 1 2.6 3 0.7 0 0.0 8 4.7 4 1.8 2 0.7 1 2.2
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.4 0 0.0 1 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.6 1 1.7
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 77 95.2 218 94.6 277 93.6 216 86.0 183 84.9 127 79.7 62 52.5
Some problems 4 4.8 15 5.3 17 6.1 30 13.8 33 12.5 26 20.3 46 46.6
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.1 2 0.3 1 0.2 1 2.5 0 0.0 1 0.9
Self-care No problems 78 93.9 227 98.2 292 99.2 238 93.8 206 94.2 144 93.5 94 84.7
Some problems 3 6.1 7 1.8 3 0.7 5 3.3 7 2.3 9 6.5 13 13.8
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 4 2.9 4 3.5 0 0.0 2 1.5
Usual activities No problems 74 92.3 201 88.2 260 86.9 203 81.3 186 85.4 125 81.0 73 65.5
Some problems 7 7.7 27 10.2 33 12.5 38 15.1 27 10.8 26 18.0 34 31.5
Unable to 0 0.0 6 1.6 3 0.7 6 3.6 4 3.8 2 0.9 2 3.1
Pain/discomfort No 59 76.8 156 69.9 202 68.8 150 61.8 128 59.9 92 56.5 46 38.5
Some 20 20.0 69 27.4 85 27.2 80 30.9 77 34.4 57 41.0 52 50.0
Extreme 2 3.2 9 2.7 9 4.0 17 7.3 12 5.7 4 2.4 11 11.5
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 77 93.7 216 91.7 285 96.6 235 96.7 208 93.9 151 99.3 105 96.5
Some 4 6.3 16 7.1 10 3.1 11 2.9 6 2.6 0 0.0 3 2.9
Extreme 0 0.0 2 1.2 1 0.4 1 0.4 3 3.5 2 0.7 1 0.6
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.938 0.910 0.922 0.874 0.869 0.863 0.798 0.892
Standard error 0.013 0.008 0.008 0.013 0.015 0.013 0.021 0.005
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.968 0.928 0.940 0.887 0.886 0.864 0.894 0.914
Standard error 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.018 0.013 0.021 0.028 0.006
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.910 0.891 0.903 0.860 0.851 0.862 0.746 0.872
Standard error 0.021 0.012 0.013 0.019 0.027 0.016 0.025 0.007
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.950 0.927 0.935 0.890 0.890 0.886 0.830 0.910
Standard error 0.012 0.007 0.008 0.014 0.017 0.012 0.021 0.005
25th percentile 1.00 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.84
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.976 0.945 0.953 0.902 0.913 0.878 0.910 0.930
Standard error 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.019 0.010 0.022 0.027 0.005
25th percentile 1.00 0.84 1.00 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.925 0.907 0.917 0.877 0.866 0.894 0.787 0.891
Standard error 0.021 0.011 0.014 0.020 0.033 0.013 0.026 0.008
25th percentile 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.84
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
New Zealand
Source: Devlin et al. (2000)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 91 177 272 268 220 178 121 1,327
Males 39 73 123 105 97 78 59 574
Females 52 104 149 163 123 100 62 753

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 82.4 82.3 82.5 82.2 81.6 79.6 70.8 80.8
Standard error 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.8 0.4
25th percentile 73 75 76.5 77 72 70 55 74
50th percentile 82 85 85 87.5 85 80 75 85
75th percentile 94 90.5 90 95 95 90 87.5 90
Males Mean 81.1 82.5 81.2 82.5 80.6 78.6 73.5 80.4
Standard error 1.9 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.6 0.7
25th percentile 70 75 75 75 70 70 60 73
50th percentile 80 85 85 85 80 80 79 85
75th percentile 94 95 90 94.5 95 90 90 90
Females Mean 83.3 82.3 83.7 82.0 82.3 80.3 68.1 81.2
Standard error 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 2.4 0.6
25th percentile 75.75 75.25 79 78 75 70 50 75
50th percentile 85 84.5 87 89 90 81.5 70 85
75th percentile 94.5 90 94.5 95 95 90 83.75 90

Problems reported by dimension

 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 84 96.6 163 93.1 238 88.8 233 87.3 159 75.4 117 66.5 48 40.7
Some problems 3 3.4 12 6.9 29 10.8 34 12.7 51 24.2 59 33.5 68 57.6
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.4 0 0.0 1 0.5 0 0.0 2 1.7
Self-care No problems 87 100.0 174 98.9 263 98.5 257 96.6 198 94.3 160 93.0 97 84.3
Some problems 0 0.0 2 1.1 3 1.1 9 3.4 12 5.7 12 7.0 14 12.2
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 3.5
Usual activities No problems 82 94.3 158 89.8 233 86.9 221 82.8 162 76.4 117 66.9 50 42.4
Some problems 5 5.7 18 10.2 33 12.3 45 16.9 49 23.1 57 32.6 62 52.5
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.7 1 0.4 1 0.5 1 0.6 6 5.1
Pain/discomfort No 69 79.3 130 75.6 193 72.3 161 61.0 104 49.3 71 40.6 39 32.8
Some 16 18.4 41 23.8 71 26.6 99 37.5 100 47.4 102 58.3 72 60.5
Extreme 2 2.3 1 0.6 3 1.1 4 1.5 7 3.3 2 1.1 8 6.7
Anxiety/depression No 73 83.9 141 80.6 222 83.5 205 77.9 160 76.6 137 78.7 76 67.3
Some 14 16.1 34 19.4 42 15.8 55 20.9 46 22.0 36 20.7 36 31.9
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.8 3 1.1 3 1.4 1 0.6 1 0.9
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 34 91.9 68 95.8 106 86.9 96 92.3 72 78.3 46 59.7 26 44.8
Some problems 3 8.1 3 4.2 15 12.3 8 7.7 20 21.7 31 40.3 31 53.4
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7
Self-care No problems 37 100.0 72 100.0 119 98.3 99 95.2 86 92.5 67 88.2 51 89.5
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 5 4.8 7 7.5 9 11.8 4 7.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.5
Usual activities No problems 35 94.6 66 91.7 106 86.9 92 88.5 72 77.4 45 58.4 28 49.1
Some problems 2 5.4 6 8.3 14 11.5 12 11.5 20 21.5 31 40.3 26 45.6
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.6 0 0.0 1 1.1 1 1.3 3 5.3
Pain/discomfort No 30 81.1 58 80.6 86 70.5 67 65.0 47 50.5 28 36.8 20 34.5
Some 6 16.2 14 19.4 34 27.9 34 33.0 42 45.2 46 60.5 35 60.3
Extreme 1 2.7 0 0.0 2 1.6 2 1.9 4 4.3 2 2.6 3 5.2
Anxiety/depression No 31 83.8 63 87.5 106 87.6 82 79.6 74 79.6 59 77.6 40 74.1
Some 6 16.2 9 12.5 14 11.6 20 19.4 18 19.4 16 21.1 14 25.9
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 1 1.0 1 1.1 1 1.3 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 50 100.0 95 91.3 132 90.4 137 84.0 87 73.1 71 71.7 22 36.7
Some problems 0 0.0 9 8.7 14 9.6 26 16.0 31 26.1 28 28.3 37 61.7
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.7
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Self-care No problems 50 100.0 102 98.1 144 98.6 158 97.5 112 95.7 93 96.9 46 79.3
Some problems 0 0.0 2 1.9 2 1.4 4 2.5 5 4.3 3 3.1 10 17.2
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.4
Usual activities No problems 47 94.0 92 88.5 127 87.0 129 79.1 90 75.6 72 73.5 22 36.1
Some problems 3 6.0 12 11.5 19 13.0 33 20.2 29 24.4 26 26.5 36 59.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 4.9
Pain/discomfort No 39 78.0 72 72.0 107 73.8 94 58.4 57 48.3 43 43.4 19 31.1
Some 10 20.0 27 27.0 37 25.5 65 40.4 58 49.2 56 56.6 37 60.7
Extreme 1 2.0 1 1.0 1 0.7 2 1.2 3 2.5 0 0.0 5 8.2
Anxiety/depression No 42 84.0 78 75.7 116 80.0 123 76.9 86 74.1 78 79.6 36 61.0
Some 8 16.0 25 24.3 28 19.3 35 21.9 28 24.1 20 20.4 22 37.3
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.7 2 1.3 2 1.7 0 0.0 1 1.7
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.913 0.906 0.893 0.858 0.817 0.800 0.712 0.848
Standard error 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.013 0.014 0.022 0.005
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.60 0.73
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.70 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00
Males Mean 0.912 0.932 0.891 0.872 0.817 0.770 0.750 0.852
Standard error 0.023 0.014 0.015 0.017 0.021 0.024 0.030 0.008
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.75
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.72 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.914 0.887 0.897 0.849 0.816 0.825 0.676 0.846
Standard error 0.018 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.017 0.016 0.032 0.007
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.69 0.60 0.71
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.85
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.890 0.883 0.869 0.827 0.782 0.763 0.672 0.818
Standard error 0.018 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.015 0.015 0.023 0.006
25th percentile 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.63 0.63 0.55 0.65
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.72 0.63 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
Males Mean 0.889 0.915 0.867 0.845 0.784 0.734 0.710 0.823
Standard error 0.028 0.017 0.017 0.019 0.023 0.025 0.031 0.009
25th percentile 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.70 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.70
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.72 0.64 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.892 0.860 0.873 0.816 0.780 0.787 0.636 0.815
Standard error 0.023 0.018 0.015 0.015 0.019 0.018 0.032 0.008
25th percentile 0.72 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.63 0.63 0.54 0.64
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.63 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.71 1.00
Slovenia
Source: Prevolnik et al. (2001)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 116 143 148 118 98 77 42 742
Males 47 62 58 57 51 35 14 324
Females 69 81 90 61 47 42 28 418

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 85.4 82.6 80.8 75.5 67.9 65.3 55.4 76.4
Standard error 1.3 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.8 2.1 3.0 0.7
25th percentile 80 74.5 75 70 56.5 51 40 69.25
50th percentile 90 85 85 80 70 69 51.5 80
75th percentile 95 95 92 90 80 80 72 90
Males Mean 84.4 81.6 79.4 74.9 67.1 66.7 56.0 75.6
Standard error 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.9 2.4 2.8 6.1 1.0
25th percentile 75 78 75 62.5 59.5 60 37 70
50th percentile 90 81.5 80 80 70 70 53 80
75th percentile 95 90 90 90 80 80 74.5 90
EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 86.1 83.3 81.7 76.0 68.8 64.2 55.1 77.0
Standard error 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.6 2.7 3.2 3.4 1.0
25th percentile 80 70 79 70 51 50 40 69
50th percentile 90 89 89 80 70 64.5 50 80
75th percentile 95 95 94.5 90 82.5 80 66 90

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 112 96.6 129 90.8 119 80.4 74 62.7 49 50.0 26 34.7 9 22.0
Some problems 4 3.4 13 9.2 28 18.9 44 37.3 48 49.0 48 64.0 32 78.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.7 0 0.0 1 1.0 1 1.3 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 114 98.3 138 97.2 134 90.5 102 86.4 73 74.5 53 69.7 21 52.5
Some problems 2 1.7 4 2.8 13 8.8 16 13.6 24 24.5 21 27.6 19 47.5
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.7 0 0.0 1 1.0 2 2.6 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 100 86.2 115 81.0 113 76.4 75 63.6 54 55.1 27 35.5 12 29.3
Some problems 16 13.8 25 17.6 34 23.0 42 35.6 39 39.8 47 61.8 28 68.3
Unable to 0 0.0 2 1.4 1 0.7 1 0.8 5 5.1 2 2.6 1 2.4
Pain/discomfort No 85 73.3 99 69.7 92 62.2 56 47.5 32 32.7 19 25.3 7 17.1
Some 30 25.9 40 28.2 54 36.5 56 47.5 63 64.3 56 74.7 32 78.0
Extreme 1 0.9 3 2.1 2 1.4 6 5.1 3 3.1 0 0.0 2 4.9
Anxiety/depression No 85 73.3 94 66.2 102 68.9 75 63.6 53 54.1 40 53.3 20 48.8
Some 29 25.0 48 33.8 44 29.7 40 33.9 42 42.9 34 45.3 21 51.2
Extreme 2 1.7 0 0.0 2 1.4 3 2.5 3 3.1 1 1.3 0 0.0
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 44 93.6 55 88.7 43 74.1 36 63.2 22 43.1 14 41.2 4 30.8
Some problems 3 6.4 7 11.3 14 24.1 21 36.8 29 56.9 20 58.8 9 69.2
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 46 97.9 60 96.8 53 91.4 49 86.0 36 70.6 26 76.5 7 53.8
Some problems 1 2.1 2 3.2 4 6.9 8 14.0 15 29.4 7 20.6 6 46.2
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.9 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 38 80.9 48 77.4 42 72.4 38 66.7 27 52.9 17 50.0 5 38.5
Some problems 9 19.1 13 21.0 16 27.6 19 33.3 21 41.2 17 50.0 8 61.5
Unable to 0 0.0 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.9 0 0.0 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 31 66.0 42 67.7 38 65.5 31 54.4 17 33.3 10 29.4 3 23.1
Some 15 31.9 18 29.0 19 32.8 22 38.6 33 64.7 24 70.6 10 76.9
Extreme 1 2.1 2 3.2 1 1.7 4 7.0 1 2.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 34 72.3 38 61.3 46 79.3 37 64.9 29 56.9 20 58.8 7 53.8
Some 11 23.4 24 38.7 12 20.7 18 31.6 22 43.1 14 41.2 6 46.2
Extreme 2 4.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Females Age
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 68 98.6 74 92.5 76 84.4 38 62.3 27 57.4 12 29.3 5 17.9
Some problems 1 1.4 6 7.5 14 15.6 23 37.7 19 40.4 28 68.3 23 82.1
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.1 1 2.4 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 68 98.6 78 97.5 81 90.0 53 86.9 37 78.7 27 64.3 14 51.9
Some problems 1 1.4 2 2.5 9 10.0 8 13.1 9 19.1 14 33.3 13 48.1
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.1 1 2.4 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 62 89.9 67 83.8 71 78.9 37 60.7 27 57.4 10 23.8 7 25.0
Some problems 7 10.1 12 15.0 18 20.0 23 37.7 18 38.3 30 71.4 20 71.4
Unable to 0 0.0 1 1.3 1 1.1 1 1.6 2 4.3 2 4.8 1 3.6
Pain/discomfort No 54 78.3 57 71.3 54 60.0 25 41.0 15 31.9 9 22.0 4 14.3
Some 15 21.7 22 27.5 35 38.9 34 55.7 30 63.8 32 78.0 22 78.6
Extreme 0 0.0 1 1.3 1 1.1 2 3.3 2 4.3 0 0.0 2 7.1
Anxiety/depression No 51 73.9 56 70.0 56 62.2 38 62.3 24 51.1 20 48.8 13 46.4
Some 18 26.1 24 30.0 32 35.6 22 36.1 20 42.6 20 48.8 15 53.6
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 2.2 1 1.6 3 6.4 1 2.4 0 0.0
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.879 0.859 0.831 0.772 0.697 0.663 0.621 0.788
Standard error 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.027 0.008
25th percentile 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.65 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.66
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.67 0.60 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.78 0.71 1.00
Males Mean 0.849 0.840 0.845 0.785 0.699 0.701 0.663 0.788
Standard error 0.026 0.024 0.025 0.031 0.031 0.027 0.047 0.012
25th percentile 0.75 0.74 0.69 0.61 0.57 0.60 0.57 0.66
50th percentile 0.85 0.78 1.00 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.60 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.78 0.74 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.899 0.874 0.822 0.760 0.695 0.630 0.600 0.788
Standard error 0.015 0.019 0.020 0.027 0.032 0.034 0.033 0.010
25th percentile 0.78 0.76 0.69 0.66 0.60 0.48 0.48 0.68
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.60 0.60 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.71 0.71 1.00
EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.869 0.841 0.794 0.712 0.619 0.554 0.498 0.738
Standard error 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.032 0.009
25th percentile 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.49 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.52
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.76 0.61 0.50 0.41 0.76
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.68 0.64 1.00
Males Mean 0.839 0.817 0.797 0.729 0.613 0.601 0.545 0.735
Standard error 0.027 0.026 0.032 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.067 0.014
25th percentile 0.71 0.67 0.60 0.44 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.50
50th percentile 0.82 0.78 1.00 0.76 0.56 0.53 0.41 0.76
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.76 0.72 1.00
Females Mean 0.890 0.859 0.791 0.696 0.626 0.513 0.475 0.740
Standard error 0.017 0.022 0.024 0.033 0.038 0.039 0.036 0.013
25th percentile 0.78 0.73 0.67 0.50 0.41 0.32 0.32 0.56
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.71 0.61 0.41 0.41 0.76
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.65 0.56 1.00

Spain
Source: ESEMeD; König et al. ( 2009 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 568 999 1,050 719 686 867 584 5,473
Males 281 452 442 314 303 382 247 2,421
Females 287 547 608 405 383 485 337 3,052

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 82.0 80.0 76.7 73.6 72.0 69.0 62.2 75.0
Standard error 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 0.4
25th percentile 80 75 70 60 60 55 50 70
50th percentile 90 90 80 80 80 75 65 80
75th percentile 95 95 90 90 90 90 80 90
Males Mean 83.2 82.4 76.9 73.4 73.4 73.1 66.7 77.0
Standard error 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.6 2.1 0.6
25th percentile 80 80 70 60 65 60 55 70
50th percentile 90 90 80 80 80 80 70 80
75th percentile 95 95 90 90 90 90 80 90
Females Mean 80.8 77.7 76.5 73.8 70.5 65.8 59.4 73.2
Standard error 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 0.6
25th percentile 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 60
50th percentile 90 90 80 80 80 70 60 80
75th percentile 99 93 90 90 90 85 80 90

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 561 99.0 975 97.6 995 94.7 659 91.7 571 83.2 637 75.4 321 53.7
Some problems 7 1.0 23 2.3 49 4.3 55 7.4 112 16.4 227 24.3 255 45.5
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.0 6 1.0 5 0.9 3 0.4 3 0.3 8 0.8
Self-care No problems 567 99.8 990 99.2 1,034 98.1 703 98.0 646 94.9 808 94.5 487 81.6
Some problems 1 0.2 7 0.6 11 1.3 10 1.3 39 4.9 57 5.4 82 15.6
Unable to 0 0.0 2 0.1 5 0.7 6 0.7 1 0.2 2 0.1 15 2.8
Usual activities No problems 554 97.7 968 97.6 993 94.1 653 89.9 578 85.2 711 83.8 377 62.8
Some problems 14 2.3 28 2.3 44 4.1 51 7.3 97 13.3 144 15.0 164 30.0
Unable to 0 0.0 3 0.2 13 1.8 15 2.7 11 1.5 12 1.2 43 7.2
Pain/discomfort No 516 90.1 880 89.4 894 85.2 554 77.2 467 71.4 573 69.0 335 56.1
Some 52 9.9 113 10.1 144 13.4 145 20.4 199 25.6 266 28.2 216 39.2
Extreme 0 0.0 6 0.5 12 1.4 20 2.4 20 3.0 28 2.8 33 4.6
Anxiety/depression No 543 95.8 953 96.1 987 93.1 658 91.6 616 90.8 776 91.2 512 87.4
Some 23 4.0 40 3.5 57 6.3 49 6.7 59 8.2 78 7.7 63 11.4
Extreme 2 0.2 6 0.4 6 0.7 12 1.6 11 1.0 13 1.2 9 1.1
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 278 99.0 441 97.5 425 95.7 293 93.6 256 84.8 306 82.7 163 65.0
Some problems 3 1.0 11 2.5 16 3.6 19 5.6 44 14.4 75 17.2 80 33.9
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.7 2 0.8 3 0.8 1 0.1 4 1.0
Self-care No problems 280 99.7 449 99.5 439 98.5 306 97.4 292 96.6 367 97.6 225 90.2
Some problems 1 0.3 3 0.5 2 0.8 5 1.4 10 3.0 14 2.2 18 8.6
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.7 3 1.2 1 0.4 1 0.1 4 1.2
Usual activities No problems 274 97.4 441 98.4 426 95.2 283 87.9 268 88.6 336 90.2 192 81.5
Some problems 7 2.6 11 1.6 13 3.2 20 7.5 27 9.3 43 9.5 42 13.3
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 1.5 11 4.6 8 2.1 3 0.3 13 5.2
Pain/discomfort No 260 92.8 401 90.2 386 86.1 259 81.6 223 75.4 290 80.0 180 73.8
Some 21 7.2 50 9.6 55 13.1 48 16.6 74 21.6 86 18.8 61 24.2
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.3 1 0.7 7 1.8 6 2.9 6 1.1 6 2.0
Anxiety/depression No 267 94.3 439 97.8 426 94.9 298 95.7 280 92.9 363 95.8 229 91.8
Some 13 5.4 12 2.0 13 4.1 14 3.7 19 6.3 15 3.7 16 7.7
Extreme 1 0.3 1 0.2 3 0.9 2 0.6 4 0.9 4 0.6 2 0.6
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 283 99.1 534 97.8 570 93.7 366 90.1 315 81.5 331 69.9 158 46.4
Some problems 4 0.9 12 2.1 33 5.1 36 9.0 68 18.5 152 29.7 175 52.9
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.1 5 1.2 3 0.9 0 0.0 2 0.4 4 0.7
Self-care No problems 287 100.0 541 99.0 595 97.7 397 98.5 354 93.2 441 92.1 262 76.0
Some problems 0 0.0 4 0.8 9 1.7 5 1.2 29 6.8 43 7.8 64 20.2
Unable to 0 0.0 2 0.2 4 0.6 3 0.3 0 0.0 1 0.1 11 3.8
Usual activities No problems 280 98.0 527 96.8 567 92.9 370 91.7 310 81.7 375 79.0 185 50.7
Some problems 7 2.0 17 2.9 31 5.0 31 7.2 70 17.5 101 19.2 122 40.7
Unable to 0 0.0 3 0.3 10 2.0 4 1.1 3 0.8 9 1.9 30 8.6
Pain/discomfort No 256 87.4 479 88.7 508 84.3 295 73.4 244 67.1 283 60.7 155 44.7
Some 31 12.6 63 10.6 89 13.7 97 23.7 125 29.7 180 35.2 155 48.9
Extreme 0 0.0 5 0.7 11 2.0 13 2.9 14 3.2 22 4.2 27 6.3
Anxiety/depression No 276 97.4 514 94.4 561 91.3 360 88.1 336 88.7 413 87.7 283 84.7
Some 10 2.5 28 5.0 44 8.3 35 9.4 40 10.3 63 10.6 47 13.8
Extreme 1 0.2 5 0.6 3 0.4 10 2.5 7 1.1 9 1.6 7 1.5
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.968 0.963 0.939 0.911 0.884 0.870 0.773 0.915
Standard error 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.007 0.012 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.81
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.971 0.968 0.945 0.924 0.894 0.918 0.846 0.934
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.008 0.016 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.81 0.78 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.965 0.957 0.932 0.900 0.874 0.834 0.725 0.897
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.009 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.015 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.57 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.982 0.975 0.949 0.923 0.901 0.891 0.781 0.929
Standard error 0.003 0.003 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.014 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.71 0.91
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.983 0.980 0.958 0.928 0.909 0.936 0.862 0.947
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.007 0.017 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.89 0.84 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.981 0.970 0.942 0.919 0.894 0.857 0.729 0.912
Standard error 0.004 0.005 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.019 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.83 0.78 0.58 0.89
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.969 0.963 0.940 0.912 0.883 0.866 0.761 0.914
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.007 0.012 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.79 0.76 0.65 0.80
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.76 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.972 0.968 0.945 0.923 0.893 0.913 0.836 0.933
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.009 0.016 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 0.79 0.75 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.966 0.959 0.934 0.903 0.873 0.830 0.712 0.897
Standard error 0.006 0.005 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.016 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 0.74 0.70 0.54 0.79
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.71 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Sweden
Source: Björk et al. (1999)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 66 100 93 106 70 80 19 534
Males 29 55 40 55 36 43 6 264
Females 37 45 53 51 34 37 13 270

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 84.3 86.2 86.2 83.7 79.0 81.5 71.8 83.3
Standard error 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.4 1.8 5.4 0.7
25th percentile 80 80 80 75 70 72.5 55 75
50th percentile 90 90 90 90 85 85 70 90
75th percentile 95 98 95 96 90.75 94.5 99 95
Males Mean 85.7 85.7 87.7 83.2 79.9 83.9 84.2 84.4
Standard error 2.8 1.6 1.9 2.2 3.1 2.3 6.4 0.9
25th percentile 80 80 80 72.5 73.75 77 70 79.25
50th percentile 90 90 90 90 80 90 83 90
75th percentile 99 95 95.25 95 91.25 95 99.25 95
EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 83.2 86.7 85.0 84.1 78.1 78.4 66.2 82.2
Standard error 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.6 3.9 2.9 7.0 1.1
25th percentile 77.5 77.5 80 80 66.25 62.5 50 75
50th percentile 90 94 90 90 87.5 80 61 90
75th percentile 95 99.5 95 100 92.25 90 89.5 95

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 64 98.5 95 97.9 88 95.7 92 88.5 62 92.5 67 85.9 9 47.4
Some problems 1 1.5 2 2.1 4 4.3 12 11.5 5 7.5 11 14.1 10 52.6
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 65 100.0 96 99.0 92 100.0 102 98.1 66 98.5 77 98.7 16 84.2
Some problems 0 0.0 1 1.0 0 0.0 2 1.9 1 1.5 1 1.3 3 15.8
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 63 96.9 92 94.8 88 95.7 92 88.5 59 88.1 73 94.8 13 68.4
Some problems 1 1.5 3 3.1 4 4.3 8 7.7 5 7.5 4 5.2 4 21.1
Unable to 1 1.5 2 2.1 0 0.0 4 3.8 3 4.5 0 0.0 2 10.5
Pain/discomfort No 50 76.9 68 70.1 57 62.0 59 56.7 33 49.3 36 45.6 6 33.3
Some 15 23.1 29 29.9 34 37.0 40 38.5 31 46.3 43 54.4 10 55.6
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1 5 4.8 3 4.5 0 0.0 2 11.1
Anxiety/depression No 44 67.7 77 79.4 69 75.0 74 71.8 46 68.7 61 79.2 13 72.2
Some 19 29.2 18 18.6 22 23.9 27 26.2 20 29.9 15 19.5 4 22.2
Extreme 2 3.1 2 2.1 1 1.1 2 1.9 1 1.5 1 1.3 1 5.6
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Mobility No problems 27 96.4 55 100.0 38 97.4 47 87.0 32 91.4 39 90.7 3 50.0
Some problems 1 3.6 0 0.0 1 2.6 7 13.0 3 8.6 4 9.3 3 50.0
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 28 100.0 55 100.0 39 100.0 53 98.1 34 97.1 42 100.0 6 100.0
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0 0 0.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 27 96.4 52 94.5 38 97.4 47 87.0 30 85.7 39 95.1 5 83.3
Some problems 1 3.6 2 3.6 1 2.6 4 7.4 3 8.6 2 4.9 1 16.7
Unable to 0 0.0 1 1.8 0 0.0 3 5.6 2 5.7 0 0.0 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 21 75.0 39 70.9 22 56.4 31 57.4 19 54.3 23 53.5 1 20.0
Some 7 25.0 16 29.1 17 43.6 21 38.9 14 40.0 20 46.5 4 80.0
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.7 2 5.7 0 0.0 0 0.0
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Anxiety/depression No 22 78.6 45 81.8 30 76.9 40 75.5 25 71.4 36 87.8 5 100.0
Some 5 17.9 9 16.4 9 23.1 12 22.6 9 25.7 5 12.2 0 0.0
Extreme 1 3.6 1 1.8 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 2.9 0 0.0 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 37 100.0 40 95.2 50 94.3 45 90.0 30 93.8 28 80.0 6 46.2
Some problems 0 0.0 2 4.8 3 5.7 5 10.0 2 6.3 7 20.0 7 53.8
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 37 100.0 41 97.6 53 100.0 49 98.0 32 100.0 35 97.2 10 76.9
Some problems 0 0.0 1 2.4 0 0.0 1 2.0 0 0.0 1 2.8 3 23.1
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 36 97.3 40 95.2 50 94.3 45 90.0 29 90.6 34 94.4 8 61.5
Some problems 0 0.0 1 2.4 3 5.7 4 8.0 2 6.3 2 5.6 3 23.1
Unable to 1 2.7 1 2.4 0 0.0 1 2.0 1 3.1 0 0.0 2 15.4
Pain/discomfort No 29 78.4 29 69.0 35 66.0 28 56.0 14 43.8 13 36.1 5 38.5
Some 8 21.6 13 31.0 17 32.1 19 38.0 17 53.1 23 63.9 6 46.2
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9 3 6.0 1 3.1 0 0.0 2 15.4
Anxiety/depression No 22 59.5 32 76.2 39 73.6 34 68.0 21 65.6 25 69.4 8 61.5
Some 14 37.8 9 21.4 13 24.5 15 30.0 11 34.4 10 27.8 4 30.8
Extreme 1 2.7 1 2.4 1 1.9 1 2.0 0 0.0 1 2.8 1 7.7
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.888 0.893 0.868 0.835 0.813 0.836 0.701 0.851
Standard error 0.020 0.016 0.015 0.020 0.023 0.016 0.068 0.008
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.78 0.60 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.81
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.899 0.901 0.864 0.841 0.814 0.872 0.778 0.864
Standard error 0.030 0.020 0.020 0.029 0.034 0.019 0.057 0.010
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.73 0.69 0.78 0.70 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.879 0.883 0.871 0.828 0.812 0.794 0.671 0.838
Standard error 0.026 0.025 0.022 0.028 0.031 0.025 0.091 0.011
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.39 0.71
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Thailand
Source: Tongsiri et al. (2011)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 76 228 420 379 196 88 22 1,409
Males 32 108 168 187 91 45 13 644
Females 44 120 252 192 105 43 9 765

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 82.9 80.9 80.1 78.3 79.3 76.1 72.3 79.4
Standard error 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.2 2.1 4.7 0.4
25th percentile 76.25 70 70 70 70 60 50 70
50th percentile 82.5 80 80 80 80 80 75 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 92.5 90
Males Mean 84.7 79.7 80.9 77.8 77.1 75.1 64.6 78.7
Standard error 1.9 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.9 2.7 5.7 0.6
25th percentile 72.5 70 70 70 70 60 50 70
50th percentile 90 80 80 80 80 70 60 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 85 90
Females Mean 81.6 82.0 79.6 78.9 81.1 77.2 83.3 80.0
Standard error 1.8 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.6 3.2 6.5 0.6
25th percentile 76.25 70 70 70 70 60 65 70
50th percentile 80 82.5 80 80 80 80 90 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 97 90 100 90

Problems reported by dimension

 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 68 89.5 194 85.1 341 81.2 257 67.8 126 64.3 43 48.9 9 40.9
Some problems 8 10.5 32 14.0 77 18.3 122 32.2 68 34.7 45 51.1 12 54.5
Confined to bed 0 0.0 2 0.9 2 0.5 0 0.0 2 1.0 0 0.0 1 4.5
Self-care No problems 72 94.7 221 96.9 397 94.5 330 87.1 173 88.3 75 85.2 19 86.4
Some problems 3 3.9 7 3.1 21 5.0 40 10.6 20 10.2 11 12.5 2 9.1
Unable to 1 1.3 0 0.0 2 0.5 9 2.4 3 1.5 2 2.3 1 4.5
Usual activities No problems 58 76.3 190 83.3 342 81.4 283 74.7 148 75.5 57 64.8 11 50.0
Some problems 18 23.7 35 15.4 69 16.4 82 21.6 43 21.9 25 28.4 9 40.9
Unable to 0 0.0 3 1.3 9 2.1 14 3.7 5 2.6 6 6.8 2 9.1
Pain/discomfort No 41 53.9 98 43.0 164 39.0 113 29.8 51 26.0 20 22.7 6 27.3
Some 35 46.1 126 55.3 249 59.3 260 68.6 133 67.9 67 76.1 15 68.2
Extreme 0 0.0 4 1.8 7 1.7 6 1.6 12 6.1 1 1.1 1 4.5
Anxiety/depression No 47 61.8 128 56.1 238 56.7 183 48.3 90 45.9 43 48.9 12 54.5
Some 28 36.8 97 42.5 177 42.1 188 49.6 95 48.5 40 45.5 8 36.4
Extreme 1 1.3 3 1.3 5 1.2 8 2.1 11 5.6 5 5.7 2 9.1
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 29 90.6 91 84.3 142 84.5 127 67.9 70 76.9 22 48.9 6 46.2
Some problems 3 9.4 16 14.8 26 15.5 60 32.1 20 22.0 23 51.1 6 46.2
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1 0 0.0 1 7.7
Self-care No problems 31 96.9 103 95.4 157 93.5 162 86.6 81 89.0 40 88.9 11 84.6
Some problems 1 3.1 5 4.6 10 6.0 19 10.2 7 7.7 4 8.9 1 7.7
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.6 6 3.2 3 3.3 1 2.2 1 7.7
Usual activities No problems 26 81.3 89 82.4 139 82.7 132 70.6 73 80.2 29 64.4 6 46.2
Some problems 6 18.8 17 15.7 27 16.1 50 26.7 16 17.6 14 31.1 5 38.5
Unable to 0 0.0 2 1.9 2 1.2 5 2.7 2 2.2 2 4.4 2 15.4
Pain/discomfort No 20 62.5 55 50.9 76 45.2 56 29.9 30 33.0 7 15.6 3 23.1
Some 12 37.5 50 46.3 90 53.6 127 67.9 59 64.8 38 84.4 9 69.2
Extreme 0 0.0 3 2.8 2 1.2 4 2.1 2 2.2 0 0.0 1 7.7
Anxiety/depression No 25 78.1 59 54.6 116 69.0 92 49.2 51 56.0 20 44.4 6 46.2
Some 7 21.9 48 44.4 50 29.8 93 49.7 37 40.7 24 53.3 5 38.5
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.9 2 1.2 2 1.1 3 3.3 1 2.2 2 15.4
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Mobility No problems 39 88.6 103 85.8 199 79.0 130 67.7 56 53.3 21 48.8 3 33.3
Some problems 5 11.4 16 13.3 51 20.2 62 32.3 48 45.7 22 51.2 6 66.7
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.8 2 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n%
Self-care No problems 41 93.2 118 98.3 240 95.2 168 87.5 92 87.6 35 81.4 8 88.9
Some problems 2 4.5 2 1.7 11 4.4 21 10.9 13 12.4 7 16.3 1 11.1
Unable to 1 2.3 0 0.0 1 0.4 3 1.6 0 0.0 1 2.3 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 32 72.7 101 84.2 203 80.6 151 78.6 75 71.4 28 65.1 5 55.6
Some problems 12 27.3 18 15.0 42 16.7 32 16.7 27 25.7 11 25.6 4 44.4
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.8 7 2.8 9 4.7 3 2.9 4 9.3 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 21 47.7 43 35.8 88 34.9 57 29.7 21 20.0 13 30.2 3 33.3
Some 23 52.3 76 63.3 159 63.1 133 69.3 74 70.5 29 67.4 6 66.7
Extreme 0 0.0 1 0.8 5 2.0 2 1.0 10 9.5 1 2.3 0 0.0
Anxiety/depression No 22 50.0 69 57.5 122 48.4 91 47.4 39 37.1 23 53.5 6 66.7
Some 21 47.7 49 40.8 127 50.4 95 49.5 58 55.2 16 37.2 3 33.3
Extreme 1 2.3 2 1.7 3 1.2 6 3.1 8 7.6 4 9.3 0 0.0
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.814 0.785 0.771 0.717 0.694 0.670 0.657 0.742
Standard error 0.019 0.011 0.008 0.009 0.014 0.021 0.046 0.005
25th percentile 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.66
50th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.71
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.81
Males Mean 0.855 0.786 0.803 0.717 0.733 0.669 0.609 0.754
Standard error 0.023 0.017 0.013 0.013 0.020 0.022 0.069 0.007
25th percentile 0.76 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.69 0.61 0.49 0.69
50th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.75 0.69 0.69 0.76
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.85
Females Mean 0.785 0.784 0.750 0.717 0.660 0.670 0.726 0.732
Standard error 0.028 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.020 0.037 0.049 0.007
25th percentile 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.60 0.60 0.64 0.66
50th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.71 0.71 0.71
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.78

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.785 0.756 0.740 0.678 0.653 0.617 0.575 0.706
Standard error 0.021 0.013 0.009 0.010 0.016 0.022 0.055 0.005
25th percentile 0.69 0.69 0.64 0.57 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.61
50th percentile 0.73 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.60 0.69
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.70 0.77
Males Mean 0.820 0.757 0.769 0.674 0.695 0.613 0.528 0.716
Standard error 0.028 0.019 0.014 0.014 0.022 0.024 0.083 0.008
25th percentile 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.48 0.61
50th percentile 0.77 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.69 0.61 0.55 0.69
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.73 0.77 0.69 0.69 0.77
Females Mean 0.760 0.755 0.720 0.682 0.616 0.621 0.641 0.698
Standard error 0.030 0.017 0.012 0.014 0.023 0.038 0.057 0.007
25th percentile 0.69 0.69 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.50 0.55 0.61
50th percentile 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.69 0.61 0.64 0.61 0.69
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.77
United Kingdom
Source: Kind et al. ( 1998 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 304 753 561 488 484 488 317 3,395
Males 128 330 256 221 196 228 110 1,469
Females 176 423 305 267 288 260 207 1,926

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 86.5 86.8 86.6 82.0 81.6 77.3 73.8 82.8
Standard error 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.8 2.1 0.8 1.1 0.4
25th percentile 80 80 80 75 70 70 60 75
50th percentile 90 90 90 90 85 80 75 90
75th percentile 95 97 95 95 95 90 90 95
Males Mean 87.1 86.9 86.8 81.6 83.7 78.2 72.9 83.3
Standard error 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.3 4.9 1.2 1.8 0.8
25th percentile 80 80 82 75 70 70 60 75
50th percentile 90 90 90 90 85 80 75 90
75th percentile 98 96 95 95 93 90 85 95
EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 86.0 86.8 86.4 82.4 80.3 76.6 74.2 82.4
Standard error 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.4
25th percentile 80 80 80 80 70 65 60 75
50th percentile 90 90 90 90 85 80 75.5 90
75th percentile 95 97 95 95 95 90 90 95

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 292 96.4 705 93.8 517 92.3 413 84.6 360 74.7 318 65.2 160 50.8
Some problems 11 3.6 46 6.1 43 7.7 73 15.0 122 25.3 170 34.8 155 49.2
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 2 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 300 99.3 744 98.9 551 98.4 458 94.0 454 94.2 455 93.2 280 88.9
Some problems 2 0.7 7 0.9 9 1.6 28 5.7 28 5.8 31 6.4 34 10.8
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 1 0.2 0 0.0 2 0.4 1 0.3
Usual activities No problems 287 94.7 689 91.6 519 92.7 410 84.2 364 75.5 360 73.8 207 65.7
Some problems 15 5.0 59 7.8 36 6.4 63 12.9 103 21.4 113 23.2 92 29.2
Unable to 1 0.3 4 0.5 5 0.9 14 2.9 15 3.1 15 3.1 16 5.1
Pain/discomfort No 251 82.8 634 84.3 433 77.5 322 66.1 255 52.8 243 49.8 132 41.9
Some 51 16.8 109 14.5 119 21.3 145 29.8 196 40.6 213 43.6 155 49.2
Extreme 1 0.3 9 1.2 7 1.3 20 4.1 32 6.6 32 6.6 28 8.9
Anxiety/depression No 267 88.1 632 84.0 462 82.5 381 78.1 344 71.2 362 74.2 231 73.3
Some 33 10.9 113 15.0 93 16.6 93 19.1 127 26.3 111 22.7 78 24.8
Extreme 3 1.0 7 0.9 5 0.9 14 2.9 12 2.5 15 3.1 6 1.9
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 120 93.8 311 94.2 233 91.4 186 84.2 133 68.2 154 67.5 63 57.8
Some problems 8 6.3 18 5.5 22 8.6 33 14.9 62 31.8 74 32.5 46 42.2
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0 2 0.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 126 98.4 327 99.1 250 98.0 206 93.2 181 92.8 211 92.5 100 91.7
Some problems 2 1.6 2 0.6 5 2.0 15 6.8 14 7.2 15 6.6 9 8.3
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.9 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 119 93.0 304 92.1 236 92.5 185 84.1 135 69.2 171 75.0 73 67.0
Some problems 9 7.0 23 7.0 16 6.3 24 10.9 48 24.6 50 21.9 28 25.7
Unable to 0 0.0 3 0.9 3 1.2 11 5.0 12 6.2 7 3.1 8 7.3
Pain/discomfort No 103 80.5 282 85.5 198 78.0 151 68.3 99 50.8 117 51.3 52 47.7
Some 25 19.5 44 13.3 52 20.5 60 27.1 83 42.6 94 41.2 50 45.9
Extreme 0 0.0 4 1.2 4 1.6 10 4.5 13 6.7 17 7.5 7 6.4
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 116 90.6 286 86.7 218 85.5 181 81.9 136 69.7 182 79.8 88 80.7
Some 11 8.6 40 12.1 35 13.7 32 14.5 54 27.7 37 16.2 17 15.6
Extreme 1 0.8 4 1.2 2 0.8 8 3.6 5 2.6 9 3.9 4 3.7
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 172 98.3 394 93.4 284 93.1 227 85.0 227 79.1 164 63.1 97 47.1
Some problems 3 1.7 28 6.6 21 6.9 40 15.0 60 20.9 96 36.9 109 52.9
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 174 100.0 417 98.8 301 98.7 252 94.7 273 95.1 244 93.8 180 87.4
Some problems 0 0.0 5 1.2 4 1.3 13 4.9 14 4.9 16 6.2 25 12.1
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.5
Usual activities No problems 168 96.0 385 91.2 283 92.8 225 84.3 229 79.8 189 72.7 134 65.0
Some problems 6 3.4 36 8.5 20 6.6 39 14.6 55 19.2 63 24.2 64 31.1
Unable to 1 0.6 1 0.2 2 0.7 3 1.1 3 1.0 8 3.1 8 3.9
Pain/discomfort No 148 84.6 352 83.4 235 77.0 171 64.3 156 54.2 126 48.5 80 38.8
Some 26 14.9 65 15.4 67 22.0 85 32.0 113 39.2 119 45.8 105 51.0
Extreme 1 0.6 5 1.2 3 1.0 10 3.8 19 6.6 15 5.8 21 10.2
Anxiety/depression No 151 86.3 346 82.0 244 80.0 200 74.9 208 72.2 180 69.2 143 69.4
Some 22 12.6 73 17.3 58 19.0 61 22.8 73 25.3 74 28.5 61 29.6
Extreme 2 1.1 3 0.7 3 1.0 6 2.2 7 2.4 6 2.3 2 1.0
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.934 0.922 0.905 0.849 0.804 0.785 0.734 0.856
Standard error 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.013 0.003
25th percentile 0.96 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.76
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.75 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.929 0.927 0.909 0.851 0.783 0.791 0.761 0.860
Standard error 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.022 0.005
25th percentile 0.79 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.937 0.918 0.901 0.847 0.818 0.779 0.720 0.852
Standard error 0.009 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.60 0.75
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.940 0.927 0.911 0.847 0.799 0.779 0.726 0.856
Standard error 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.015 0.004
25th percentile 0.97 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.80
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.80 0.76 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.935 0.930 0.914 0.845 0.777 0.781 0.753 0.858
Standard error 0.011 0.009 0.011 0.018 0.020 0.018 0.026 0.006
25th percentile 0.85 1.00 0.85 0.80 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.80
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.80 0.80 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.943 0.925 0.909 0.849 0.815 0.777 0.712 0.854
Standard error 0.009 0.007 0.009 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.019 0.005
25th percentile 1.00 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.73 0.69 0.63 0.76
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.80 0.73 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.931 0.920 0.902 0.846 0.799 0.778 0.726 0.852
Standard error 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.003
25th percentile 0.95 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.74
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.76 0.73 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.925 0.925 0.907 0.848 0.779 0.784 0.752 0.856
Standard error 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.015 0.017 0.015 0.022 0.005
25th percentile 0.78 1.00 0.78 0.76 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.76
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.76 0.76 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (VAS value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.936 0.915 0.898 0.844 0.813 0.773 0.712 0.848
Standard error 0.009 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.70 0.66 0.60 0.73
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.76 0.70 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 1.00
United States
Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; AHRQ (2000–2002)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 4,584 7,168 8,288 7,350 4,894 3,441 2,953 38,678
Males 2,125 3,359 3,799 3,427 2,303 1,508 1,177 17,698
Females 2,459 3,809 4,489 3,923 2,591 1,933 1,776 20,980

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 86.2 83.5 81.8 79.2 76.9 75.1 68.5 80.0
Standard error 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1
25th percentile 80 80 75 72 70 65 53 73
50th percentile 90 88 85 84 80 80 72 85
75th percentile 95 94 92 90 90 90 84 91
Males Mean 88.0 84.5 82.9 79.6 77.8 75.3 69.2 81.0
Standard error 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.2
25th percentile 82 80 78 75 70 65 59 75
50th percentile 90 90 85 85 83 80 75 85
75th percentile 97 95 93 90 90 90 85 92
Females Mean 84.5 82.6 80.8 78.9 76.1 74.9 68.1 79.0
Standard error 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.2
25th percentile 80 80 75 71 70 65 51 70
50th percentile 90 85 85 82 80 80 70 84
75th percentile 95 92 91 90 90 90 82 90

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 4,357 95.4 6,673 93.6 7,384 89.8 5,862 80.7 3,468 73.6 2,116 62.6 1,235 42.1
problems
Some 207 4.4 466 6.0 877 10.0 1,455 19.0 1,400 26.0 1,302 36.8 1,668 56.6
problems
Confined 20 0.3 29 0.3 27 0.2 33 0.3 26 0.4 23 0.6 50 1.3
to bed
Self-care No 4,535 99.1 7,061 98.7 8,075 97.8 6,998 96.2 4,544 94.1 3,171 93.7 2,386 82.4
problems
Some 39 0.8 93 1.1 185 1.9 317 3.4 299 5.1 246 5.7 469 14.7
problems
Unable 10 0.2 14 0.2 28 0.3 35 0.3 51 0.8 24 0.5 98 2.9
to
Usual activities No 4,247 93.3 6,501 91.1 7,185 87.5 5,842 81.1 3,448 73.0 2,222 66.0 1,404 49.0
problems
Some 315 6.4 629 8.2 1,022 11.6 1,367 17.4 1,290 24.4 1,111 31.3 1,277 42.9
problems
Unable 22 0.4 38 0.6 81 0.9 141 1.5 156 2.6 108 2.8 272 8.1
to
Pain/discomfort No 3,485 76.5 5,067 71.5 5,093 61.6 3,564 49.3 1,913 41.2 1,170 34.3 807 27.9
Some 1,049 22.6 1,971 26.7 2,921 35.5 3,395 46.0 2,621 52.5 2,068 60.3 1,899 64.9
Extreme 50 0.9 130 1.8 274 2.9 391 4.7 360 6.3 203 5.5 247 7.3
Anxiety/depression No 3,599 78.7 5,520 77.2 6,096 73.9 5,148 71.5 3,274 68.7 2,361 70.4 1,821 62.8
Some 887 19.3 1,495 20.9 1,973 23.9 1,967 25.8 1,454 28.3 993 27.3 1,037 34.2
Extreme 98 2.0 153 1.9 219 2.2 235 2.8 166 3.0 87 2.3 95 3.0
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 2,031 95.7 3,156 94.1 3,453 91.6 2,823 83.0 1,696 75.5 963 65.4 544 44.2
problems
Some 85 4.0 190 5.5 335 8.2 584 16.6 597 24.3 531 33.8 615 54.6
problems
Confined to 9 0.3 13 0.4 11 0.2 20 0.4 10 0.2 14 0.9 18 1.2
bed
Self-care No 2,100 99.0 3,313 98.8 3,706 97.9 3,259 96.0 2,142 94.3 1,388 93.9 973 83.5
problems
Some 19 0.8 41 1.1 77 1.6 147 3.5 136 5.0 105 5.4 165 13.2
problems
Unable to 6 0.2 5 0.2 16 0.4 21 0.4 25 0.7 15 0.7 39 3.2
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Usual activities No 2,002 94.5 3,143 93.5 3,403 90.4 2,830 83.9 1,699 75.8 1,008 68.9 628 53.0
problems
Some 114 5.1 198 5.8 365 8.8 531 14.5 539 22.0 450 28.1 458 39.9
problems
Unable to 9 0.4 18 0.7 31 0.9 66 1.6 65 2.2 50 3.0 91 7.2
Pain/discomfort No 1,692 78.9 2,488 74.0 2,450 64.6 1,791 52.3 1,004 45.7 557 37.5 379 31.8
Some 409 20.3 815 24.2 1,244 33.0 1,483 43.7 1,147 48.7 873 57.9 730 62.6
Extreme 24 0.8 56 1.8 105 2.4 153 4.1 152 5.6 78 4.6 68 5.6
Anxiety/depress No 1,769 83.4 2,758 80.8 3,009 78.6 2,560 74.8 1,646 73.2 1,087 74.0 777 67.2
ion Some 318 15.1 553 17.7 718 19.6 776 22.6 590 24.4 393 24.4 375 30.7
Extreme 38 1.5 48 1.5 72 1.8 91 2.6 67 2.4 28 1.7 25 2.1
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 2,326 95.1 3,517 93.2 3,931 88.1 3,039 78.6 1,772 71.8 1,153 60.2 691 40.8
problems
Some 122 4.6 276 6.6 542 11.7 871 21.2 803 27.6 771 39.4 1,053 57.9
problems
Confined 11 0.3 16 0.3 16 0.3 13 0.2 16 0.6 9 0.4 32 1.4
to bed
Self-care No 2,435 99.1 3,748 98.7 4,369 97.8 3,739 96.4 2,402 94.0 1,783 93.6 1,413 81.7
problems
Some 20 0.7 52 1.1 108 2.1 170 3.4 163 5.1 141 6.0 304 15.7
problems
Unable 4 0.2 9 0.2 12 0.2 14 0.2 26 0.9 9 0.4 59 2.7
to
Usual activities No 2,245 92.1 3,358 88.9 3,782 84.8 3,012 78.5 1,749 70.3 1,214 63.5 776 46.3
problems
Some 201 7.6 431 10.6 657 14.3 836 20.0 751 26.7 661 33.8 819 44.9
problems
Unable 13 0.4 20 0.6 50 1.0 75 1.4 91 3.0 58 2.6 181 8.8
to
Pain/discomfort No 1,793 74.1 2,579 69.2 2,643 58.8 1,773 46.5 909 37.0 613 31.6 428 25.2
Some 640 24.8 1,156 29.0 1,677 37.9 1,912 48.3 1,474 56.1 1,195 62.3 1,169 66.4
Extreme 26 1.1 74 1.8 169 3.4 238 5.2 208 7.0 125 6.2 179 8.4
Anxiety/depression No 1,830 74.2 2,762 73.8 3,087 69.4 2,588 68.4 1,628 64.5 1,274 67.4 1,044 59.8
Some 569 23.4 942 24.0 1,255 28.0 1,191 28.8 864 31.9 600 29.7 662 36.6
Extreme 60 2.4 105 2.2 147 2.6 144 2.9 99 3.6 59 2.9 70 3.6
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.899 0.883 0.851 0.809 0.773 0.752 0.676 0.823
Standard error 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.001
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.60 0.69
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
Males Mean 0.914 0.896 0.868 0.822 0.793 0.768 0.699 0.841
Standard error 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.002
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.60 0.75
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
Females Mean 0.885 0.872 0.836 0.797 0.754 0.739 0.660 0.806
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.002
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.60 0.69
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.78 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.925 0.912 0.888 0.855 0.827 0.813 0.754 0.866
Standard error 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.001
25th percentile 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.80
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.84
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 1.00
Males Mean 0.935 0.921 0.900 0.864 0.842 0.825 0.773 0.880
Standard error 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.001
25th percentile 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.71 0.82
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.81 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 1.00
Females Mean 0.914 0.904 0.877 0.846 0.812 0.803 0.741 0.854
Standard error 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.001
25th percentile 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.71 0.80
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.78 0.84
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 0.83 1.00

Annex 2: EQ-5D Population Norms – Regional Surveys

Armenia (five regions)
Source: Gharagebakyan et al. ( 2003 )
Number of respondents
Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
Total 297 339 473 414 227 287 180 2,217
Males 77 114 127 115 78 93 57 661
Females 220 225 346 299 149 194 123 1,556
EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 87.8 78.4 68.0 62.3 55.3 50.1 43.8 65.7
Standard error 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.6 0.5
25th percentile 80 70 50 50 40 40 30 50
50th percentile 90 80 70 60 53 50 45 70
75th percentile 100 90 80 80 70 60 58 84
Males Mean 88.7 78.8 71.2 63.1 55.8 55.5 49.0 67.3
Standard error 1.6 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.7 0.9
25th percentile 80 65 60 50 40 40 40 50
50th percentile 95 85 78 65 60 60 50 70
75th percentile 100 100 90 80 70 70 60 90
Females Mean 87.5 78.1 66.9 62.1 55.0 47.5 41.5 65.0
Standard error 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.9 0.6
25th percentile 80 70 50 50 40 40 30 50
50th percentile 90 80 70 60 51 50 40 70
75th percentile 100 90 80 75 70 60 50 80

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 283 95.3 296 87.3 397 83.9 321 77.5 128 56.4 127 44.3 58 32.2
Some problems 13 4.4 42 12.4 74 15.6 92 22.2 95 41.9 149 51.9 111 61.7
Confined to bed 1 0.3 1 0.3 2 0.4 1 0.2 4 1.8 11 3.8 11 6.1
Self-care No problems 291 98.3 320 94.4 449 94.9 382 92.3 180 79.3 195 67.9 83 46.1
Some problems 3 1.0 18 5.3 22 4.7 28 6.8 42 18.5 75 26.1 79 43.9
Unable to 2 0.7 1 0.3 2 0.4 4 1.0 5 2.2 17 5.9 18 10.0
Usual activities No problems 278 93.6 282 83.2 364 77.0 308 74.6 124 54.9 132 46.0 59 32.8
Some problems 18 6.1 52 15.3 99 20.9 96 23.2 92 40.7 131 45.6 91 50.6
Unable to 1 0.3 5 1.5 10 2.1 9 2.2 10 4.4 24 8.4 30 16.7
Pain/discomfort No 219 73.7 184 54.3 176 37.2 116 28.0 35 15.4 27 9.4 17 9.4
Some 71 23.9 138 40.7 259 54.8 246 59.4 143 63.0 181 63.1 109 60.6
Extreme 7 2.4 17 5.0 38 8.0 52 12.6 49 21.6 79 27.5 54 30.0
 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 209 70.8 196 58.3 224 47.8 168 40.7 85 37.8 78 27.5 64 35.6
Some 81 27.5 123 36.6 205 43.7 202 48.9 100 44.4 143 50.4 72 40.0
Extreme 5 1.7 17 5.1 40 8.5 43 10.4 40 17.8 63 22.2 44 24.4
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 71 92.2 98 86.0 108 85.0 89 77.4 44 56.4 47 50.5 24 42.1
Some problems 5 6.5 15 13.2 17 13.4 25 21.7 32 41.0 44 47.3 30 52.6
Confined to bed 1 1.3 1 0.9 2 1.6 1 0.9 2 2.6 2 2.2 3 5.3
Self-care No problems 73 94.8 104 91.2 120 94.5 101 87.8 58 74.4 63 67.7 31 54.4
Some problems 2 2.6 9 7.9 7 5.5 12 10.4 18 23.1 26 28.0 21 36.8
Unable to 2 2.6 1 0.9 0 0.0 2 1.7 2 2.6 4 4.3 5 8.8
Usual activities No problems 67 87.0 91 79.8 103 81.1 81 70.4 42 53.8 43 46.2 25 43.9
Some problems 9 11.7 21 18.4 19 15.0 28 24.3 32 41.0 39 41.9 27 47.4
Unable to 1 1.3 2 1.8 5 3.9 6 5.2 4 5.1 11 11.8 5 8.8
Pain/discomfort No 64 83.1 72 63.2 59 46.5 41 35.7 18 23.1 15 16.1 8 14.0
Some 11 14.3 33 28.9 56 44.1 55 47.8 44 56.4 54 58.1 35 61.4
Extreme 2 2.6 9 7.9 12 9.4 19 16.5 16 20.5 24 25.8 14 24.6
Anxiety/depression No 55 72.4 73 64.0 67 53.2 54 47.0 36 46.2 30 33.0 26 45.6
Some 21 27.6 31 27.2 48 38.1 49 42.6 31 39.7 44 48.4 21 36.8
Extreme 0 0.0 10 8.8 11 8.7 12 10.4 11 14.1 17 18.7 10 17.5
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 212 96.4 198 88.0 289 83.5 232 77.6 84 56.4 80 41.2 34 27.6
Some problems 8 3.6 27 12.0 57 16.5 67 22.4 63 42.3 105 54.1 81 65.9
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.3 9 4.6 8 6.5
Self-care No problems 218 99.5 216 96.0 329 95.1 281 94.0 122 81.9 132 68.0 52 42.3
Some problems 1 0.5 9 4.0 15 4.3 16 5.4 24 16.1 49 25.3 58 47.2
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.6 2 0.7 3 2.0 13 6.7 13 10.6
Usual activities No problems 211 95.9 191 84.9 261 75.4 227 76.2 82 55.4 89 45.9 34 27.6
Some problems 9 4.1 31 13.8 80 23.1 68 22.8 60 40.5 92 47.4 64 52.0
Unable to 0 0.0 3 1.3 5 1.4 3 1.0 6 4.1 13 6.7 25 20.3
Pain/discomfort No 155 70.5 112 49.8 117 33.8 75 25.1 17 11.4 12 6.2 9 7.3
Some 60 27.3 105 46.7 203 58.7 191 63.9 99 66.4 127 65.5 74 60.2
Extreme 5 2.3 8 3.6 26 7.5 33 11.0 33 22.1 55 28.4 40 32.5
Anxiety/depression No 154 70.3 123 55.4 157 45.8 114 38.3 49 33.3 48 24.9 38 30.9
Some 60 27.4 92 41.4 157 45.8 153 51.3 69 46.9 99 51.3 51 41.5
Extreme 5 2.3 7 3.2 29 8.5 31 10.4 29 19.7 46 23.8 34 27.6
 EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.881 0.798 0.736 0.690 0.600 0.521 0.473 0.693
Standard error 0.010 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.017 0.016 0.021 0.006
25th percentile 0.78 0.69 0.66 0.61 0.48 0.28 0.18 0.60
50th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.60 0.49 0.69
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 1.00
Males Mean 0.887 0.804 0.752 0.699 0.620 0.546 0.537 0.704
Standard error 0.022 0.024 0.021 0.025 0.031 0.029 0.037 0.011
25th percentile 0.78 0.69 0.62 0.60 0.48 0.30 0.29 0.58
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.60 0.75
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.75 0.71 1.00
Females Mean 0.879 0.794 0.730 0.686 0.589 0.509 0.443 0.688
Standard error 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.020 0.019 0.026 0.006
25th percentile 0.78 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.45 0.26 0.15 0.60
50th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.60 0.48 0.69
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.66 0.78

Canada (Alberta)
Source: Johnson et al. (2000)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 459 861 1,073 991 850 478 298 5,010
Males 220 379 509 493 437 227 127 2,392
Females 239 482 564 498 413 251 171 2,618

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 81.6 80.5 78.7 75.7 77.1 77.1 75.3 78.3
Standard error 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.3
25th percentile 78 75 73 70 70 70 70 75
50th percentile 85 85 80 80 80 80 75 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 88 89 90 85 90
EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Males Mean 80.6 80.7 78.3 76.0 76.5 76.6 77.6 78.1
Standard error 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.5 0.4
25th percentile 75 75 70 70 70 70 70 73
50th percentile 85 85 80 80 80 80 80 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 85 85 90 85 90
Females Mean 82.6 80.3 79.2 75.4 77.7 77.6 73.6 78.5
Standard error 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.7 0.4
25th percentile 80 75 75 70 70 70 65 75
50th percentile 85 85 80 80 80 80 75 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 85 90

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 424 91.7 785 91.4 940 89.0 781 79.2 660 79.5 325 69.3 156 51.9
Some problems 33 7.7 73 8.2 125 10.5 207 20.7 182 20.0 147 30.4 141 48.1
Confined to bed 2 0.5 2 0.4 5 0.5 2 0.1 4 0.5 3 0.2 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 456 99.1 842 98.0 1,042 97.4 947 96.0 816 95.9 445 93.8 273 91.8
Some problems 3 0.9 14 1.7 26 2.4 42 3.7 34 4.1 30 5.8 25 8.2
Unable to 0 0.0 3 0.3 2 0.2 2 0.2 0 0.0 2 0.4 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 413 89.6 766 89.2 933 88.5 767 75.9 665 79.0 364 75.9 201 66.7
Some problems 44 9.7 83 9.1 120 10.0 203 21.5 176 19.6 109 23.3 94 32.9
Unable to 2 0.7 12 1.6 14 1.5 20 2.6 9 1.4 4 0.8 3 0.4
Pain/discomfort No 317 67.3 570 66.6 574 56.0 440 43.6 379 45.5 207 43.6 97 31.5
Some 138 31.7 267 30.9 465 41.8 498 51.2 435 50.3 248 51.5 185 63.3
Extreme 4 1.1 22 2.6 28 2.2 52 5.2 36 4.2 22 4.9 16 5.2
Anxiety/depression No 352 77.3 661 77.3 815 77.9 742 74.9 639 76.8 368 77.6 239 82.0
Some 97 20.7 178 20.9 227 20.0 218 22.8 186 21.7 100 20.6 53 17.4
Extreme 9 2.0 18 1.8 23 2.1 22 2.3 17 1.5 6 1.8 1 0.6
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 204 91.8 338 89.7 450 91.3 393 82.6 340 79.3 160 72.8 74 55.4
Some problems 16 8.2 39 9.9 56 8.6 99 17.4 94 20.7 66 27.2 53 44.6
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.5 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 219 99.7 368 97.8 494 97.9 468 95.9 418 94.9 218 96.7 122 95.8
Some problems 1 0.3 8 2.0 12 2.0 24 4.0 19 5.1 8 2.6 5 4.2
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.1 0 0.0 1 0.7 0 0.0
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Usual activities No problems 194 86.1 337 88.5 451 90.5 390 79.3 342 80.1 182 81.5 100 80.2
Some problems 25 13.3 35 9.2 50 8.2 94 18.4 89 18.3 42 17.0 24 18.8
Unable to 1 0.6 7 2.3 5 1.2 9 2.4 6 1.6 2 1.5 3 1.0
Pain/discomfort No 152 67.2 251 69.3 272 58.8 226 46.0 203 47.4 115 52.7 47 37.2
Some 65 31.4 119 29.1 224 40.1 249 50.8 213 47.5 104 43.8 75 60.6
Extreme 3 1.3 8 1.6 10 1.1 17 3.2 21 5.0 8 3.5 5 2.2
Anxiety/depression No 171 76.1 297 79.5 415 83.8 389 78.4 342 79.8 185 82.3 103 82.3
Some 44 22.4 67 17.8 83 14.6 93 20.0 83 18.8 38 16.2 23 17.7
Extreme 5 1.5 13 2.7 7 1.6 7 1.6 7 1.4 3 1.6 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 220 91.7 447 93.0 490 86.5 388 76.0 320 79.8 165 66.2 82 49.4
Some problems 17 7.3 34 6.6 69 12.5 108 23.9 88 19.1 81 33.4 88 50.6
Confined to bed 2 1.1 1 0.4 4 1.0 2 0.1 4 1.0 3 0.5 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 237 98.6 474 98.2 548 96.9 479 96.2 398 97.0 227 91.2 151 88.8
Some problems 2 1.4 6 1.4 14 2.8 18 3.4 15 3.0 22 8.7 20 11.2
Unable to 0 0.0 2 0.4 1 0.3 1 0.4 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 219 93.0 429 89.9 482 86.3 377 72.7 323 77.8 182 70.8 101 56.8
Some problems 19 6.1 48 9.0 70 11.9 109 24.5 87 21.0 67 28.9 70 43.2
Unable to 1 0.8 5 1.0 9 1.8 11 2.8 3 1.1 2 0.2 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 165 67.3 319 63.9 302 53.0 214 41.3 176 43.4 92 35.3 50 27.4
Some 73 31.9 148 32.6 241 43.6 249 51.6 222 53.3 144 58.6 110 65.3
Extreme 1 0.8 14 3.5 18 3.4 35 7.1 15 3.3 14 6.1 11 7.3
Anxiety/depression No 181 78.5 364 75.2 400 71.6 353 71.4 297 73.5 183 73.4 136 81.8
Some 53 19.0 111 23.9 144 25.8 125 25.6 103 24.8 62 24.6 30 17.1
Extreme 4 2.5 5 0.9 16 2.6 15 2.9 10 1.6 3 2.0 1 1.0
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.873 0.864 0.843 0.798 0.805 0.793 0.756 0.828
Standard error 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.003
25th percentile 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.690 0.690 0.690 0.687 0.713
50th percentile 1.000 1.000 0.783 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.753 0.783
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Males Mean 0.871 0.871 0.866 0.814 0.811 0.826 0.784 0.842
Standard error 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.016 0.004
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.75
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.876 0.856 0.820 0.782 0.799 0.762 0.736 0.813
Standard error 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.011 0.014 0.017 0.005
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.71
50th percentile 1.00 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
Japan (three prefectures)
Source: Tsuchiya et al. (2002)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 41 99 109 136 128 80 27 620
Males 21 44 44 49 63 33 11 265
Females 20 55 65 87 65 47 16 355

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 78.9 77.9 79.3 79.8 76.8 76.6 67.7 77.8
Standard error 2.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 3.1 0.6
25th percentile 70 70 70 70 70 70 50 70
50th percentile 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 90
Males Mean 76.9 80.8 79.1 82.3 76.8 77.9 63.4 78.5
Standard error 3.9 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.2 4.8 1.0
25th percentile 65 75 70 72.5 70 70 50 70
50th percentile 80 80 80 90 80 80 60 80
75th percentile 87.5 90 90 90 90 81 80 90
Females Mean 81.0 75.7 79.4 78.4 76.7 75.7 70.8 77.3
Standard error 3.4 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.9 2.3 4.1 0.9
25th percentile 71.25 70 70 70 70 65 50 70
50th percentile 82.5 80 85 80 80 80 75 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 90

Problems reported by dimension

 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 40 97.6 97 98.0 109 100.0 134 98.5 115 89.8 62 77.5 18 66.7
Some problems 1 2.4 2 2.0 0 0.0 2 1.5 13 10.2 18 22.5 9 33.3
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 40 97.6 99 100.0 109 100.0 135 99.3 126 98.4 77 96.3 23 85.2
Some problems 1 2.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.7 2 1.6 3 3.8 4 14.8
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 39 95.1 99 100.0 109 100.0 133 97.8 121 94.5 69 86.3 18 66.7
Some problems 2 4.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.5 7 5.5 11 13.8 7 25.9
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 7.4
Pain/discomfort No 38 92.7 89 89.9 98 89.9 111 81.6 95 74.2 53 66.3 12 44.4
Some 2 4.9 8 8.1 11 10.1 23 16.9 29 22.7 27 33.8 14 51.9
Extreme 1 2.4 2 2.0 0 0.0 2 1.5 4 3.1 0 0.0 1 3.7
Anxiety/depression No 38 92.7 94 94.9 101 92.7 125 91.9 117 91.4 72 90.0 20 74.1
Some 3 7.3 5 5.1 8 7.3 8 5.9 9 7.0 8 10.0 7 25.9
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 2.2 2 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 20 95.2 43 97.7 44 100.0 49 100.0 57 90.5 25 75.8 8 72.7
Some problems 1 4.8 1 2.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 9.5 8 24.2 3 27.3
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Self-care No problems 20 95.2 44 100.0 44 100.0 49 100.0 62 98.4 33 100.0 10 90.9
Some problems 1 4.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.6 0 0.0 1 9.1
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 20 95.2 44 100.0 44 100.0 48 98.0 61 96.8 28 84.8 8 72.7
Some problems 1 4.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.0 2 3.2 5 15.2 3 27.3
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Pain/discomfort No 20 95.2 39 88.6 43 97.7 45 91.8 51 81.0 26 78.8 6 54.5
Some 0 0.0 5 11.4 1 2.3 3 6.1 11 17.5 7 21.2 5 45.5
Extreme 1 4.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.0 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0
Anxiety/depression No 21 100.0 42 95.5 42 95.5 44 89.8 59 93.7 31 93.9 8 72.7
Some 0 0.0 2 4.5 2 4.5 3 6.1 3 4.8 2 6.1 3 27.3
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 4.1 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 20 100.0 54 98.2 65 100.0 85 97.7 58 89.2 37 78.7 10 62.5
Some problems 0 0.0 1 1.8 0 0.0 2 2.3 7 10.8 10 21.3 6 37.5
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Self-care No problems 20 100.0 55 100.0 65 100.0 86 98.9 64 98.5 44 93.6 13 81.3
Some problems 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1 1 1.5 3 6.4 3 18.8
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Usual activities No problems 19 95.0 55 100.0 65 100.0 85 97.7 60 92.3 41 87.2 10 62.5
Some problems 1 5.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1 5 7.7 6 12.8 4 25.0
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 12.5
Pain/discomfort No 18 90.0 50 90.9 55 84.6 66 75.9 44 67.7 27 57.4 6 37.5
Some 2 10.0 3 5.5 10 15.4 20 23.0 18 27.7 20 42.6 9 56.3
Extreme 0 0.0 2 3.6 0 0.0 1 1.1 3 4.6 0 0.0 1 6.3
Anxiety/depression No 17 85.0 52 94.5 59 90.8 81 93.1 58 89.2 41 87.2 12 75.0
Some 3 15.0 3 5.5 6 9.2 5 5.7 6 9.2 6 12.8 4 25.0
Extreme 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1 1 1.5 0 0.0 0 0.0
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.961 0.961 0.965 0.938 0.908 0.886 0.758 0.927
Standard error 0.021 0.011 0.008 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.041 0.006
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.88
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.965 0.964 0.985 0.955 0.930 0.912 0.805 0.945
Standard error 0.035 0.013 0.008 0.019 0.017 0.023 0.047 0.008
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.78 0.78 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.957 0.958 0.952 0.928 0.886 0.867 0.727 0.914
Standard error 0.024 0.016 0.012 0.015 0.022 0.023 0.062 0.008
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.54 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.967 0.963 0.965 0.941 0.912 0.881 0.768 0.929
Standard error 0.017 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.017 0.034 0.005
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.74 0.69 0.85
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.975 0.962 0.985 0.963 0.930 0.904 0.799 0.946
Standard error 0.025 0.013 0.008 0.015 0.016 0.025 0.045 0.007
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 0.77 0.73 1.00
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.958 0.964 0.951 0.928 0.895 0.865 0.747 0.917
Standard error 0.024 0.013 0.012 0.014 0.019 0.023 0.049 0.007
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.77 0.71 0.59 0.77
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00
Spain (Canary Islands)
Source: Canary Islands Health Survey (2009)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 290 705 1,021 798 624 568 462 4,468
Males 129 327 431 339 237 240 150 1,853
Females 161 378 590 459 387 328 312 2,615

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 83.3 79.7 77.4 71.6 66.1 64.4 56.4 71.7
Standard error 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.3
25th percentile 77.5 70 70 60 50 50 40 60
50th percentile 90 80 80 75 70 65 50 75
75th percentile 99.5 90 90 90 80 80 70 90
Males Mean 85.3 81.9 80.0 73.9 69.4 68.7 58.2 75.0
Standard error 1.3 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.8 0.5
25th percentile 80 70 70 60 50 50 50 60
50th percentile 90 80 80 80 70 70 60 80
75th percentile 100 95 90 90 80 80 70 90
EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 81.7 77.8 75.4 69.8 64.0 61.2 55.5 69.3
Standard error 1.4 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.4
25th percentile 72.5 70 60 50 50 50 40 50
50th percentile 80 80 80 70 60 60 50 70
75th percentile 95 90 90 85 80 80 70 90

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 285 98.3 683 97.0 969 95.3 706 88.5 492 78.8 368 64.8 197 42.6
Some problems 5 1.7 19 2.7 46 4.5 85 10.7 129 20.7 193 34.0 239 51.7
Confined to bed 0 0.0 2 0.3 2 0.2 7 0.9 3 0.5 7 1.2 26 5.6
Self-care No problems 287 99.0 690 98.0 1,007 98.6 770 96.5 581 93.1 519 91.4 331 71.6
Some problems 2 0.7 11 1.6 12 1.2 23 2.9 39 6.3 37 6.5 92 19.9
Unable to 1 0.3 3 0.4 2 0.2 5 0.6 4 0.6 12 2.1 39 8.4
Usual activities No problems 283 97.6 682 96.7 966 94.6 718 90.0 515 82.5 417 73.4 229 49.6
Some problems 4 1.4 17 2.4 52 5.1 69 8.6 94 15.1 129 22.7 172 37.2
Unable to 3 1.0 6 0.9 3 0.3 11 1.4 15 2.4 22 3.9 61 13.2
Pain/discomfort No 244 84.4 560 79.4 720 70.5 496 62.2 298 47.8 240 42.3 145 31.4
Some 42 14.5 131 18.6 254 24.9 244 30.6 238 38.1 250 44.0 232 50.2
Extreme 3 1.0 14 2.0 47 4.6 58 7.3 88 14.1 78 13.7 85 18.4
Anxiety/depression No 251 86.6 597 84.9 815 80.1 569 71.3 395 63.3 403 71.0 284 61.7
Some 34 11.7 89 12.7 175 17.2 177 22.2 172 27.6 130 22.9 141 30.7
Extreme 5 1.7 17 2.4 27 2.7 52 6.5 57 9.1 35 6.2 35 7.6
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 127 98.4 316 96.9 415 96.7 309 91.2 196 82.7 180 75.0 81 54.0
Some problems 2 1.6 8 2.5 14 3.3 26 7.7 40 16.9 57 23.8 62 41.3
Confined to bed 0 0.0 2 0.6 0 0.0 4 1.2 1 0.4 3 1.3 7 4.7
Self-care No problems 128 99.2 319 97.9 428 99.3 330 97.3 224 94.5 225 93.8 120 80.0
Some problems 1 0.8 5 1.5 3 0.7 5 1.5 12 5.1 10 4.2 20 13.3
Unable to 0 0.0 2 0.6 0 0.0 4 1.2 1 0.4 5 2.1 10 6.7
Usual activities No problems 127 98.4 316 96.6 415 96.3 313 92.3 207 87.3 197 82.1 89 59.3
Some problems 1 0.8 6 1.8 15 3.5 18 5.3 25 10.5 34 14.2 50 33.3
Unable to 1 0.8 5 1.5 1 0.2 8 2.4 5 2.1 9 3.8 11 7.3
Pain/discomfort No 117 90.7 277 84.7 322 74.7 239 70.5 135 57.0 132 55.0 62 41.3
Some 12 9.3 44 13.5 94 21.8 88 26.0 80 33.8 92 38.3 70 46.7
Extreme 0 0.0 6 1.8 15 3.5 12 3.5 22 9.3 16 6.7 18 12.0
 Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Anxiety/depression No 116 89.9 280 86.2 362 84.4 270 79.6 180 75.9 202 84.2 116 77.9
Some 12 9.3 40 12.3 62 14.5 56 16.5 47 19.8 31 12.9 30 20.1
Extreme 1 0.8 5 1.5 5 1.2 13 3.8 10 4.2 7 2.9 3 2.0
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 158 98.1 367 97.1 554 94.2 397 86.5 296 76.5 188 57.3 116 37.2
Some problems 3 1.9 11 2.9 32 5.4 59 12.9 89 23.0 136 41.5 177 56.7
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.3 3 0.7 2 0.5 4 1.2 19 6.1
Self-care No problems 159 98.8 371 98.1 579 98.1 440 95.9 357 92.2 294 89.6 211 67.6
Some problems 1 0.6 6 1.6 9 1.5 18 3.9 27 7.0 27 8.2 72 23.1
Unable to 1 0.6 1 0.3 2 0.3 1 0.2 3 0.8 7 2.1 29 9.3
Usual activities No problems 156 96.9 366 96.8 551 93.4 405 88.2 308 79.6 220 67.1 140 44.9
Some problems 3 1.9 11 2.9 37 6.3 51 11.1 69 17.8 95 29.0 122 39.1
Unable to 2 1.2 1 0.3 2 0.3 3 0.7 10 2.6 13 4.0 50 16.0
Pain/discomfort No 127 79.4 283 74.9 398 67.5 257 56.0 163 42.1 108 32.9 83 26.6
Some 30 18.8 87 23.0 160 27.1 156 34.0 158 40.8 158 48.2 162 51.9
Extreme 3 1.9 8 2.1 32 5.4 46 10.0 66 17.1 62 18.9 67 21.5
Anxiety/depression No 135 83.9 317 83.9 453 77.0 299 65.1 215 55.6 201 61.3 168 54.0
Some 22 13.7 49 13.0 113 19.2 121 26.4 125 32.3 99 30.2 111 35.7
Extreme 4 2.5 12 3.2 22 3.7 39 8.5 47 12.1 28 8.5 32 10.3
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.930 0.910 0.878 0.825 0.753 0.736 0.619 0.815
Standard error 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.63 0.66 0.42 0.69
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
Males Mean 0.953 0.921 0.901 0.866 0.813 0.814 0.710 0.863
Standard error 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.014 0.014 0.021 0.005
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.71 0.60 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.75 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.911 0.902 0.862 0.794 0.716 0.679 0.575 0.780
Standard error 0.012 0.008 0.008 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.005
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.57 0.48 0.33 0.69
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.62 0.78
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 1.00
Spain (Catalonia)
Source: Catalunya Health Survey (2010–2011)
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 454 1,015 970 842 968 563 791 5,603
Males 228 525 506 426 483 274 368 2,810
Females 226 490 464 416 485 289 423 2,793

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 82.4 79.3 77.5 72.7 67.6 63.6 54.4 72.3
Standard error 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.3
25th percentile 80 70 70 65 60 50 40 60
50th percentile 85 80 80 80 70 70 60 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 85 80 80 70 90
Males Mean 83.1 79.7 78.9 74.4 69.6 66.8 58.5 74.6
Standard error 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.4
25th percentile 80 75 70 70 60 50 50 70
50th percentile 85 80 80 80 70 70 60 80
75th percentile 90 90 90 85 80 80 70 90
Females Mean 81.7 79.0 76.0 70.9 65.6 60.8 51.9 70.0
Standard error 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.4
25th percentile 75 70 70 60 50 50 40 60
50th percentile 80 80 80 75 70 60 50 75
75th percentile 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 85

Problems reported by dimension (raw numbers, weighted proportions)

 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 443 97.7 986 96.5 927 95.7 771 91.4 804 82.5 410 72.1 315 43.1
Some problems 10 2.2 28 3.4 41 4.0 69 8.3 159 17.0 148 27.1 439 53.0
Confined to bed 1 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.3 2 0.3 5 0.5 5 0.8 37 3.9
Self-care No problems 450 99.1 1,003 98.7 958 99.0 821 97.3 932 96.3 519 91.8 527 70.7
Some problems 3 0.8 9 1.0 10 0.7 17 2.2 32 3.4 37 7.2 153 17.9
Unable to 1 0.1 3 0.4 2 0.2 4 0.6 4 0.4 7 1.0 111 11.3
Usual activities No problems 450 98.9 984 96.5 938 96.8 787 93.2 860 87.5 472 83.1 420 56.5
Some problems 4 1.1 23 2.5 29 2.9 44 5.4 95 10.9 70 13.3 206 24.9
Unable to 0 0.0 8 1.0 3 0.3 11 1.4 13 1.6 21 3.7 165 18.6
Pain/discomfort No 403 88.6 869 85.2 774 78.4 593 70.2 545 54.4 283 49.1 295 37.1
Some 51 11.4 130 12.9 177 19.8 214 25.5 348 37.2 211 37.6 366 45.3
Extreme 0 0.0 16 1.9 19 1.8 35 4.2 75 8.4 69 13.3 130 17.6
Anxiety/depression No 426 93.2 898 87.7 842 85.3 673 79.4 734 75.0 399 70.9 537 66.0
Some 26 6.3 98 10.2 115 13.6 142 17.1 191 20.1 131 22.5 209 27.3
Extreme 2 0.6 19 2.2 13 1.1 27 3.6 43 4.9 33 6.6 45 6.7
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 222 97.9 508 96.3 490 97.1 394 92.7 411 85.4 221 81.0 157 49.2
Some problems 5 1.9 16 3.5 15 2.7 31 6.9 69 14.0 51 18.2 199 48.3
Confined to bed 1 0.2 1 0.3 1 0.3 1 0.3 3 0.6 2 0.8 12 2.6
Self-care No problems 225 98.9 516 98.0 501 99.1 419 98.5 469 97.0 257 93.2 264 79.2
Some problems 2 0.9 6 1.2 4 0.7 5 1.1 13 2.7 14 6.1 58 13.7
Unable to 1 0.2 3 0.7 1 0.3 2 0.4 1 0.3 3 0.7 46 7.1
Usual activities No problems 225 98.5 506 95.7 493 97.4 398 93.4 446 91.4 244 88.8 224 68.9
Some problems 3 1.5 13 2.8 11 2.3 22 5.3 30 6.9 22 8.3 81 19.4
Unable to 0 0.0 6 1.5 2 0.4 6 1.3 7 1.7 8 2.9 63 11.7
Pain/discomfort No 206 89.9 466 89.1 427 84.4 335 79.2 327 67.2 171 61.7 170 49.8
Some 22 10.1 52 9.3 74 14.9 84 19.5 138 29.0 85 31.8 165 42.4
Extreme 0 0.0 7 1.5 5 0.7 7 1.3 18 3.8 18 6.5 33 7.8
Anxiety/depression No 216 95.1 484 92.3 452 87.6 363 85.1 392 81.1 210 76.8 279 76.6
Some 11 4.4 33 6.0 48 11.3 54 12.6 80 16.4 56 20.1 77 20.6
Extreme 1 0.6 8 1.7 6 1.1 9 2.3 11 2.5 8 3.0 12 2.7
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No problems 221 97.4 478 96.8 437 94.1 377 90.0 393 79.8 189 64.3 158 39.4
Some problems 5 2.6 12 3.2 26 5.5 38 9.6 90 19.9 97 34.9 240 55.9
Confined to bed 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.3 1 0.3 2 0.3 3 0.8 25 4.7
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Self-care No problems 225 99.4 487 99.3 457 99.0 402 96.0 463 95.6 262 90.6 263 65.5
Some problems 1 0.6 3 0.7 6 0.8 12 3.3 19 4.0 23 8.1 95 20.6
Unable to 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 2 0.7 3 0.4 4 1.2 65 13.9
Usual activities No problems 225 99.4 478 97.3 445 96.2 389 93.0 414 83.9 228 78.0 196 48.7
Some problems 1 0.6 10 2.1 18 3.7 22 5.4 65 14.7 48 17.6 125 28.4
Unable to 0 0.0 2 0.5 1 0.1 5 1.6 6 1.4 13 4.3 102 22.9
Pain/discomfort No 197 87.3 403 81.0 347 71.9 258 61.3 218 42.3 112 37.9 125 29.2
Some 29 12.7 78 16.7 103 25.2 130 31.5 210 45.0 126 42.7 201 47.1
Extreme 0 0.0 9 2.3 14 2.9 28 7.2 57 12.7 51 19.4 97 23.7
Anxiety/depression No 210 91.2 414 82.7 390 82.8 310 73.6 342 69.2 189 65.7 258 59.4
Some 15 8.3 65 14.6 67 16.1 88 21.6 111 23.5 75 24.6 132 31.4
Extreme 1 0.6 11 2.7 7 1.1 18 4.8 32 7.3 25 9.7 33 9.2
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.958 0.929 0.914 0.871 0.807 0.762 0.623 0.853
Standard error 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.012 0.003
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.39 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.69 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00
Males Mean 0.962 0.944 0.932 0.908 0.859 0.829 0.715 0.895
Standard error 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.014 0.016 0.004
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.60 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.954 0.913 0.895 0.835 0.758 0.703 0.566 0.812
Standard error 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.012 0.012 0.017 0.017 0.005
25th percentile 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.48 0.30 0.69
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.62 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00

Sweden (Stockholm County)

Source: Sun et al. ( 2012 )
Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 2,686 5,299 6,523 5,625 6,203 3,925 2,336 32,597
Males 1,155 2,169 2,901 2,565 2,973 1,855 1,018 14,636
Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total
Females 1,531 3,130 3,622 3,060 3,230 2,070 1,318 17,961
EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 81.7 81.5 80.7 79.2 78.1 75.9 68.5 78.7
Standard error 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1
25th percentile 85 85 85 82 80 80 75 73
50th percentile 75 75 75 70 70 70 50 84
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 85 90
Males Mean 84.1 82.3 81.7 79.4 79.1 76.8 70.1 79.6
Standard error 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.1
25th percentile 88 85 85 80 85 80 75 75
50th percentile 80 75 75 70 70 70 50 84
75th percentile 95 90 90 90 90 90 85 90
Females Mean 79.9 81.0 80.0 79.0 77.2 75.0 67.2 78.0
Standard error 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1
25th percentile 84 85 85 84 80 80 70 73
50th percentile 70 75 75 70 70 65 50 82
75th percentile 90 90 90 90 90 90 85 89

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 2,611 97.2 5,145 97.1 6,178 94.7 5,055 89.9 5,220 84.2 3,121 79.5 1,488 63.7
problems
Some 73 2.7 148 2.8 341 5.2 562 10.0 972 15.7 795 20.3 830 35.5
problems
Confined 2 0.1 6 0.1 4 0.1 8 0.1 11 0.2 9 0.2 18 0.8
to bed
Self-care No 2,664 99.2 5,276 99.6 6,446 98.8 5,494 97.7 6,037 97.3 3,822 97.4 2,161 92.5
problems
Some 16 0.6 16 0.3 64 1.0 110 2.0 131 2.1 87 2.2 123 5.3
problems
Unable 6 0.2 7 0.1 13 0.2 21 0.4 35 0.6 16 0.4 52 2.2
to
Usual activities No 2,517 93.7 5,004 94.4 6,033 92.5 4,967 88.3 5,312 85.6 3,518 89.6 1,852 79.3
problems
Some 156 5.8 260 4.9 426 6.5 579 10.3 788 12.7 348 8.9 366 15.7
problems
Unable 13 0.5 35 0.7 64 1.0 79 1.4 103 1.7 59 1.5 118 5.1
to
 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Pain/discomfort No 2,012 74.9 3,665 69.2 4,017 61.6 2,904 51.6 2,785 44.9 1,641 41.8 826 35.4
Some 652 24.3 1,558 29.4 2,326 35.7 2,477 44.0 3,081 49.7 2,112 53.8 1,347 57.7
Extreme 22 0.8 76 1.4 180 2.8 244 4.3 337 5.4 172 4.4 163 7.0
Anxiety/depression No 1,603 59.7 3,309 62.4 4,395 67.4 3,755 66.8 4,338 69.9 2,928 74.6 1,598 68.4
Some 993 37.0 1,863 35.2 1,971 30.2 1,667 29.6 1,700 27.4 934 23.8 688 29.5
Extreme 90 3.4 127 2.4 157 2.4 203 3.6 165 2.7 63 1.6 50 2.1
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 1,130 97.8 2,111 97.3 2,767 95.4 2,328 90.8 2,562 86.2 1,519 81.9 691 67.9
problems
Some 23 2.0 53 2.4 131 4.5 233 9.1 404 13.6 331 17.8 320 31.4
problems
Confined 2 0.2 5 0.2 3 0.1 4 0.2 7 0.2 5 0.3 7 0.7
to bed
Self-care No 1,141 98.8 2,163 99.7 2,864 98.7 2,505 97.7 2,903 97.6 1,814 97.8 950 93.3
problems
Some 12 1.0 2 0.1 29 1.0 50 2.0 54 1.8 38 2.1 49 4.8
problems
Unable to 2 0.2 4 0.2 8 0.3 10 0.4 16 0.5 3 0.2 19 1.9
Usual activities No 1,082 93.7 2,068 95.3 2,748 94.7 2,315 90.3 2,630 88.5 1,689 91.1 842 82.7
problems
Some 70 6.1 92 4.2 131 4.5 217 8.5 297 10.0 144 7.8 137 13.5
problems
Unable to 3 0.3 9 0.4 22 0.8 33 1.3 46 1.6 22 1.2 39 3.8
Pain/discomfort No 916 79.3 1,590 73.3 1,896 65.4 1,416 55.2 1,494 50.3 895 48.3 425 41.8
Some 233 20.2 556 25.6 942 32.5 1,072 41.8 1,343 45.2 899 48.5 539 53.0
Extreme 6 0.5 23 1.1 63 2.2 77 3.0 136 4.6 61 3.3 54 5.3
Anxiety/depression No 818 70.8 1,482 68.3 2,103 72.5 1,819 70.9 2,245 75.5 1,478 79.7 770 75.6
Some 309 26.8 640 29.5 739 25.5 673 26.2 651 21.9 354 19.1 235 23.1
Extreme 28 2.4 47 2.2 59 2.0 73 2.8 77 2.6 23 1.2 13 1.3
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Mobility No 1,481 96.7 3,034 96.9 3,411 94.2 2,727 89.1 2,658 82.3 1,602 77.4 797 60.5
problems
Some 50 3.3 95 3.0 210 5.8 329 10.8 568 17.6 464 22.4 510 38.7
problems
Confined 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.2 11 0.8
to bed
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Self-care No 1,523 99.5 3,113 99.5 3,582 98.9 2,989 97.7 3,134 97.0 2,008 97.0 1,211 91.9
problems
Some 4 0.3 14 0.4 35 1.0 60 2.0 77 2.4 49 2.4 74 5.6
problems
Unable 4 0.3 3 0.1 5 0.1 11 0.4 19 0.6 13 0.6 33 2.5
to
Usual activities No 1,435 93.7 2,936 93.8 3,285 90.7 2,652 86.7 2,682 83.0 1,829 88.4 1,010 76.6
problems
Some 86 5.6 168 5.4 295 8.1 362 11.8 491 15.2 204 9.9 229 17.4
problems
Unable 10 0.7 26 0.8 42 1.2 46 1.5 57 1.8 37 1.8 79 6.0
to
Pain/discomfort No 1,096 71.6 2,075 66.3 2,121 58.6 1,488 48.6 1,291 40.0 746 36.0 401 30.4
Some 419 27.4 1,002 32.0 1,384 38.2 1,405 45.9 1,738 53.8 1,213 58.6 808 61.3
Extreme 16 1.0 53 1.7 117 3.2 167 5.5 201 6.2 111 5.4 109 8.3
Anxiety/depression No 785 51.3 1,827 58.4 2,292 63.3 1,936 63.3 2,093 64.8 1,450 70.1 828 62.8
Some 684 44.7 1,223 39.1 1,232 34.0 994 32.5 1,049 32.5 580 28.0 453 34.4
Extreme 62 4.1 80 2.6 98 2.7 130 4.3 88 2.7 40 1.9 37 2.8
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.860 0.860 0.850 0.820 0.800 0.800 0.740 0.824
Standard error 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.001
25th percentile 0.85 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.79
50th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.69 0.71 0.69 0.73
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Males Mean 0.890 0.880 0.870 0.830 0.820 0.830 0.780 0.845
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.007 0.001
25th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.87
50th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.75
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Females Mean 0.840 0.840 0.830 0.800 0.780 0.780 0.720 0.805
Standard error 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.001
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.78
50th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.71
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.98

Zimbabwe (Harare)
Source: Jelsma (2003)
 Number of respondents

Age 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+ Total

Total 1,087 772 264 162 49 16 0 2,350
Males 408 308 95 62 20 8 0 901
Females 679 464 169 100 29 8 0 1,449

EQ VAS (self-rated health)

EQ-VAS (self-rated) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 81.8 79.8 76.6 75.1 70.5 61.5 – 79.8
Standard error 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.6 2.6 4.5 – 0.4
25th percentile 70 70 61 60 50 50 – 70
50th percentile 90 80 80 80 78 65 – 84
75th percentile 96 91.25 90 90 82 72 – 94
Males Mean 83.0 81.7 77.9 79.0 79.9 65.2 – 81.5
Standard error 0.8 0.9 2.1 2.3 2.9 7.2 – 0.6
25th percentile 71.5 70 70 67 79.5 50 – 70
50th percentile 90 84 84 84 80 60 – 87
75th percentile 96 92 92 91 86 80.75 – 94
Females Mean 81.2 78.6 75.8 72.8 64.1 58.3 – 78.7
Standard error 0.7 0.8 1.5 2.1 3.4 5.9 – 0.5
25th percentile 70 70 60 50 50 40 – 66
50th percentile 88 80 80 76 58 66 – 80
75th percentile 96 90 90 90 80 72 – 92

Problems reported by dimension

Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n% n%
Mobility No problems 943 93.6 656 92.8 205 85.8 105 73.4 27 61.4 5 38.5 – –
Some problems 64 6.4 49 6.9 34 14.2 38 26.6 17 38.6 7 53.8 – –
Confined to bed 0 0.0 2 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 7.7 – –
Self-care No problems 975 97.0 690 98.0 225 95.3 134 93.7 38 86.4 9 75.0 – –
Some problems 29 2.9 13 1.8 11 4.7 9 6.3 6 13.6 2 16.7 – –
Unable to 1 0.1 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 8.3 – –
Usual activities No problems 930 92.7 634 89.8 199 83.6 112 78.9 28 63.6 8 61.5 – –
Some problems 71 7.1 68 9.6 38 16.0 27 19.0 16 36.4 4 30.8 – –
Unable to 2 0.2 4 0.6 1 0.4 3 2.1 0 0.0 1 7.7 – –
 Age
Total 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n% n%
Pain/discomfort No 754 74.7 503 71.3 149 62.3 69 48.3 19 43.2 3 23.1 – –
Some 224 22.2 176 25.0 69 28.9 67 46.9 22 50.0 8 61.5 – –
Extreme 32 3.2 26 3.7 21 8.8 7 4.9 3 6.8 2 15.4 – –
Anxiety/depression No 756 74.9 500 70.7 136 57.1 78 54.9 17 38.6 6 46.2 – –
Some 202 20.0 171 24.2 64 26.9 47 33.1 23 52.3 5 38.5 – –
Extreme 52 5.1 36 5.1 38 16.0 17 12.0 4 9.1 2 15.4 – –
Age
Males 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n% n%
Mobility No problems 358 96.0 261 94.2 76 89.4 47 85.5 16 88.9 3 50.0 – –
Some problems 15 4.0 15 5.4 9 10.6 8 14.5 2 11.1 3 50.0 – –
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 ––
Self-care No problems 357 96.2 269 98.2 76 90.5 51 92.7 17 94.4 5 100.0 – –
Some problems 14 3.8 4 1.5 8 9.5 4 7.3 1 5.6 0 0.0 ––
Unable to 0 0.0 1 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 ––
Usual activities No problems 348 93.5 250 90.6 69 81.2 48 87.3 17 94.4 5 83.3 – –
Some problems 24 6.5 24 8.7 15 17.6 6 10.9 1 5.6 1 16.7 – –
Unable to 0 0.0 2 0.7 1 1.2 1 1.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 ––
Pain/discomfort No 298 79.9 205 74.3 54 63.5 34 61.8 11 61.1 2 33.3 – –
Some 64 17.2 66 23.9 25 29.4 21 38.2 7 38.9 3 50.0 – –
Extreme 11 2.9 5 1.8 6 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 16.7 – –
Anxiety/depression No 288 77.2 200 72.5 54 63.5 33 60.0 8 44.4 1 16.7 – –
Some 73 19.6 64 23.2 22 25.9 18 32.7 8 44.4 4 66.7 – –
Extreme 12 3.2 12 4.3 9 10.6 4 7.3 2 11.1 1 16.7 – –
Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n% n%
Mobility No problems 585 92.3 395 91.9 129 83.8 58 65.9 11 42.3 2 28.6 – –
Some problems 49 7.7 34 7.9 25 16.2 30 34.1 15 57.7 4 57.1 – –
Confined to bed 0 0.0 1 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.3 – –
Self-care No problems 618 97.5 421 97.9 149 98.0 83 94.3 21 80.8 4 57.1 – –
Some problems 15 2.4 9 2.1 3 2.0 5 5.7 5 19.2 2 28.6 – –
Unable to 1 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.3 – –
Usual activities No problems 582 92.2 384 89.3 130 85.0 64 73.6 11 42.3 3 42.9 – –
Some problems 47 7.4 44 10.2 23 15.0 21 24.1 15 57.7 3 42.9 – –
Unable to 2 0.3 2 0.5 0 0.0 2 2.3 0 0.0 1 14.3 – –
Pain/discomfort No 456 71.6 298 69.5 95 61.7 35 39.8 8 30.8 1 14.3 – –
Some 160 25.1 110 25.6 44 28.6 46 52.3 15 57.7 5 71.4 – –
Extreme 21 3.3 21 4.9 15 9.7 7 8.0 3 11.5 1 14.3 – –
 Age
Females 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
n % n % n % n % n % n% n%
Anxiety/depression No 468 73.5 300 69.6 82 53.6 45 51.7 9 34.6 5 71.4 – –
Some 129 20.3 107 24.8 42 27.5 29 33.3 15 57.7 1 14.3 – –
Extreme 40 6.3 24 5.6 29 19.0 13 14.9 2 7.7 1 14.3 – –
EQ-5D index value (European VAS value set)

EQ-5D index value (European VAS) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.867 0.859 0.774 0.750 0.697 0.607 – 0.842
Standard error 0.006 0.007 0.015 0.019 0.030 0.086 – 0.004
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.46 – 0.72
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.75 0.69 0.61 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 – 1.00
Males Mean 0.889 0.880 0.803 0.815 0.770 0.625 – 0.868
Standard error 0.009 0.011 0.025 0.026 0.036 0.125 – 0.006
25th percentile 0.78 0.78 0.65 0.69 0.68 0.36 – 0.78
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.78 0.78 0.62 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.89 – 1.00
Females Mean 0.854 0.846 0.757 0.709 0.647 0.594 – 0.826
Standard error 0.007 0.009 0.019 0.026 0.042 0.125 – 0.006
25th percentile 0.78 0.76 0.62 0.58 0.59 0.57 – 0.69
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.71 0.62 0.60 – 0.81
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.78 – 1.00

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set)

EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total

18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Total Mean 0.906 0.898 0.834 0.820 0.775 0.678 – 0.886
Standard error 0.004 0.005 0.012 0.014 0.024 0.087 – 0.003
25th percentile 0.83 0.83 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.64 – 0.79
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.71 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.85 – 1.00
Males Mean 0.920 0.914 0.854 0.868 0.843 0.740 – 0.905
Standard error 0.006 0.008 0.020 0.018 0.023 0.092 – 0.005
25th percentile 0.83 0.83 0.73 0.79 0.78 0.56 – 0.83
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.85 0.83 0.73 – 1.00
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.93 – 1.00
EQ-5D index value (TTO value set) Age Total
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75+
Females Mean 0.897 0.887 0.824 0.789 0.727 0.634 – 0.874
Standard error 0.005 0.007 0.015 0.019 0.034 0.138 – 0.004
25th percentile 0.83 0.81 0.73 0.69 0.68 0.64 – 0.79
50th percentile 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.79 0.73 0.69 – 0.85
75th percentile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.83 – 1.00

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Index
A
Augustovski, F.A

B
Badia, X.
Björk, S.

C
Claes, C.
Cleemput, I.
Cross-country analysis
economic and health care indicators
economic and health system macro indicators
EQ-5D data
European population age structure

D
Decomposition analysis
Devlin, N.J.

E
EQ-5D
cross-country analysis
See ( see Cross-country analysis)
description
dimensions
EQ-5D index
EQ-5D 3 level
national surveys
See ( see National surveys)
population norms
See ( see EQ-5D population norms)
QALYs
regional surveys
See ( see Regional surveys)
sociodemographic analysis
socio-demographic indicator
See ( see Socio-demographic indicator)
youth version
EQ-5D database archive
Argentinean dataset
datasets, population surveys
description
standardized variables
EQ-5D dimensions and reported problems
with anxiety/depression
five dimensions
with mobility
with pain/discomfort
 profile by country
regional surveys
with self-care
sum of proportion, level 2 and 3 problems
usual activities
EQ-5D index norms
concentration index method
country-specific TTO and VAS value sets
European VAS value set
value calculations
EQ-5D-3L (EQ-5D 3 level)
EQ-5D-5L (EQ-5D 5 level)
EQ-5D population norms
age standardization
catalogue
description
dimensions
England and the Stockholm county survey
EQ VAS
index
index value calculations
national and regional surveys
TTO value sets
VAS value set
EQ-5D profile
EQ-5D value sets
TTO value set
VAS value set
EQ-5D-Y (EQ-5D Youth version)
EQ VAS.
See See EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS)
EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS)
health care expenditure
norms
age standardization, reported problems
health concentration index
‘lower values’, self-rated scores
mean population ratings
ratings, age group
regional surveys
self-rated scores
 self-reported ratings
‘upper values’, self-rated scores
self-reported
Spearman rank correlation coefficients
EuroQol Group
EQ-5D
See ( see EQ-5D)
EQ-5D-5L self-complete version
Self-Reported Health Task Force

G
GDP.
See See Gross domestic product (GDP)
Gharagebakyan, G.
Greiner, W.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
and EQ VAS
health expenditure

H
Health care indicators
linear regression analyses
living standards
self-reported EQ VAS, GDP per capita
Spearman rank correlation coefficients
Health concentration index
education
inequality profile
quality of life dimensions
socio-demographic and quality of life dimensions
socio-demographic factors
smallest and higher proportions
Health-related quality of life
EQ-5D ratings
health care indicators, cross-country analysis
inequality profile
population norms, EQ-5D
See ( see EQ-5D population norms)
population surveys
See ( see EQ-5D population norms)
 questionnaire
See ( see EQ-5D)
Health utilities
EQ-5D index values
population norm data

I
Inequalities
lowest level
pain/discomfort, self-assessed health
quality of life dimensions
socio-demographic and quality of life dimensions
socio-demographic factors

J
Jelsma, J.
Johnson, J.A.

K
Kakwani, N.C.
Kind, P.

L
Lamers, L.M
Lee, Y.K.

N
National surveys
Argentina
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Belgium
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
China
 EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Denmark
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
England
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Finland
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
France
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Germany
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Greece
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Hungary
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Italy
EQ-5D index values
 EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Korea
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Netherlands
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
New Zealand
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Slovenia
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Spain
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Sweden
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Thailand
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
United Kingdom
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
 number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
United States
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Nemeth, R.

O
Odds ratio
EQ-5D-3L dimensions
gender related

P
Population norm data.
See See EQ-5D population norms
Prevolnik Rupel, V.

Q
QALYs.
See See Quality adjusted life years (QALYs)
Quality adjusted life years (QALYs)
Quality of life norms

R
Rebolj, M.
Regional surveys
Armenia
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Canada (Alberta)
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Japan
EQ-5D index values
 EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Spain (Canary Islands)
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Spain (Catalonia)
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Sweden (Stockholm County)
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension
Zimbabwe (Harare)
EQ-5D index values
EQ VAS (self-rated health)
number of respondents
problems reported by dimension

S
Saarni, S.I.
Scalone, L.
Self-Reported Health Task Force
Shaw, J.W
Socio-demographic indicator
concentration indices
Odds ratios
Sorensen, J.
Sullivan, P.W.
Sun, S.
Szende, A.

T
Time trade-off (TTO) value set
Tongsiri, S.
Tsuchiya, A.
TTO value set.
See See Time trade-off (TTO) value set

V
Visual analogue scale (VAS)
country-specific
EQ VAS
See ( see EQ visual Analogue scale (EQ VAS))
European VAS value set

W
Wittrup-Jensen, K.U.

Y
Yfantopoulous, Y.