Introduction to Globalization

Module 1
Jhon Paulo O. Calubitbit
College of Arts and Sciences
 SESSION TOPICS

● Defining globalization
● Indicators of globalization
● Implications of globalization
 DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is an elusive concept.
Scholars engaged in this field do not
necessarily agree on what globalization
is really all about (Etzrodt, 2010, p.36;
Robinson, 2007, p.126).
– Not new / always been
– New
– In between
 DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION

• However, some highlight the prominent aspects of globalization

such as its economic, political, and social dimensions (Robinson,
2007; Potrafke, 2015; Mironov, 2016) or what Ritzer (2011b) calls
political, economic, and cultural flows
 DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
• A state of the world and a process
• The term globalization
encompasses a range of
[technological] social [cultural],
political, and economic changes
(GPF)
• The features of these dimensions
could be intertwining (Kellner,
2002)
• HOW?
 GLOBALIZATION

• Globalization refers to the “transplanetary process or set of

processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multi-
directional flows of people, objects, places and information as
well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers
to, or expedite, those flows” (Ritzer, 2011b, p. 2).
 From solid to liquid
• Solidity : People, things, information,
and places “ harden ” over time and
therefore have limited mobility
(Ritzer, 2000, p.4)
• Liquidity : Increasing ease of
movement of people, things,
information, and places in the global
age (Ritzer, 2000, p.4)
 Globalization and liquidity…

• Liquidity, as defined by Ritzer

(2011b, p. 6), refers to the
“increasing ease of movement of
people, things, information, and
places in the global age”
“(Globalization) has one overarching feature… integration. The
world has become an increasingly interwoven place
and…whether you are a company or a country, your threats
and opportunities increasingly derive from whom you are
connected to”
Thomas Friedman, Pulitzer Prize Winner
THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX

• The KOF Index of Globalization,

developed by the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology, is a
measure/rank of the economic,
social, and political globalization of
the 207 countries in the world
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The economic aspects of the KOF Index include both trade and international
finances. It measures both exchange of goods and services, including tariffs,
taxes, and trade restrictions. The financial aspect looks at foreign investment
as well as investment restrictions and international investment agreements.
• The economic index was constructed according to:
1) Data on actual flows (trades, portfolio investment, income payments to
foreign nationals; and
2) Data on restrictions (hidden import barriers, mean tariff rate, taxes on
international trade, capital account restrictions).
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• Social globalization (KOF, 2019, n.d) is “expressed as the spread of ideas,
information, images and people.”
• This dimension is based on the following variables:
1) Data on personal contact (telephone traffic, transfers based on GDP
percent, international tourism, foreign population, international letters);
2) Data on information flows (internet users, television, trade in
newspapers); and
3) Data on cultural proximity (number of McDonald's restaurants, number
of Ikea, trade in books). Ritzer “The McDonaldization of the Society”
THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• Political aspect looks at the numbers of
embassies a country has, how many
international treaties a country has
signed, how many international
organizations a country belongs to, how
often a country participates in U.N.
peacekeeping missions, and how many
international non-government
organizations (NGOs) are located within
a country.
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The top 10 countries (in order
and for the rest of the other lists)
under economic globalization in
2023 are: Singapore, Belgium,
Netherlands, Ireland, United Arab
Emirates, Luxembourg, Estonia,
Switzerland, Malta
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX

• For social globalization, in the

top 10 are: Luxembourg,
Switzerland, Hong Kong,
Monaco, Canada, Liechtenstein,
Norway, Macao, United
Kingdom, Germany
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The ten most politically
globalized countries in 2023
are: Germany, France, Italy,
United Kingdom, Spain,
Belgium, Sweden, Switzerland,
Austria, Netherlands
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The top ten most globalized
countries in the world for 2023
are: Switzerland, Belgium,
Netherlands, Sweden, Germany,
Austria, United Kingdom,
Denmark, Finland, France.
IMPLICATIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
The technological aspect
The economic aspect
The consumption aspect
The political aspect
The environmental aspect
The cultural aspect
 You, in the 21st Century World
● In your career and personal life, you will:
- Sell to the world
- Buy from the world
- Work for international companies
- Manage or work with employees from other cultures and countries
- Collaborate with people all over the world in joint ventures
- Compete with people on the other side of the world for jobs and
markets
- Tackle global problems, pollution, disaster recovery, and terrorism
- And many MORE!!!!
How relevant is globalization to you
as a future Engineer? Cite examples
 How is the globalization process
evident in your homes?
Instruction:
Instruction:

Go around your house and do an inventory of everything you have in your possession.

Organize your inventory into two types: first, “things” that are made in the Philippines and second, those that are of foreign brands
according to the major aspects of globalization (economic, technological, and social). List the names of the products/items and
places of origin. Minimum of 3 items each component.

Create a map showing the interconnectedness of the places of origin of your household items. Bear in mind also that an item’s
origin can be traced in more than one location. Use lines to connect your home with the rest of the world.

Lastly, explain the map briefly by answering the following questions. (1) What does the map tell you about the process of
globalization and its impacts on you as a Filipino? (2) Do you consider these impacts as positive or negative, why or why not?
Table 1: How globalized is your home?
Aspects of Globalization Local Foreign
Technological (name of product/item and place of (name of product/item and place of
origin) origin)
Economic
Socio-Cultural

Figure 1. Mapping the global connection

 REFERENCES
• Castells, Manuel. 2000. The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell
Publishers, Inc. Cambridge, MA, USA
• Etzrodt, C. (2010). The neo-Calvanist foundation of globalization. Asia
journal of Global Studies, 4(1), 45-49
• Kellner, D. (2002). Theorizing globalization. Sociological Theory, 20(3),
285-305. Retrieved from http://0-
www.jstor.org.lib1000.dlsu.edu.ph/stable/3108613
 REFERENCES
• Gygli, Savina, Florian Haelg, Niklas Potrafke and Jan-​Egbert Sturm
(2019): The KOF Globalisation Index – Revisited, Review of International
Organizations, 14(3), 543-​574 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-​019-
09344-2call_made.
• Potrafke, N. (2015). The Evidence on globalisation. World Economy,
38(3), 509-552. doi:10.1111/twec.12174
• Mironov, V. V. (2016). The transformation of economics, politics, and
law in globalization. Value Inquiry Book Series, 28838-56.
doi:10.1163/9789004307841_005
 REFERENCES
• Ritzer, G. (2011a). Globalization: A Basic Text. West Sussex, United
Kingdom. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Ritzer, G. (2011b). Globalization: The Essentials. West Sussex, United
Kingdom. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Robinson, W. (2007). Theories of globalization. In (ed.) George Ritzer
Blackwell Companion to Globalization. Oxford: Blackwell.