Welcome to

Definite Integration

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 Table of contents

Session 01 03 Session 05 88
Geometrical Interpretation 06 Leibnitz Theorem 89
Theorems of Definite Integration 08 Definite Integral as limit of sum 104
Properties of Definite Integration 19
Session 06 108
Session 02 23 Estimation of Definite Integrals 113
Definite Integration using substitution 29

Session 07 132
Session 03 44 Miscellaneous Problems 133
Rolle’s Theorem 58

Session 08 160
Session 04 65 Miscellaneous Problems 161
Reduction formulae in Definite 73
Integration

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 Session 1
Introduction to Definite Integrals

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 Key Takeaways

Definite Integration :

• If 𝑓 is a continuous function defined in interval 𝑎, 𝑏 , and 𝑔 is a function such that

𝑑
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then
𝑑𝑥

• Definite Integral of 𝑓 𝑥 over the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 is defined as :

𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim− 𝑔 𝑥 − lim+ 𝑔 𝑥
𝑎 𝑥→𝑏 𝑥→𝑎

𝑏
• If 𝑔 𝑥 is continuous, then න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑏 − 𝑔 𝑎
𝑎

Here, 𝑎 ∶ Lower limit of integration

𝑏 ∶ Upper limit of integration

NOTE : There is no constant in definite integration.

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 1
1
Evaluate: න 3 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
0

Solution:
1
1
𝑖) න 𝑑𝑥 = 1 [ ln 3 + 4𝑥 1 𝑑
0 3 + 4𝑥 4 0 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1 7 𝑏
= ln 7 − ln 3 = 4 ln
4 3 න 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑏 −𝑔 𝑎
𝑎

0 2𝑥 0
𝑖𝑖) ‫׬‬−1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
ln 2 −1

1 1
= 1−
ln 2 2

1
=
2 ln 2

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 Geometrical Interpretation :
𝑏 𝑛−1
If 𝑓 𝑥 > 0, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 , න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 Δ𝑥
𝑎 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
𝑌
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 If 𝑛 → ∞, then number of divisors are infinite.

Δ𝑥
𝑋
𝑎 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛−1 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑛

𝑏
Geometrically, න 𝑓 𝑥 will represent area bounded by the
𝑎

curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , the 𝑥 − axis and the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 & 𝑥 = 𝑏.

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 3
Evaluate: න 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1

Solution: 3 𝑦 =𝑥+1
න 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 1<𝑥<3
1

It represents the area under the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

and 𝑥 − axis from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 3 4
2
3
𝑥2 9 1
+𝑥 = +3 − +1
2 2 2
1 1 3
=6

or
3
1
න 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2 + 4 × 2
1

=6

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 Key Takeaways

Theorems of Definite Integration :

𝑏 𝑏
➢ න 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 න 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥, 𝑘 is a constant
𝑎 𝑎

𝜋
4
Example : න 3 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4
= 3 න sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋/4
= 3 tan 𝑥 0

=3 1−0

=3

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 Key Takeaways

Theorems of Definite Integration :

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
➢ න [𝑓1 𝑥 ± 𝑓2 𝑥 ± ⋯ ± 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓1 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 ±න 𝑓2 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 ± ⋯ ± න 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

3 3 3
Example : න 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1

3
𝑥2
= −
2
1
𝑥 3
𝑒 1
9 1
= − − 𝑒3 − 𝑒
2 2

= 4 − 𝑒3 − 𝑒

= 4 + 𝑒 − 𝑒3

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 Key Takeaways

Theorems of Definite Integration :

Example :
2𝜋 +
න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 2𝜋 2𝜋
0 = − cos 𝑥
0 0 𝜋
sin 𝑥 > 0 −
=− 1−1 =0
Area between 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 & 𝑥 −axis from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2𝜋 is
sin 𝑥 < 0
non-zero.
2𝜋 𝜋
න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝜋
= −2 cos 𝑥 0 = −2 −1 − 1 = 4

+ +

0 𝜋 2𝜋
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 𝜋
23
Evaluate : න 1 + sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2

Solution: 𝜋
23 𝜋
=න 1 + sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = (1𝑠𝑡 quadrant)
0 2 2

𝜋
3 2
= න sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝜋
3 2 2
= න sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝜋 𝜋
3 2 3 2
= න sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 0

3 𝜋/2
= − cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 0
2
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 𝜋
23
Evaluate : න 1 + sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2

Solution:
3 𝜋/2
= − cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 0
2

3
= 1 − −1
2

3
= ×2
2

=3

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 3𝜋
4 𝑑𝑥
The integral න is equal to :
𝜋 1 + cos 𝑥
4
JEE Main 2017

A −𝟐

B 𝟐

C 𝟒

D −𝟏

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 3𝜋
4 𝑑𝑥
The integral න is equal to :
𝜋 1 + cos 𝑥
4
JEE Main 2017
Solution: 3𝜋 3𝜋
4 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
න =න
𝜋 1 + cos 𝑥 𝜋
2 cos2
𝑥 A −𝟐
4 4 2
3𝜋 3𝜋
4 1 𝑥 𝑥 4
=න
𝜋 2
sec 2 𝑑𝑥 = tan
2 2 𝜋 B 𝟐
4 4

3𝜋 𝜋
= tan − tan C 𝟒
8 8

𝜋 𝜋
= cot − tan
8 8
D −𝟏
𝜋
1−tan2 2
8
=2 𝜋 = 𝜋
2 tan tan
8 4

=2
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 Key Takeaways

Definite Integration by-parts:

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑑𝑣 𝑏
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
න 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑎 −න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 න𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −න ⋅ න𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

1 1
Example : න 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 1
0 −න 1 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
= 𝑒 − 0 − න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

=𝑒− 𝑒 𝑥 10

=𝑒− 𝑒−1

=1

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 1
Evaluate : න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

1 1
Solution: න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 1 ⋅ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 නln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
0 0
1
1
1
= ln 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 0 −න × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥
1
= ln 1 1 − lim+ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥→0 0
ln 𝑥 1
= − lim+ − 𝑥 0
𝑥→0 1
𝑥
1
= − lim+ 𝑥 − 1 − 0
𝑥→0 1
− 2
𝑥

= − lim+ 𝑥 − 1 = −1
𝑥→0
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 2
The integral න 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑥 2 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 equals :
1
JEE Main 2020

A 𝒆 𝟒𝒆 + 𝟏

B 𝒆 𝟐𝒆 − 𝟏

C 𝟒𝒆𝟐 − 𝟏

D 𝒆 𝟒𝒆 − 𝟏

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 2
The integral න 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑥 2 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 equals :
1
JEE Main 2020
Solution: 2
න 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑥 2 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A
1
𝒆 𝟒𝒆 + 𝟏
2
= න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 + 1 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
B 𝒆 𝟐𝒆 − 𝟏
2
𝑑
= න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 1 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 1 + ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
C
1
𝟒𝒆𝟐 − 𝟏
2
= 𝑒𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 1 න𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐
D 𝒆 𝟒𝒆 − 𝟏
= 4𝑒 2 − 𝑒

= 𝑒 4𝑒 − 1

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 Key Takeaways
Properties of Definite Integration:

𝑏 𝑏
➢ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 i.e definite integration is independent of change of variables.
𝑎 𝑎

𝑏 𝑎
➢ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

Proof:

Let 𝑔 𝑥 = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬

𝑎 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑔 𝑏 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑏 − 𝑔 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎

𝑏 𝑎
⇒ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
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 Key Takeaways
Properties of Definite Integration:
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
➢ ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬+ ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑐׬‬where 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

Proof: 𝑐 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
⇒ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

Note:
𝑏 𝑐
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Generally, used when function is discontinuous or 𝑎 𝑏

his various definitions. 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

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 3
Evaluate ‫׬‬0 {𝑥}𝑑𝑥, where . denotes fractional part function.

Solution: 3 1 2 3 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 1 2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

1 2 3
= න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
0 1 2

1 2 3
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
= + −𝑥 + − 2𝑥
2 2 2
0 1 2

1 1 9
= − +1+ −6−2+4
2 2 2

3
=
2

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 9
Evaluate ‫׬‬0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , where [.] denotes G.I.F.

Solution: 0<𝑡<9⇒0< 𝑡<3

𝑡=1⇒𝑡=1
𝑡 → discontinuous continuous at ቐ 2
𝑡=2⇒𝑡=4
1 10
9 1 4 9
3
1<𝑡<4
න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0 1 4 9
0 0 1 4 ⇒1< 𝑡<2

1 4 9
= න 0 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 + න 1 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 + න 2 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡
0 1 4

4 9
= 𝑡 1 + 2𝑡 4

= 4 − 1 + 2(9 − 4)

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 Session 2
Properties of Definite Integrals

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 2
The integral ‫׬‬0 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to _____ .
JEE Main Sep 2020
Solution:
1, 𝑥≥1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 = ቐ
1 − 2𝑥 , 𝑥 < 1

1
2 1 2
2
න 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 1 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 + න 1 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
1
0 0 1
2

1
1
= 𝑥− 𝑥 2 20 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 + 1
2

1 1 1 1
= − + 1−1 − − + 1
2 4 4 2

3
=
2
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 2𝜋
Evaluate: ‫׬‬−𝜋/2 sin−1 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝜋 𝑌
2
+ ve
− ve 𝑋
𝜋 − ve
−5𝜋 −2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝜋
−
2

2𝜋
−1
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
න sin sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ⋅ ⋅ =−
−𝜋/2 2 2 2 8

2𝜋
∵ න sin−1 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
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 𝜋
𝜋
Evaluate: ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑓 𝑥 = min. tan 𝑥 , cot 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0 ,
3
2

Solution: 𝑌 𝑌

−𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝑂 𝜋 𝑋 𝑋
−2 3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 𝑂 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2
2 −2 2 2

𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑦 = cot 𝑥

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 𝜋
𝜋
Evaluate: ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑓 𝑥 = min. tan 𝑥 , cot 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0 ,
3
2

Solution:
𝑌 𝑌

𝜋 𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 𝑂 𝜋
2
2

𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑦 = cot 𝑥

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 𝜋
𝜋
Evaluate: ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑓 𝑥 = min. tan 𝑥 , cot 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0 ,
3
2

Solution:
𝑌 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3 4 3
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0 0
4
cot 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
4 3
= ln sec 𝑥 0 + ln sin 𝑥 𝜋
4

3 1
= ln 2 − 0 + ln − ln
2 2

= ln 3

𝑋
𝑂 𝜋 𝜋
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 Key Takeaways
Definite Integration using substitution:
𝑏
➢ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Let 𝑥 = 𝜙 𝑡

Change the limits 𝑎 and 𝑏 according to 𝑡.

Note:

𝜙 𝑡 must be continuous, one – one and onto within the limits.

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 𝜋
tan 𝜃 1
If ‫׬‬03 𝑑𝜃 = 1 − , 𝑘 > 0 , then the value of 𝑘 is:
2𝑘 sec 𝜃 2
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
3 tan 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃
න 𝑑𝜃 =න 𝑑𝜃 Let cos 𝜃 = 𝑡 ⇒ − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡
0 2𝑘 sec 𝜃 0 2𝑘 c𝑜𝑠 𝜃

1
1 2 𝑑𝑡
=− න
2𝑘 1 𝑡

1
1 2
=− 2 𝑡
2𝑘 1

1 1
⇒− 2−2 =1−
2 𝑘 2

1 2−1
⇒− 1− 2 = ⇒𝑘=2
𝑘 2
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 𝜋 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ‫׬‬0
1 + sin2 𝑥

Solution: 𝜋
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න
0 1 + sin2 𝑥 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝜋
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=න 2
+ න Let sin 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝜋 1 + sin2 𝑥
0 1 + sin 𝑥
2
⇒ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=න 2
+ න 2
0 1+𝑡 1 1+𝑡

1 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=න 2
− න 2
0 1+𝑡 0 1+𝑡

=0

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 1
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If න 𝑥
= log𝑒 (1 + 𝑒) + 𝐾 , then find the value of 𝐾.
0 1 +𝑒

Solution: 1
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥
𝐼=න 𝑥 = න 𝑥 𝑥
0 1+𝑒 0 𝑒 (1 + 𝑒 )

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Let 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑧 ∴ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = =
𝑒𝑥 𝑧
𝑒
𝑑𝑧
⇒𝐼=න
1 𝑧 2 (1 + 𝑧)
𝑒
1 𝑧−1
=න − 2 𝑑𝑧
1 1+𝑧 𝑧

1 𝑒
= log 1 + 𝑧 − log 𝑧 −
𝑧 1

1
= log 1 + 𝑒 − log 𝑒 − − (log 2 − log 1 − 1)
𝑒
1 1
= log(1 + 𝑒) − − log 2 ∴𝐾=− + log 2
𝑒 𝑒

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 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
‫׬‬1 − ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to :
𝑒 𝑥
JEE Main Jan 2019

3 1 1 3 1
A 2
− −
𝑒 2𝑒 2 B 2
−𝑒−
2𝑒 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
C 2
− −
𝑒 𝑒2 D − + −
2 𝑒 𝑒2

Solution : At 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑡 = 1/𝑒
𝑥 𝑥 And at 𝑥 = 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑡 = 1
Let =𝑡
𝑒

𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 ln = ln 𝑡
𝑒

1 1
⇒ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 1 = ln 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥. + ln 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡

⇒ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 = ln 𝑡 1
⇒ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
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 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
‫׬‬1 − ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to :
𝑒 𝑥
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
1
𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 3 1 1
‫׬‬1 𝑒
−
𝑥
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡 A 2
− −
𝑒 2𝑒 2

1 1 1
= ‫׬‬1/𝑒 𝑡 2 − . 𝑑𝑡 B
3
−𝑒−
1
𝑡 𝑡 2 2𝑒 2

1 1
= ‫׬‬1/𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 1 1 1
𝑡2 C 2
− −
𝑒 𝑒2
1
𝑡2 1
= + 1 1 1
2 𝑡 1/𝑒
D − + −
2 𝑒 𝑒2
1
𝑡2 1
= +
2 𝑡 1/𝑒

1 1
= +1 − +𝑒
2 2𝑒 2

3 1
= −𝑒−
2 2𝑒 2
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 𝜋ൗ
4 𝑑𝑥
The Integral න sin 2𝑥 (tan5 𝑥 + cot 5 𝑥)
equals:
𝜋ൗ
6
JEE Main Jan 2019

1 𝜋 1
A 10 4
− tan−1
9 3

1 𝜋 1
B − tan−1
5 4 3 3

𝜋
C 40

1 1
D 20
tan−1
9 3

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 𝜋ൗ
4 𝑑𝑥
The Integral න sin 2𝑥 (tan5 𝑥 + cot 5 𝑥)
equals:
𝜋ൗ
6
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution :
𝜋ൗ
4 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 =න
𝜋ൗ sin 2𝑥 (tan5 𝑥 + cot 5 𝑥)
6
𝜋 1
𝜋ൗ
4 2
(1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑡 = tan =
6 3
⇒𝐼 =න tan 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝜋ൗ 1 𝜋
6 2 tan 𝑥 tan5 𝑥 + 𝑡 = tan = 1
tan5 𝑥 4
1
1
∴𝐼 =න
1ൗ 5 1
𝑑𝑡 ⇒ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
3 2𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑡5
⇒ 1 + tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑡4
⇒𝐼 =න 𝑑𝑡
1ൗ 2 𝑡10 + 1
3

Let 𝑡 5 = 𝑢 ⇒ 5𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢

1 1 1
⇒𝐼 = න 5 2 𝑑𝑢
10 3− ൗ2 𝑢 + 1

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 𝜋ൗ
4 𝑑𝑥
The Integral න sin 2𝑥 (tan5 𝑥 + cot 5 𝑥)
equals:
𝜋ൗ
6
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution :
1 1 1 1 𝜋 1
⇒𝐼 = න 5 2 𝑑𝑢
10 3− ൗ2 𝑢 + 1 A 10 4
− tan−1
9 3

1 1
−1
⇒𝐼 = tan 𝑢 5
10 3− ൗ2 1 𝜋 1
B − tan−1
5 4 3 3
1 𝜋 −1 −5Τ2
= − tan 3
10 4

𝜋
C
1 𝜋 1
= 10 − tan−1 40
4 9 3

1 1
D 20
tan−1
9 3

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Definite Integration:

𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 King Property
𝑎 𝑎

Proof :

𝑏 𝑎
‫ 𝑎 𝑓 𝑏׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬+ 𝑏 − 𝑡 −𝑑𝑡 Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡

𝑎 If 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑏
= − ‫ 𝑎 𝑓 𝑏׬‬+ 𝑏 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
and 𝑥 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑏
= ‫ 𝑎 𝑓 𝑎׬‬+ 𝑏 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑏
= ‫ 𝑎 𝑓 𝑎׬‬+ 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
Further, න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
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 1
Evaluate ‫׬‬0 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 99
𝑑𝑥 :

Solution :

1
Let 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 99
𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
1 99
= ‫׬‬0 0+1−𝑥 1− 0+1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

1
= ‫׬‬0 1 − 𝑥 𝑥 99 𝑑𝑥
1
= ‫׬‬0 𝑥 99 − 𝑥 100 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 100 𝑥 101
= −
100 101 0

1 1
= −
100 101
𝟏
=
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎

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 𝜋
‫׬‬0 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where [. ] denotes G.I.F., is equal to:
IIT JEE 2009

A 1

B −1

𝜋
C −
2

𝜋
D 2

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 𝜋
‫׬‬0 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where [. ] denotes G.I.F., is equal to:
IIT JEE 2009
Solution :

𝜋
Let I = ‫׬‬0 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … 1 𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 A 1
𝜋 𝑎 𝑎
= ‫׬‬0 cot(𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
⇒ I = ‫׬‬0 − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … 2 𝑥 →𝜋−𝑥 B −1

𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 1 + 2 = ‫׬‬0 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
C −
2
𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 cot 𝑥 + − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 −1. 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቊ
0, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼 D 2
−1, 𝑥 ∉ 𝐼
⇒ 2I = −𝜋
𝜋
⇒I=−
2

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 Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be continuous functions on 0, 𝑎 such that
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 4, then න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
0

JEE Main Jan 2019

Solution :
𝑎 𝑎

Let 𝐼 =
𝑎
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖) A 4 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 B න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
0

𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
‫ 𝑎 𝑓 𝑎׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬+ 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
C 2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
D −3 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝑥 →𝑎−𝑥

𝑎
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

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 Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be continuous functions on 0, 𝑎 such that
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 4, then න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
0

JEE Main Jan 2019

Solution :
𝑎 𝑎
Let 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖) 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

⇒ 𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖
𝑎 𝑎
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2𝐼 = 4 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎
⇒ 𝐼 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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 Session 3
More Properties of Definite
Integrals

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Definite Integration:

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2 ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 is even.
➢ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ൝ 0
−𝑎 0 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 odd.
Neither Even nor Odd
Proof :

𝑎 0 𝑎
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑥 = −𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
−𝑎 −𝑎 0

If 𝑥 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎
0 𝑎
= − ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0
𝑎 𝑎
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 If 𝑓 𝑥 is even, ‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 0
𝑎
If 𝑓 𝑥 is odd, ‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
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 𝜋/2
Evaluate : ‫׬‬−𝜋/2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution :
𝜋/2

⇒ 𝐼 = න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
−𝜋/2
If 𝑓 𝑥 is odd, ‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Odd
=0

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 𝜋
The value of ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
JEE Main Sept 2020

A 𝜋2

𝜋2
B 2

C 2𝜋 2

D 2𝜋 2

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 𝜋
The value of ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
JEE Main Sept 2020
Solution :

𝜋
⇒ I = ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
If 𝑓 𝑥 is even, ‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 A 𝜋2
Even
𝜋 𝜋2
= 2 ‫׬‬0 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, 𝑥 = 𝑥 B 2
𝜋
= 2 ‫׬‬0 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, 𝜋 − 𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑥

𝜋 C 2𝜋 2
⇒I= 2 ‫׬‬0 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
= 2 ‫׬‬0 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
D 2𝜋 2
𝜋
𝑥2
= 2 𝜋𝑥 −
2
0

⇒ 𝐼 = 𝜋2
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 𝜋/2 1
The value of integral ‫׬‬−𝜋/2 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
1+𝑒 sin 𝑥
JEE Main Sept 2020

A 𝜋

3𝜋
B 2

𝜋
C 4

𝜋
D 2

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 𝜋/2 1
The value of integral ‫׬‬−𝜋/2 𝑑𝑥 is equal to:
1+𝑒 sin 𝑥
JEE Main Sept 2020

Solution :
𝜋/2
1
⇒I= න 𝑑𝑥 A 𝜋
sin 𝑥
−𝜋/2 1 + 𝑒
Neither Even nor Odd
3𝜋
𝜋/2 1 1 𝑎 𝑎 B 2
⇒ I = ‫׬‬0 + 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 sin 𝑥 1+𝑒 −sin 𝑥
−𝑎 0

𝜋/2 1+𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝜋

= ‫׬‬0
1+𝑒 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 C 4

𝜋/2
= ‫׬‬0 1. 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
D 2
𝜋/2
= 𝑥|0

𝜋
⇒𝐼=
2
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 2−𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝜋/4
If 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0 then ‫׬‬−𝜋/4 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :
2+𝑥 cos 𝑥
JEE Main April 2019
Solution

𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑓 𝑥 = ln
2−𝑥 cos 𝑥 A ln 1
2+𝑥 cos 𝑥

2+𝑥 cos 𝑥
Let′s check, 𝑔 𝑓 −𝑥 = ln
2−𝑥 cos 𝑥 B ln 3
2−𝑥 cos 𝑥
= −ln = −𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 → Odd
2+𝑥 cos 𝑥
C ln 𝑒
𝜋/4
So, ‫׬‬−𝜋/4 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ ln 1

𝑎
D ln 2
𝑎 2 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ൝ 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑂𝑑𝑑.

𝜋/4
⇒ ‫׬‬−𝜋/4 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 1

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 𝜋 𝑥 2 +sin−1 𝑥
Evaluate ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 :
1+𝑥 2

Solution
𝜋 𝑥 2 +sin−1 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥2 𝜋 sin−1 𝑥 𝑎
‫׬‬−𝜋 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 2 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 ‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ൝ 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑂𝑑𝑑.
Even Odd
𝜋 𝑥 2 +sin−1 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥2
So, ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

𝜋 1+𝑥 2 −1 𝜋
= 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 ቀ1 −
1+𝑥 2
1
ቁ 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
1+𝑥 2 = 2𝜋 − 2 tan−1 𝑥 0

= 2 𝜋 − tan−1 𝜋

𝜋 𝑥 2 +sin−1 𝑥
⇒ ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝜋 − tan−1 𝜋
1+𝑥 2

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Definite Integration:

𝑎
2𝑎 𝑎 2 ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥
➢ ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ൝ 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥
◆ Proof :

2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬ If 𝑥 = 2𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0
Let 𝑥 = 2𝑎 − 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
𝑎 0
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 2𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 If 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎

𝑎 𝑎
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑎 𝑎
∴ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 0

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 2𝜋
Evaluate ‫׬‬0 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∶

Solution
𝑎
2𝜋 2𝑎 𝑎 2 ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥
Let I = ‫׬‬0 cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ൝ 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥
2𝜋
I = ‫׬‬0 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
I = ‫׬‬0 (cos3 𝑥 + cos 2𝜋 − 𝑥 3
) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 2𝜋 − 𝑥

𝜋 𝑎 𝑎
So, I = 2 ‫׬‬0 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … 1 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 3
= 2 ‫׬‬0 cos 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= −2 ‫׬‬0 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … 2

Adding 1 and 2 ⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0
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 2𝜋 𝑥 sin8 𝑥
The value of ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 is equal to :
sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥
JEE Main Jan 2020

A 4𝜋

B 2𝜋 2

C 2𝜋

D 𝜋2

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 2𝜋 𝑥 sin8 𝑥
The value of ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 is equal to :
sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution
𝜋/2 cos8 𝑥
2𝜋 𝑥 sin8 𝑥 ⇒I = 4𝜋 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 … 4
Let I = ‫׬‬0 sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … 1 𝑏
‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬
𝑎
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥

Adding 3 and 4 ⇒
2𝜋 2𝜋−𝑥 sin8 𝑥
I= ‫׬‬0 sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … 2 𝑥 → 2𝜋 − 𝑥 𝜋/2
⇒ 2I = 4𝜋 ‫׬‬0 1. 𝑑𝑥
Adding 1 and 2 ⇒ ⇒I = 𝜋 2
2𝜋 𝑥 sin8 𝑥 2𝜋−𝑥 sin8 𝑥
2I = ‫׬‬0 + 𝑑𝑥
sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥 sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥

2𝜋 sin8 𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝜋 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥
sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥

𝜋 sin8 𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = 2𝜋 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥

𝜋/2 sin8 𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = 4𝜋 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 … 3
Return To Top sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥
 2𝜋 𝑥 sin8 𝑥
The value of ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 is equal to :
sin8 𝑥+cos8 𝑥
JEE Main Jan 2020

A 4𝜋

B 2𝜋 2

C 2𝜋

D 𝜋2

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 Rolle’s Theorem:

𝑏
➢ If ‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬0, where 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous, then 𝑓 𝑥 has at least
one root in the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
◆ Proof :
+
𝑎 𝑏
If ‫ 𝑥 𝑔 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬, then −
𝑏
‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬0 ⇒ 𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑔 𝑎

∴ 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 will have at least one root in the interval 𝑎, 𝑏

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 Special Integration Formula:

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2 𝜋
න ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න ln cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න ln sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln 2
0 0 0 2

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 If 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 6𝑐 = 0, then comment on the root of the
equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.

A Has at least one root in 1,2

B Has at least one root in −1,0

C Has at least one root in 0,1

D Can’t say

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 If 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 6𝑐 = 0, then comment on the root of the
equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.
Solution
2𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 6𝑐 = 0

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
So, by Rolle’s Theorem:
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝑔 𝑥 = ‫𝑎 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬ +𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
3 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 0 will have at least
2𝑎𝑥 3 +3𝑏𝑥 2 +6𝑐𝑥+6𝑑
= one root in the interval 0,1
6

𝑔 0 =𝑔 1

⇒𝑔 0 =𝑔 1 =𝑑
1
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 1 − 𝑔 0 = 0

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 If 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 6𝑐 = 0, then comment on the root of the
equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.

A Has at least one root in 1,2

B Has at least one root in −1,0

C Has at least one root in 0,1

D Can’t say

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 𝜋
Evaluate න 𝑥 ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

Solution:
𝜋 𝑏 𝑎
Let 𝐼 = න 𝑥 ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖) න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑎 𝑏

𝜋
⇒ 𝐼 = න (𝜋 − 𝑥) ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 → 𝜋 − 𝑥
0

⇒ 𝑖 + (𝑖𝑖)
𝜋
⇒ 2𝐼 = න (𝑥 + 𝜋 − 𝑥) ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
⇒ 2𝐼 = 𝜋 න ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

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 𝜋
Evaluate න 𝑥 ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

Solution:
𝜋
⇒ 2𝐼 = 𝜋 න ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝜋 − 𝑥)
0

𝜋
2 2𝑎 𝑎
⇒ 2𝐼 = 𝜋 × 2 න ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)
0 0 0

𝜋2 𝜋
⇒ 𝐼 = − ln 2 2 𝜋
2 න ln sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln 2
0 2

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 Session 4
Definite Integration using
Reduction Formulae

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Definite Integration:

If 𝑓 𝑥 is a periodic function with period 𝑇, then

𝑛𝑇 𝑇
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑇 > 0

Proof :
𝑛𝑇 𝑇 2𝑇 3𝑇 𝑛𝑇
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑇׬‬+ ‫׬‬2𝑇 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ ‫𝑛 ׬‬−1 𝑇 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 =𝑝+𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑧 + 2𝑇
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑝 + 𝑇 𝑑𝑝 + ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑧 + 2𝑇 𝑑𝑧 + ⋯

𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 + ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + ⋯ 𝑛 times
𝑛𝑇 𝑇
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Definite Integration:

If 𝑓 𝑥 is a periodic function with period 𝑇, then

𝑛𝑇 𝑇
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

Proof : 𝑌
𝑇
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

……
0 𝑇 2𝑇 3𝑇 𝑛−1 𝑇 𝑛𝑇 𝑋

𝑛 times
𝑛𝑇 𝑇
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
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 1000𝜋
Evaluate ‫׬‬0 1 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :

Solution: 1 + cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos 2 𝑥

1000𝜋 1 + cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos2 𝑥

‫׬‬0 1 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 cos 𝑥
1000𝜋
= 2 ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ cos 𝑥 has period 𝜋

𝜋 cos 𝜋 − 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
= 2 × 1000 ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2.
𝜋 𝑓 2𝑎 − 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
= 2 × 1000 ‫׬‬0 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ,
𝜋
𝜋
= 2 2 × 1000 ‫׬‬0 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 0,
2
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 2 × 1000 ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
‫׬‬02 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬02 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
= 2 2 × 1000 × 1

= 2000 2
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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Definite Integration:

𝑏+𝑛𝑇 𝑏
If 𝑓 𝑥 is a periodic function with period 𝑇, then ‫𝑎׬‬+𝑛𝑇 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ & 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ

𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
Further, ‫𝑇𝑛׬‬ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ & 𝑎 ∈ ℝ

Proof :

𝑏+𝑛𝑇 𝑏
‫𝑎׬‬+𝑛𝑇 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑝 𝑓 𝑎׬‬+ 𝑛𝑇 𝑑𝑝 Put 𝑥 = 𝑝 + 𝑛𝑇 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑝
𝑏 At 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑇 ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑎
= ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑝 𝑑𝑝
At 𝑥 = 𝑏 + 𝑛𝑇 ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑏
𝑏
= ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥

𝑏+𝑛𝑇 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑎

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 Properties of Definite Integration:

If 𝑓 𝑥 is a periodic function with period 𝑇, then

𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑇
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ & 𝑎 ∈ ℝ
𝑎 0

𝑛𝑇 𝑇
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 − 𝑚 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛, 𝑚 ∈ ℤ
𝑚𝑇 0

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 𝑛𝜋+𝑚 3𝜋
Evaluate ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑚 ∈ 𝜋, :
2

Solution:
𝑛𝜋+𝑚 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋+𝑚
‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝜋𝑛׬‬ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋 𝑚
= 𝑛 ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛𝑇 𝑇
‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑚
= 𝑛 × 2 + ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫𝜋׬‬ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
‫𝑎׬‬ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1𝑠𝑡 and 2𝑛𝑑 Quad 3𝑟𝑑 Quad
𝜋
𝑚 ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
= 2𝑛 + 2 − ‫ 𝜋׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 2𝑛 + 2 + cos 𝑥 |𝑚
𝜋
= 2𝑛 + 2 + cos 𝑚 + 1

= 2𝑛 + 3 + cos 𝑚

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 10.5
Evaluate ‫׬‬5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where . denotes fractional part function.

Solution:

10.5 10 10.5
‫׬‬5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
10 1 10 1 +
2
= ‫׬‬5 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬10 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝑇 𝑇
1 10 1 +1/2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 − 𝑚 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 10 − 5 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬10 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑚𝑇 0

1 1/2
= 10 − 5 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏+𝑛𝑇 𝑏
1 1/2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 5 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
1
1
𝑥2 𝑥2 2 1 1
=5
2 0
+
2 0
‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
1/2 1
=5× +
1 1 21 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2 8
⇒ 8
8
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 Key Takeaways

Reduction formulae in Definite Integration :

𝜋
➢ 𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
2 𝐼𝑛 = −cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐼𝑛−2 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛

𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛−2 𝑛 𝐼𝑛 = −cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
−cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1
Proof : 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛
+
𝑛
𝐼𝑛−2 −cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛 𝑛

Let : 𝐼𝑛 = න sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න sin 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 𝐷
= −cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1 ‫ ׬‬sin𝑛−2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ‫ ׬‬sin𝑛−2 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= −cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ‫ ׬‬sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ‫ ׬‬sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Reduction formulae in Definite Integration :

𝜋
𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬02 sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ 𝐼𝑛 =
𝑛
𝐼𝑛−2

−cos 𝑥 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1

Proof : 𝐼𝑛 = + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛 𝑛

𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
−cos 𝑥sin𝑛−1 𝑥 2 𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2 + ‫׬‬0 sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑛 𝑛
0

𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Reduction formulae in Definite Integration :

𝜋 𝜋 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛−2
➢ 𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑛

𝑛−3
𝐼𝑛−2 = 𝐼𝑛−4
𝑛−2
𝑛−1 𝑛−3
𝐼𝑛 = . 𝐼𝑛−4 and so on 𝑛−5
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝐼𝑛−4 = 𝐼𝑛−6 …
𝑛−4

(𝑛−1) 𝑛−3 2 𝜋/2

⋅ ⋯ ⋅ 𝐼1 , 𝑛 is odd 𝐼1 = ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑛 𝑛−2 3
➢ 𝐼𝑛 =
(𝑛−1) 𝑛−3 1 𝜋/2 𝜋
⋅ ⋯ ⋅ 𝐼0 , 𝑛 is even 𝐼0 = ‫׬‬0 1. 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛 𝑛−2 2 2

(𝑛−1) 𝑛−3 2
⋅ ⋯ ⋅ 1, 𝑛 is odd
𝑛 𝑛−2 3
➢ 𝐼𝑛 =
(𝑛−1) 𝑛−3 1 𝜋
⋅ ⋯ ⋅ , 𝑛 is even
𝑛 𝑛−2 2 2
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 𝜋
The value of න cos 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 is:
0
JEE Main Jan 2019

A 0

4
B 3

2
C 3

4
D −
3

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 𝜋
The value of න cos 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 is:
0
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution :
𝜋
A
(𝑛−1) 𝑛−3 2 0
𝜋 𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ 1, 𝑛 is odd
3 𝑛 𝑛−2 3
‫׬‬0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑛 = 3

2𝑎 𝑎 4
B
𝜋
3 ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) 3
= 2 ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

= 2. . 1
2 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝜋 − 𝑥) 2
3 C 3
4
=
3 4
D −
3

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 𝜋
The value of න 𝑥 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :
0

3𝜋2
A 32

4
B 15

3𝜋2
C 16

𝜋2
D 16

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 𝜋
The value of න 𝑥 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :
0

Solution :

𝜋
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑥 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … 1 𝑏 𝑏
‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑎(𝑓 𝑎׬‬+ 𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝜋 − 𝑥 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (2) 𝑥 →𝜋−𝑥

Adding 1 and 2 , 2𝑎 𝑎
‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝜋
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ‫׬‬0 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝜋 − 𝑥)
𝜋
𝜋
⇒ 2𝐼 = 2𝜋 ‫׬‬0 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬02 sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑛−1) (𝑛−3)
.
1 𝜋
⋯ . , 𝑛 is even
𝑛 (𝑛−2) 2 2
3 1 𝜋
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝜋. . .
4 2 2
3𝜋 2
⇒𝐼=
16
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 𝜋
The value of න 𝑥 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :
0

3𝜋2
A 32

4
B 15

3𝜋2
C 16

𝜋2
D 16

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 Key Takeaways

Reduction formulae in Definite Integration :

𝜋
1
➢ If 𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
4 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
(𝑛−1)

tan𝑛−1 𝑥
Proof : 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
𝑛−1

Let 𝐼𝑛 = ‫ ׬‬tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬tan2 𝑥 tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ‫(׬‬sec 2 𝑥 − 1) tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ‫ ׬‬sec 2 𝑥 tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ‫ ׬‬sec 2 𝑥 tan𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛−2

Let tan 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝑡 𝑛−1 tan𝑛−1 𝑥
= ‫𝑛 𝑡 ׬‬−2 𝑑𝑡 − 𝐼𝑛−2 = − 𝐼𝑛−2 ⇒ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

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 Key Takeaways

Reduction formulae in Definite Integration :

𝜋
➢ If 𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
4

1
𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
(𝑛−1)

tan𝑛−1 𝑥
Proof : 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 = 𝑛−1

𝜋
tan𝑛−1 𝑥 4
𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
𝑛−1
0

1
𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 = [1 − 0]
𝑛−1

1
⇒ 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
(𝑛−1)

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 Reduction formulae in Definite Integration :

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝑚−1

➢ If 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑚 𝑥 sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ⇒ 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = 𝐼
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚−2,𝑛

Walli’s formula :

𝑚−1 𝑚−3 𝑚−5 ⋯ 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 … 𝜋

⋅ , when both 𝑚, 𝑛 are even
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛−2 𝑚+𝑛−4 … 2
𝐼𝑚,𝑛 =
𝑚−1 𝑚−3 𝑚−5 ⋯ 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 ⋯
⋅ 1 , otherwise
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛−2 𝑚+𝑛−4 ⋯

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 𝜋/4
The value of න tan6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :
0

2 𝜋
A 5
+
4

11 𝜋
B 15
−
4

13 𝜋
C 15
−
4

1 𝜋
D 4
+
4

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 𝜋/4
The value of න tan6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :
0

Solution :
𝜋
1
𝜋/4 If 𝐼𝑛 = ‫׬‬04 tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ⇒ 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−2 =
⇒ 𝐼6 = ‫׬‬0 tan6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑛−1)

1
𝜋
𝜋 𝑛 = 6 ∶ 𝐼6 + 𝐼4 = 2 𝜋
𝐼0 = ‫׬‬0 1. 𝑑𝑥 = 5
A
4
4 +
1 5 4
𝑛 = 4: 𝐼4 + 𝐼2 =
3
𝐼2 = 1 − 𝐼0 = 1 − 𝜋
4 𝑛 = 2: 𝐼2 + 𝐼0 = 1 11 𝜋
B 15
−
4
1
𝐼4 = − 𝐼2 = 1 − 1 − 𝜋 = 𝜋 − 2
3 4 33 4
13 𝜋
C 15
−
4
1 1 𝜋 2 13 𝜋
𝐼6 = − 𝐼4 = − − = −
5 5 4 3 15 4
1 𝜋
⇒ 𝐼6 =
13
−
𝜋 D 4
+
4
15 4

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 2
The value of න 𝑥 3/2 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :
0

𝜋
A 4

𝜋
B 2

3𝜋
3
C 4
15

1 𝜋
D 4
+
4

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 2
The value of න 𝑥 3/2 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is :
0

Solution :

2
‫׬‬0 𝑥 3/2 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑥 = 2sin2 𝜃 𝜋
A 4
2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ‫׬‬0 23/2 sin3 𝜃. 2 cos 𝜃 . 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝜋
𝐼𝑚,𝑛 =
𝑚−1 𝑚−3 𝑚−5 … 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 …
⋅
𝜋
B 2
= 16 ‫׬‬0 sin4 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛−2 𝑚+𝑛−4 …. 2

4−1 4−3 2−1 𝜋 3

= 16.
4+2 4+2−2 4+2−4
.
2 C 15

𝜋
=
2 1 𝜋
D 4
+
4

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 Session 5
Leibnitz Theorem

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 Key Takeaways

Leibnitz Theorem:

ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑
If 𝑓(𝑥) = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Proof:
ℎ(𝑥) Let 𝑃 𝑡 = ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑓 ׬‬
𝐹(𝑥) = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑃′ 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡

𝐹 𝑥 =𝑃 ℎ 𝑥 − 𝑃 𝑔 𝑥 , differentiate w.r.t 𝑥

𝑑𝐹 𝑥
= 𝑃′ ℎ 𝑥 ℎ′(𝑥) − 𝑃′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝐹 𝑥
= 𝑓(ℎ 𝑥 )ℎ′(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
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 𝑥2
If 𝑓(𝑥) = ‫ 𝑥׬‬cos t 𝑑𝑡, then 𝑓′(𝑥) equals

Solution:
ℎ(𝑥)
x2
𝑓(𝑥) = ‫׬‬x cos t 𝑑𝑡, differentiate w.r.t x If 𝑓(𝑥) = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then
𝑔(𝑥)

𝑑
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 2 ⋅ 2𝑥 − cos 𝑥 . 1 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 − cos 𝑥

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 𝑥 1 1
Let ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 2 + ‫ 𝑡 𝑥׬‬2 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then 𝑓 ′ =
2
JEE Main Jan 2019

24
A 25

18
B 25

4
C 5

6
D 25

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 𝑥 1 1
Let ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 2 + ‫ 𝑡 𝑥׬‬2 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then 𝑓 ′ =
2
JEE Main Jan 2019
𝑥 1 1
Solution: Let ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 2 + ‫ 𝑡 𝑥׬‬2 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then 𝑓 ′ =
2

Differentiate both side w.r.t x

ℎ(𝑥)
If 𝑓(𝑥) = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
2𝑥 𝑑
⇒𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ (𝑥)
1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t x

2 1+𝑥 2 −4𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
1+𝑥 2 2

2−2𝑥 2
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
1+𝑥 2 2

1 24
𝑓′ =
2 25
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 𝑥 1 1
Let ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 2 + ‫ 𝑡 𝑥׬‬2 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then 𝑓 ′ =
2
JEE Main Jan 2019

24
A 25

18
B 25

4
C 5

6
D 25

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 Let a function 𝑓 ∶ 0,5 → ℝ be continuous , 𝑓 1 = 3 and 𝐹 be defined as: 𝐹 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑡
‫׬‬1 𝑡 2 𝑔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , where 𝑔 𝑡 = ‫׬‬1 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢. Then for the function 𝐹 the point 𝑥 = 1 is :
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution:
𝑥 ℎ(𝑥)
𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑡 2 𝑔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 If 𝑓(𝑥) = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then A a point of inflection
1 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑑 B Not a critical point

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

C A point of local maxima

𝐹′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2𝑔 𝑥

Since, 𝑔 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐹 ′ 1 = 0 D A point of local minima

Differentiate again w.r.t 𝑥

𝐹 ′′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑔′(𝑥)

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 Let a function 𝑓 ∶ 0,5 → ℝ be continuous , 𝑓 1 = 3 and 𝐹 be defined as: 𝐹 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑡
‫׬‬1 𝑡 2 𝑔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , where 𝑔 𝑡 = ‫׬‬1 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢. Then for the function 𝐹 the point 𝑥 = 1 is :
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution:
𝐹 ′′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑔′(𝑥) A a point of inflection

𝐹 ′′ 1 = 2𝑔 1 + 𝑔′ 1 = 3 > 0
B Not a critical point
𝑡
𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 C A point of local maxima

𝑔′ 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡
D A point of local minima

⇒ 𝑔′ 1 = 𝑓 1 = 3

𝑔 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐹′ 1 = 0

hence, 𝑥 = 1, is point of local minima

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 x
‫׬‬0 t sin 10t dt
lim is equal to:
x→0 𝑥
JEE Main Jan 2020

1
A 10

1
B 5

1
C −
5

D 0

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 x
‫׬‬0 t sin 10t dt
lim is equal to:
x→0 𝑥
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution:
𝑥
lim ‫׬‬0 𝑡 sin 10𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0
form
𝑥→0 0
𝑥
ℎ(𝑥)
Applying L. Hospital. rule If 𝑓(𝑥) = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then
𝑔(𝑥)

𝑑
𝑥 sin 10𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ (𝑥)
= lim 𝑑𝑥
𝑥→0 1

=0

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 x
‫׬‬0 t sin 10t dt
lim is equal to:
x→0 𝑥
JEE Main Jan 2020

1
A 10

1
B 5

1
C −
5

D 0

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 Modified Leibnitz Theorem:

ℎ(𝑥)
➢ If 𝐼 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then
𝑔(𝑥)

ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑 𝜕
𝐼 𝑥 =න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓 𝑥, ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥

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 𝑥2

If 𝑓(𝑥)= න 𝑥. 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡, 𝑥 ≠ 0, then find whether 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing

0

Solution:
𝑥2 ℎ(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = න 𝑥. 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 If 𝐼 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then
0 𝑔(𝑥)

ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥2 𝑑 𝜕
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = න 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑥. 𝑥 2 2 . 2𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 =න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓 𝑥, ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥
0

𝑥2
𝑡3
𝑓′ 𝑥 = + 2𝑥 6
3
0

𝑥6
𝑓′ 𝑥 = + 2𝑥 6
3

7𝑥 6
𝑓′ 𝑥 = >0 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is increasing.
3
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 𝑥2

If 𝑓(𝑥)= න 𝑥. 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡, 𝑥 ≠ 0, then find whether 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing or decreasing

0

Solution: Alternative Solution

𝑥2
ℎ(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 න 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
0
If 𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then
𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥2
𝑑 𝑥 2
𝑑
′
𝑓 𝑥 = න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑥 ⋅ 2
න 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥
0

𝑥2
𝑡3
𝑓′ 𝑥 = + 𝑥. 𝑥 2 2
⋅ 2𝑥
3
0

𝑥6
𝑓′ 𝑥 = + 2𝑥 6
3

7𝑥 6
𝑓′ 𝑥 = >0 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is increasing.
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 1
𝑥𝑎 − 1
𝑓(𝑎) = න 𝑑𝑥, then the value of 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3) is:
ln 𝑥
0

Solution:
1
𝑥𝑎 − 1 ℎ(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑎 =න 𝑑𝑥 If 𝐼(𝑥) = ‫𝑥 𝑓 )𝑥(𝑔׬‬, 𝑡 𝑑𝑡, then
ln 𝑥
0
1 ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑎 . ln 𝑥 𝑑 𝜕
′
𝑓 𝑎 =න 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 =න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓 𝑥, ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ (𝑥)
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥
0
1

𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = න 𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
0
1
′
𝑥 𝑎+1
𝑓 𝑎 =
𝑎+1 0

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 1
𝑥𝑎 − 1
𝑓(𝑎) = න 𝑑𝑥, then the value of 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3) is:
ln 𝑥
0

1
𝑥 𝑎+1
Solution: 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 =
𝑎+1
0

1
𝑓′ 𝑎 =
𝑎+1

Integrating both sides, we get

𝑓 𝑎 = ln 𝑎 + 1 + 𝑐

𝑓 𝑎 = ln 𝑎 + 1 (∵ 𝑓 0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 0)

𝑓 2 + 𝑓(3) = ln 3 + ln |4|

𝑓 2 + 𝑓(3) = ln 12
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 Key Takeaways

Definite Integral as limit of sum

➢ Let 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function defined on the interval 𝑎, 𝑏

𝑏 − 𝑎 = 𝑛ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑎 𝑎+ℎ 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)ℎ 𝑏

𝑏
Area = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ⋅ 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ ⋅ 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ + ⋯ + ℎ ⋅ 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 ℎ
𝑎 ℎ→0

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 Key Takeaways

Definite Integral as limit of sum

➢ Let 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous function defined on interval [𝑎, 𝑏]

𝑏
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
Area = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 − 𝑎 = 𝑛ℎ
𝑎

= lim (ℎ. 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ. 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ + ⋯ + ℎ. 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 ℎ )
ℎ→0

= lim (ℎ(𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 ℎ )
ℎ→0
𝑎+ 𝑛−1 ℎ 𝑏

𝑛−1
Area = lim ℎ. ෍ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) ab-Initio method
ℎ→0
𝑟=0

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 Key Takeaways

Definite Integral as limit of sum

𝑏 − 𝑎 = 𝑛ℎ
➢ Let 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous function defined on
interval [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑏 𝑛−1

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ. ෍ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)

ℎ→0
𝑎 𝑟=0

➢ Special case : If 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 1
1
𝑛ℎ = 1 ⇒ ℎ =
𝑛
As 𝑛 → ∞ ⇒ ℎ = 0
𝑏 𝑛−1 1 𝑛−1
1 𝑟
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ. ෍ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) ⇒ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ෍𝑓
ℎ→0 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 𝑟=0 0 𝑟=0

𝑟 1
➢ Replace →𝑥; → 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
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 1
Evaluate. න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Using ab-Initio method
0

Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛−1

𝑏

1
𝑛−1 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ෍ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)
ℎ→0
𝑎
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 lim ℎ ෍ 𝑓(𝑟ℎ)
= ℎ→0 𝑟=0
0 𝑟=0
𝑎=0 ,𝑏 = 1

= lim ℎ 0 + ℎ + 2ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 ℎ 𝑏 − 𝑎 = 𝑛ℎ = 1
ℎ→0

𝑛 𝑛−1 ℎ2
= lim
ℎ→0 2

𝑛2 ℎ2 −𝑛ℎ2 )
= lim (As 𝑛ℎ = 1)
ℎ→0 2

1−𝑛ℎ2 1−0 1
= lim = =
ℎ→0 2 2 2

1
1
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
0
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 Session 6
Definite Integrals as Limit of Sum

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 Key Takeaways
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Definite Integral as limit of sum

➢ Let 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function

defined on the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑎 = 𝑛ℎ

𝑏
Area = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ
𝑎

= lim ℎ ⋅ 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ + ⋯ + ℎ ⋅ 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 ℎ + ℎ ⋅ 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ
ℎ→0

= lim (ℎ 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 ℎ + 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ
ℎ→0

𝑏 𝑛

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ෍ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) ab – initio method

𝑎 ℎ→0
𝑟=1

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 Key Takeaways

Definite Integral as limit of sum 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑏 𝑛

➢ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ෍ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)

𝑎 ℎ→0
𝑟=1
𝑏 − 𝑎 = 𝑛ℎ
Special case : If 𝑎 = 0 , 𝑏 = 1
𝑎 𝑎 + ℎ 𝑎 + 2ℎ 𝑎+ 𝑛−1 ℎ 𝑏
1 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ
𝑛ℎ = 1 ⇒ ℎ = 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛
𝑏 1 1 𝑟
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ෍ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) ⇒ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ෍𝑓
ℎ→0 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 0 𝑟=1
𝑟=1

𝑟 1
➢ Replace →𝑥 ; → 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛

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 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1
lim + + + ⋯ + is equal to:
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 + 12 𝑛 2 + 22 𝑛 2 + 32 5𝑛
JEE Main Jan 2019

𝜋
A 4

B tan−1 3

𝜋
C 2

D tan−1 2

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 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1
lim + + + ⋯ + is equal to:
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 + 12 𝑛 2 + 22 𝑛 2 + 32 5𝑛
JEE Main Jan 2019
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1
Solution: lim + + + ⋯ + 𝜋
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 + 1 2 𝑛 2 + 22 𝑛 2 + 32 5𝑛 A 4

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= lim + 2 + 2 + ⋯+ 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 +1 2 𝑛 +2 2 𝑛 +3 2 𝑛 + 2𝑛 2
B tan−1 3
2𝑛 1
= lim 𝑛 ෍
𝑛→∞ 𝑟=1 𝑛2 + 𝑟 2 𝜋
C 2
1 2𝑛 1
= lim ෍ 𝑟 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑟=1 𝑟 2 → 𝑥; → 𝑑𝑥
1+ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 D tan−1 2
2
1
=න 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2

2
= tan−1 𝑥 0 = tan−1 2
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 Key Takeaways

Estimation of Definite Integrals(Sandwich Theorem):

➢ ℎ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 , then

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
‫ 𝑎׬‬ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑌

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥)

𝑂 𝑎 𝑏 𝑋
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 1 tan 𝑥
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥, then :
1+𝑥 2

𝜋
A 𝐼>
2

1 𝜋
B 2
ln 2 < 𝐼 <
2

1
C 𝐼 < ln 2
2

D 𝐼<0

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 1 tan 𝑥
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥, then :
1+𝑥 2

Solution :
𝜋
If ℎ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏], then A 𝐼>
2
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
‫ 𝑎׬‬ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬
1 𝜋
B 2
ln 2 < 𝐼 <
2
1 tan 𝑥
𝐼= ‫׬‬0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 < tan 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ (0,1)
C
1
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 tan 𝑥 1 2 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 < ln 2
‫׬‬0 1+𝑥 2 < ‫׬‬0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < ‫׬‬0 1+𝑥 2 2
0 < tan 𝑥 < tan 1
1 1 1 tan 𝑥 1
ln |1 + 𝑥 2 | < ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 < 2 tan−1 𝑥 0 0 < tan 𝑥 < tan 1 < 3 < 2 D 𝐼<0
2 0 1+𝑥 2

1 1 tan 𝑥 𝜋
ln 2 < ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 < 𝑥 < tan 𝑥 < 2 Sandwich Layers
2 1+𝑥 2 2

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 1
1
If 𝐼 = න 𝑑𝑥 , then :
0 1 + 𝑥6

𝜋
A 𝐼>
2

B 𝐼 > ln 2

C 𝐼 < ln 2

𝜋
D 𝐼<
2

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 1
1
If 𝐼 = න 𝑑𝑥 , then :
0 1 + 𝑥6
Solution :
𝑥 ∈ 0,1 ➢ ℎ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 , then
1 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑥6 < 𝑥 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1+𝑥 6
2 6 ‫ 𝑎׬‬ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬
−𝑥 < 𝑥 < 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬0 > ‫׬‬0 > ‫׬‬0 −𝑥 2 < 𝑥 6 < 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ (0,1)
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 6 1+𝑥

sin−1 𝑥 1
> 𝐼 > ln |1 + 𝑥| 1 Add 1 in the inequality
0 0

𝜋 1 − 𝑥2 < 1 + 𝑥6 < 1 + 𝑥
− 0 > 𝐼 > ln 2 − ln 1
2
𝜋 1 − 𝑥2 < 1 + 𝑥6 < 1 + 𝑥
> 𝐼 > ln 2
2
1 1 1
> >
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 6 1+𝑥

𝑔 𝑥 >𝑓 𝑥 >ℎ 𝑥
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 1
1
If 𝐼 = න 𝑑𝑥 , then :
0 1 + 𝑥6

𝜋
A 𝐼>
2

B 𝐼 > ln 2

C 𝐼 < ln 2

𝜋
D 𝐼<
2

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 Key Takeaways

Estimation of Definite Integrals(Sandwich Theorem):

If 𝑚 & 𝑀 be the global minimum and global maximum of 𝑓(𝑥) respectively in 𝑎, 𝑏 , then

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑌
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑀 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑚 𝑎׬‬

𝑏
𝑀
𝑚(𝑏 − 𝑎) ≤ ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑀(𝑏 − 𝑎) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑂 𝑎 𝑏 𝑋

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 𝑌
Key Takeaways
𝑓(𝑏)

Estimation of Definite Integrals:

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
➢ If 𝑓(𝑥) is monotonically increasing in 𝑎, 𝑏 , then
𝑓(𝑎)
𝑏
𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎 ≤ ‫ 𝑏 𝑏 𝑓 ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬− 𝑎 𝑂 𝑎 𝑋
𝑏

𝑌
➢ If 𝑓(𝑥) is monotonically decreasing
𝑓(𝑎)
in 𝑎, 𝑏 , then
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑏
𝑓 𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 ≤ ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝑓(𝑏)

𝑂 𝑎 𝑏 𝑋
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 3
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬1 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥, then show that 4 < 𝐼 < 2 30 :

Solution :

3 𝑏
𝐼 = ‫׬‬1 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎 ≤ ‫ 𝑏 𝑏 𝑓 ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬− 𝑎
Increasing
𝑥 ∈ 1,3 ⇒ ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 1,3

𝑓 1 ≤𝑓 𝑥 ≤𝑓 3 ⇒ 𝑥 3 is increasing

2 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 30 ⇒ 3 + 𝑥 3 is increasing

2(3 − 1) < ‫׬‬1

3
3 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 < 30 3 − 1 ⇒ 3 + 𝑥 3 is increasing

3
4 < ‫׬‬1 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 < 2 30

⇒ 4 < 𝐼 < 2 30

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 𝜋
sin 𝑥
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0
2 𝑑𝑥, then :
𝑥

A 𝐼<1

𝜋
B 𝐼>
2

𝜋
D 1<𝐼<
2

D 𝐼>𝜋

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 𝜋
sin 𝑥
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 2 𝑑𝑥, then :
𝑥

Solution :
𝜋
sin 𝑥
𝐼 = ‫׬‬02 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Decreasing
sin 𝑥 𝜋 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Let′s check, let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓
2
<
𝑥
< lim+
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥
cos 𝑥⋅𝑥 −sin 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝜋 sin sin 𝑥 𝜋
𝑥2 −0 𝜋
2
< ‫׬‬0
2 𝑑𝑥 < 1. −0
2 𝑥 2
2
cos 𝑥
= 𝑥 − tan 𝑥
𝑥2
𝜋
⇒1<𝐼<
>0 <0 2

⇒ 𝑓′ 𝑥 < 0

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 𝜋
sin 𝑥
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0
2 𝑑𝑥, then :
𝑥

A 𝐼<1

𝜋
B 𝐼>
2

𝜋
C 1<𝐼<
2

D 𝐼>𝜋

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 1 2
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, then :

Solution :

𝑒+1
A 𝐼 > 2𝑒 B 𝐼<𝑒 C 1<𝐼 <𝑒−1 D 𝐼<
2

𝑌
1 2
𝐼= ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

1<𝑓 𝑥 <𝑒 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
‫ 𝑎׬‬ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬
1
1 1 − 0 < ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑒 1 − 0
Increasing
1
function
⇒1<𝐼<𝑒

0 1 𝑋

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 1 2
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, then :

Solution :

𝑒+1
A 𝐼 > 2𝑒 B 𝐼<𝑒 C 1<𝐼 <𝑒−1 D 𝐼<
2

1 2 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑎׬‬ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬
𝑌
2 2
𝑒 𝑥 < 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 2 < 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0,1 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

1 2 1
1 < ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 1 + 𝑒 − 1 .1
2

1 2 𝑒+1
1 < ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 <
2
1
𝑒+1
⇒1<𝐼<
2 1<𝐼<𝑒
𝑋
0 1
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 1 2
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, then :

Solution :

𝑒+1
A 𝐼 > 2𝑒 B 𝐼<𝑒 C 1<𝐼 <𝑒−1 D 𝐼<
2

1 2 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫ 𝑎׬‬ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑌
2
2 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 < 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 2 < 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0,1

1 2 1
1 < ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2
1 < ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 𝑒 − 1 1

1<𝐼 <𝑒−1 1<𝐼<𝑒

𝑒+1
1<𝐼< 𝑋
2 0 1
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 Key Takeaways

Estimation of Definite Integrals:

𝑌
𝑏 𝑏
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
➢ ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ‫𝑓| 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 |𝑑𝑥
𝑙

𝑙 − 𝑚 ≤ 𝑙 + 𝑚 ; 𝑙, 𝑚 > 0 𝑂 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑋

Equality holds when 𝑓(𝑥) lies completely

Note :
above or below 𝑥-axis

𝑌
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥

𝑙
+𝑚
𝑂 𝑎 𝑏 𝑋

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 𝜋Τ 𝜋Τ
If 𝐼1 = ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ3 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼2 = ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ3 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , then :
4 4

A 𝐼1 > 𝐼2 > 1

B 𝐼1 < 𝐼2 < 1

C 𝐼1 = 𝐼2

D 𝐼1 < 1 < 𝐼2

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 𝜋Τ 𝜋Τ
If 𝐼1 = ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ3 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼2 = ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ3 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , then :
4 4

Solution : 𝜋Τ
⇒ 𝐼2 = ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ3 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
𝜋Τ
3
𝐼1 = ‫׬‬ −𝜋Τ4
tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
𝑌
3
𝐼1 = ln sec 𝑥 𝜋
−
4
𝑦 = tan 𝑥
= ln 2 − ln 2
𝜋
4
⇒ 𝐼1 = ln 2
𝑋
0 𝜋
3

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 𝜋Τ 𝜋Τ
If 𝐼1 = ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ3 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼2 = ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ3 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , then :
4 4

Solution :

𝜋Τ
𝐼1 = ln 2 𝑌
3
𝐼2 = ‫׬‬ −𝜋Τ4
tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼2 = ln 2 2
𝜋Τ
0
= − ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 3
tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = |tan 𝑥 |
4
𝜋Τ
0 3
𝐼2 = − ln sec 𝑥 −𝜋Τ4 + ln sec 𝑥 0

= − ln 1 − ln 2 + ln 2 − ln 1 𝑋
𝜋 0 𝜋
⇒ 𝐼2 = ln 2 2 4 3

A 𝐼1 > 𝐼2 > 1 B 𝐼1 < 𝐼2 < 1

C 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 D 𝐼1 < 1 < 𝐼2
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 Session 7
Miscellaneous Problems

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 1 1
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 , then :
2

1 1
A 𝐼 > + − ln 2
2 𝑒

1 1
B 𝐼 < + − ln 2
2 𝑒

1 1
C 𝐼 = + − ln 2
2 𝑒

D Can′t determine

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 1 1
If 𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 , then :
2

Solution :

1 1 𝑏 𝑏 1 1
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
2
‫𝑥𝑑| 𝑥 𝑓| 𝑎׬ ≤ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬ A 𝐼 > + − ln 2
2 𝑒

1 1 1 1
‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 < ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 1 1
B 𝐼 < + − ln 2
2 𝑒

1 1
⇒ ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 1 1
2
C 𝐼 = + − ln 2
2 𝑒
ln 2 1 1 1
= ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 − ‫׬‬ln 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑥 ln 2 𝑥 1
D Can′t determine
= −𝑒 −𝑥 − − −𝑒 −𝑥 −
2 0 2 ln 2

1−ln 2 1 ln 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + − = + − ln 2 ⇒ ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 < + − ln 2
2 𝑒 2 2 𝑒 2 2 𝑒

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 𝑥
1 ln 𝑡
If 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 ,𝑓 𝑥 =න 𝑑𝑡 . Then 𝐹 𝑒 equals :
𝑥
1 1+𝑡
AIEEE 2007

1
A 2 B 𝟎 C 𝟏 D 𝟐

Solution 𝐹 𝑒 = 𝑓 𝑒 + 𝑓 1
𝑒
: 1
𝑒 𝑒 ln 𝑡
ln 𝑡
𝐹 𝑒 =න 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑑𝑡
1 1+𝑡 1 1+𝑡

1
Let 𝑡 = 1
If 𝑡 = ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑡=1⇒𝑧=1
𝑧 𝑒
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑧
𝑧2

𝑒 𝑒 ln
1
𝐹 𝑒 =න
ln 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑧 ⋅ − 1 𝑑𝑧
1 1+𝑡 1 1+
1 𝑧2
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 𝑥
1 ln 𝑡
If 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 ,𝑓 𝑥 =න 𝑑𝑡 . Then 𝐹 𝑒 equals :
𝑥
1 1+𝑡
AIEEE 2007

𝑒 𝑒 ln
1 𝑒 𝑒
ln 𝑡 𝑧 1 ln 𝑡 ln 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Solution : 𝐹 𝑒 =න 𝑑𝑡 + න
1
⋅ − 2 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑒 = න 𝑑𝑡 + න
1 1+𝑡 1 1+ 𝑧 1 1+𝑡 1 1+𝑧 𝑧
𝑧
𝑒 𝑒
ln 𝑡 ln 𝑡
⇒𝐹 𝑒 =න 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑑𝑡
1 1 + 𝑡 1 𝑡 1 + 𝑡

𝑒 𝑒
ln 𝑡 1 ln 𝑡 1+𝑡
=න 1+ 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑑𝑡
1 1+𝑡 𝑡 1 1+𝑡 𝑡

𝑒
ln 𝑡
=න 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑡

𝑑𝑡
Let ln 𝑡 = 𝑢 ⇒ = 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
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 𝑥
1 ln 𝑡
If 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 ,𝑓 𝑥 =න 𝑑𝑡 . Then 𝐹 𝑒 equals :
𝑥
1 1+𝑡
AIEEE 2007
𝑒
ln 𝑡
Solution : 𝐹 𝑒 =න 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑡

𝑑𝑡
Let ln 𝑡 = 𝑢 ⇒ = 𝑑𝑢
𝑡

𝑡=1⇒𝑢=0

𝑡=𝑒⇒𝑢=1

1 1
𝑢2 1
𝐹 𝑒 = න 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑢 = =
0 2 0
2

1
𝐹 𝑒 =
2

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 1 1
If 𝐼1 = න 1 − 𝑥 50 100
𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = න 1 − 𝑥 50 101
𝑑𝑥 , such that 𝐼2 = 𝛼𝐼1 ,
0 0
then 𝛼 equals :
JEE Main Sept. 2020

5051
A 5050

𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟎
B 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟗

𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟗
C 𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟎

D 𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟎
𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟏

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 1 1
If 𝐼1 = න 1 − 𝑥 50 100
𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = න 1 − 𝑥 50 101
𝑑𝑥 , such that 𝐼2 = 𝛼𝐼1 ,
0 0
then 𝛼 equals :
JEE Main Sept. 2020
1
Solution : 𝐼2 = න 1 ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 50 101
𝑑𝑥 ‫𝑢 ׬‬. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬− ‫׬‬
𝑑𝑢
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬
0 𝑑𝑥 5051
𝐼 𝐷 A 5050
1
1
𝐼2 = 𝑥 ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 50 101
− න 101 𝑥 ⋅ −50𝑥 49 ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 50 100
𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟎
1
B
𝐼2 = 0 + 5050 න 𝑥 50 ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 50 100
𝑑𝑥 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟗
0
1
𝐼2 = −5050 න 1 − 𝑥 50 − 1 ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 50 100
𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 50 = − 1 − 𝑥 50
𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟗
0 C 𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟎
1 1
𝐼2 = −5050 න 1 − 𝑥 50 101
𝑑𝑥 + 5050 න 1 − 𝑥 50 100
𝑑𝑥
0 0
D 𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟎
𝐼2 = −5050𝐼2 + 5050𝐼1 𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟏

5050 5050
𝐼2 = 𝐼 ∴𝛼=
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 𝜋
sin 𝑛𝑥
If 𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, ⋯ , then :
−𝜋 1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
IIT-JEE 2009
10

A 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+2 B ෍ 𝐼2𝑚+1 = 10 𝜋
𝑚=1

10

C ෍ 𝐼2𝑚 = 0 D 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+1
𝑚=1

𝜋 𝑎 𝑎
sin 𝑛𝑥
Solution : 𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋 1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥 −𝑎 0

𝜋
sin 𝑛𝑥 −sin 𝑛𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = න + 𝑑
0 1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1 + 𝜋 −𝑥 (− sin 𝑥)

𝜋
sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑛𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = න + 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
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 𝜋
sin 𝑛𝑥
If 𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, ⋯ , then :
−𝜋 1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
IIT-JEE 2009
𝜋
sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑛𝑥
Solution : 𝐼𝑛 = න
1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
+
1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
0 A 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+2

𝜋 10
sin 𝑛𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥 B ෍ 𝐼2𝑚+1 = 10 𝜋

0 sin 𝑥 𝑚=1

10

𝜋 C ෍ 𝐼2𝑚 = 0
sin(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑚=1

𝐼𝑛+2 − 𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥
0 sin 𝑥
D 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+1

𝜋 𝐶−𝐷 𝐶+𝐷
sin 𝑛𝑥
𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
0 sin 𝑥 2 2

𝜋
sin(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥
𝐼𝑛+2 − 𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥
0 sin 𝑥
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 𝜋
sin 𝑛𝑥
If 𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, ⋯ , then :
−𝜋 1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
IIT-JEE 2009
𝜋 𝜋
sin(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑛 + 1 𝑥
Solution : 𝐼𝑛+2 − 𝐼𝑛 = න
sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
0 0 sin 𝑥 A 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+2
𝜋
sin 𝑛 + 1 𝑥 =0
10

𝐼𝑛+2 − 𝐼𝑛 = 2 B ෍ 𝐼2𝑚+1 = 10 𝜋
𝑛+1 0
𝑚=1

𝐼𝑛+2 = 𝐼𝑛 10

C ෍ 𝐼2𝑚 = 0
𝑚=1
𝜋
Put 𝑛 = 1 ⇒ 𝐼1 = න 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋
0 D 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+1
10
∴ 𝐼1 = 𝐼3 = 𝐼5 = ⋯ = 𝜋 ⇒ ෍ 𝐼2𝑚+1 = 10𝜋
𝑚=1

𝜋 𝜋
sin 2𝑥 𝜋
Put 𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝐼2 = න 𝑑𝑥 = න 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 =0
0 sin 𝑥 0 0
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 𝜋
sin 𝑛𝑥
If 𝐼𝑛 = න 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, ⋯ , then :
−𝜋 1 + 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
IIT-JEE 2009
𝜋 𝜋
sin 2𝑥 𝜋
Solution : Put 𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝐼2 = න 𝑑𝑥 = න 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 =0
0 sin 𝑥 0 0 A 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+2

∴ 𝐼2 = 𝐼4 = 𝐼6 = ⋯ = 0 B σ10
𝑚=1 𝐼2𝑚+1 = 10𝜋

10

⇒ ෍ 𝐼2𝑚 = 0 C σ10
𝑚=1 𝐼2𝑚 =0
𝑚=1

D 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛+1

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 ln 3
𝑥 sin 𝑥 2
The value of න 𝑑𝑥 , equals :
ln 2 sin 𝑥 2 + sin(ln 6 − 𝑥 2 )
IIT JEE 2011

1 3
A 4
ln
2

1 3
B 2
ln
2

3
C ln
2

1 3
D 6
ln
2

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 ln 3
𝑥 sin 𝑥 2
The value of න 𝑑𝑥 , equals :
ln 2 sin 𝑥 2 + sin(ln 6 − 𝑥 2 )
IIT JEE 2011
Solution : ln 3
𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑡
Let 𝐼 = න 𝑑𝑥
ln 2 sin 𝑥 2 + sin(ln 6 − 𝑥 2 ) ⇒ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 1 3
A 4
ln
2

1 ln 3 sin 𝑡 𝑏 𝑏
𝐼= න 𝑑𝑡 ⋯ (𝑖) න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 ln 2 sin 𝑡 + sin ln 6 − 𝑡 𝑎 𝑎 1 3
B 2
ln
2

1 ln 3 sin ln 6 − 𝑡
𝐼= න 𝑑𝑡 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖) 𝑡 → ln 6 − 𝑡
2 ln 2 sin 𝑡 + sin ln 6 − 𝑡 3
C ln
2

𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒
1 3
D ln
6 2
ln 3
1 1 3
2𝐼 = න 1 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝐼 = ln
2 ln 2 4 2
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 2𝜋
find න sin 2𝑥 (1 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑡 denotes greatest integer function is :
0
JEE Main April 2019

A 2𝜋

B 𝜋

C −2𝜋

D −𝜋

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 2𝜋
find න sin 2𝑥 (1 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑡 denotes greatest integer function is :
0
JEE Main April 2019
Solution : 2𝜋 𝑏 𝑏
𝐼= න sin 2𝑥 (1 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖) න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑎 𝑎

2𝜋
𝐼=න sin 4𝜋 − 2𝑥 1 + cos 6𝜋 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 → 2𝜋 − 𝑥
0

2𝜋
𝐼=න − sin 2𝑥 (1 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
0

Adding 𝑖 and (𝑖𝑖)

2𝜋
2𝐼 = න − sin 2𝑥 (1 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + −𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 ∉ 𝐼
0

2𝜋
2𝐼 = න sin 2𝑥 1 + cos 3𝑥 + − sin 2𝑥 1 + cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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 2𝜋
find න sin 2𝑥 (1 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑡 denotes greatest integer function is :
0
JEE Main April 2019
Solution :
2𝜋
2𝐼 = න sin 2𝑥 1 + cos 3𝑥 + − sin 2𝑥 1 + cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 A 2𝜋
0

2𝜋
2𝐼 = න −1 𝑑𝑥 B 𝜋
0

⇒ 𝐼 = −𝜋 C −2𝜋

D −𝜋

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 Given 𝑓 is an odd function defined everywhere ,periodic with period
𝑥
2 and integrable on every interval. Let 𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 . Then :
0

Solution : Given 𝑓 is an odd function defined 𝑔 2𝑛 = 0, for every

A integer 𝑛
everywhere, periodic with period 2
𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 B 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function
0
Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 & 𝑓 𝑥 have same
C period
𝑔′ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) → odd
D 𝑔 𝑥 is an odd
Since 𝑓 is odd ⇒ 𝑔(𝑥) is an even function function

If 𝑔 𝑥 is even, 𝑔 −𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥

⇒ −𝑔′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ 𝑥

⇒ 𝑔′ −𝑥 = −𝑔′ 𝑥 → odd

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 Given 𝑓 is an odd function defined everywhere ,periodic with period
𝑥
2 and integrable on every interval. Let 𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 . Then :
0

Solution : If 𝑔 𝑥 is even, 𝑔 −𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 2𝑛 = 0, for every

A integer 𝑛
⇒ −𝑔′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ 𝑥
B 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function
⇒ 𝑔′ −𝑥 = −𝑔′ 𝑥 → odd
𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 & 𝑓 𝑥 have same
C
𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑔(𝑥) is an even function period
0
2
D 𝑔 𝑥 is an odd
Let 𝑛 = 1, 𝑔 2𝑛 = 𝑔 2 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 function
0
2 1 2
න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 →2+𝑡 𝑡 → 2 + 𝑧, if
0 0 1
𝑡 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧 = −1
2 1 0 𝑡=2⇒𝑧=0
න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑓 𝑧 + 2 𝑑𝑡
Return To Top 0 0 −1
 Given 𝑓 is an odd function defined everywhere ,periodic with period
𝑥
2 and integrable on every interval. Let 𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 . Then :
0

2 1 0 𝑔 2𝑛 = 0, for every
Solution : A
න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑓 𝑡 + 2 𝑑𝑡 integer 𝑛
0 0 −1

2 1 0 B 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function
න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∵𝑓 𝑡+2 =𝑓 𝑡
0 0 −1 𝑔 𝑥 & 𝑓 𝑥 have same
C period
𝑡 = −𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑑𝑧, If 𝑡 = −1 ⇒ 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 0
D 𝑔 𝑥 is an odd
1 0
function
= න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න −𝑓 −𝑧 𝑑𝑧
0 1
1
= න 𝑓 𝑡 + 𝑓 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
2
න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 (∵ 𝑓 𝑥 is an odd function, ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 −𝑥 = 0)
0
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 Given 𝑓 is an odd function defined everywhere ,periodic with period
𝑥
2 and integrable on every interval. Let 𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 . Then :
0

2𝑛 2 𝑥
Solution : 𝑔 2𝑛 = 0, for every
𝑔 2𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑛 න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 A integer 𝑛
0 0 0

𝑛𝑇 𝑇 B 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function
⇒ 𝑔 2𝑛 = 0 ∀ ℤ ∵ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑔 𝑥 & 𝑓 𝑥 have same
𝑥+𝑇 C period
𝑔 𝑥+𝑇 =න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
D 𝑔 𝑥 is an odd
Let 𝑇 = 2 function

𝑥+2 𝑥
𝑛𝑇+𝑎 𝑎
𝑔 𝑥+2 =න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑥 ∵න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝑛𝑇 0
𝑔 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑔 𝑥 is periodic with period 2 ⇒ 𝑇 = 2

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 1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 1004
𝑑𝑥
2010
The value of 2 0 is :
1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 2010 1004
𝑑𝑥
0

A 1005

B 2010

C 4020

D 8040

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 1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 1004
𝑑𝑥
The value of 2 2010 0 is :
1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 2010 1004
𝑑𝑥
0

Solution : 1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 1004
𝑑𝑥
2010
Let 𝐼 = 2
0
1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 2010 1004
𝑑𝑥
0
1
1/2
Let 𝐼1 = න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 1004
𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 1004
𝑑𝑥
0
0

1
and 𝐼2 = න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 2010 1004
𝑑𝑥
0

Putting 𝑥 1005 = 𝑡 ⇒ 1005𝑥 1004 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

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 1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 1004
𝑑𝑥
The value of 2 2010 0 is :
1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 2010 1004
𝑑𝑥
0

Solution : Putting 𝑥 1005 = 𝑡 ⇒ 1005𝑥 1004 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

1
1
⇒ න 1 − 𝑡2 1004
𝑑𝑡
1005 0
1 𝑎 𝑎
1 1004
= න 𝑡 2−𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∵ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1005 0 0 0

1
1 1004
= න 𝑡 1004 2 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1005 0

Now put 𝑡 = 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑑𝑦

1/2
𝐼2 = 2 1004 1004
න 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1005 0
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 1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 1004
𝑑𝑥
The value of 2 2010 0 is :
1
න 𝑥 1004 1 − 𝑥 2010 1004
𝑑𝑥
0

1/2
Solution : 𝐼2 = 2 1004 1004
න 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1005 0
A 1005
1/2
2 1004 1004
𝐼2 = ⋅2 ⋅2 න 𝑦1004 1 − 𝑦 1004
𝑑𝑦
1005 0
B 2010
1/2
1 2009
= ⋅2 න 𝑦1004 1 − 𝑦 1004
𝑑𝑦
1005 0

1
= 22008 𝐼1 C 4020
1005

𝐼1 1005
⇒ =
𝐼2 22008 D 8040
𝐼1
⇒ 22010 = 4 ⋅ 1005 = 4020
Return To Top 𝐼2
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2
Suppose 𝐼1 = න cos 𝜋 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼2 = න cos 2𝜋 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼3 = න cos 𝜋 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , then
0 0 0

A 𝐼1 = 0

B 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0

C 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0

D 𝐼2 = 𝐼3

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 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2
Suppose 𝐼1 = න cos 𝜋 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼2 = න cos 2𝜋 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼3 = න cos 𝜋 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , then
0 0 0

𝜋
2
Solution : We have 𝐼1 = න cos 𝜋 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,
0
𝜋
2
⇒ 𝐼1 = න cos 𝜋 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,
0

On adding,
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
⇒ 2𝐼1 = න cos 𝜋 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න cos 𝜋 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,
0 0
𝜋
2 𝜋 𝜋
= න 2 cos ⋅ cos cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0 2 2

⇒ 𝐼1 = 0

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 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2
Suppose 𝐼1 = න cos 𝜋 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼2 = න cos 2𝜋 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝐼3 = න cos 𝜋 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , then
0 0 0

Solution : ⇒ 𝐼1 = 0 𝜋
2
Now, 𝐼2 = න cos{𝜋 1 − cos 2𝑥 }𝑑𝑥 , A 𝐼1 = 0
0
𝜋
2
= − න cos 𝜋 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , B 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0
0

1 𝜋
= − න cos 𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,
2 0
C 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0
(Put 2𝑥 = 𝑡)
𝜋
2 2
= − න cos 𝜋 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐼3 ⇒ 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0
2 0 D 𝐼2 = 𝐼3

Hence, 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0
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 Session 8
Miscellaneous Problems

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 Let 𝑓 be a real valued function defined on the interval (−1,1), such that
𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 +න 𝑡 4 + 1 𝑑𝑡 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1,1 and let 𝑓 −1 be the inverse function of 𝑓
0
Then, 𝑓 −1 ′
2 =
IIT JEE 2010

A 1

1
B 2

1
C 3

1
D 𝑒

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 Let 𝑓 be a real valued function defined on the interval (−1,1), such that
𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 +න 𝑡 4 + 1 𝑑𝑡 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1,1 and let 𝑓 −1 be the inverse function of 𝑓
0
Then, 𝑓 −1 ′
2 =
IIT JEE 2012
𝑥
Solution: 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 + න 𝑡 4 + 1 𝑑𝑡 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
0

𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑒 + 𝑒 න 𝑡 4 + 1 𝑑𝑡
0

⇒ 𝑓 0 = 2 after putting 𝑥 = 0 in the function

1
𝑓 −1 ′
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑓′ 𝑥

1
⇒ 𝑓 −1 ′
𝑓 0 =
𝑓′ 0

1
⇒ 𝑓 −1 ′
2 =
𝑓′ 0
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 Let 𝑓 be a real valued function defined on the interval (−1,1), such that
𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 +න 𝑡 4 + 1 𝑑𝑡 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −1,1 and let 𝑓 −1 be the inverse function of 𝑓
0
Then, 𝑓 −1 ′
2 =
IIT JEE 2012
𝑥
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 න 𝑡 4 + 1 𝑑𝑡
0
A 1
Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥 ,

𝑥 1
′ 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑒 + 𝑒 න 𝑥
𝑡4 + 1 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥4 +1 B 2
0

𝑓′ 0 = 3 1
C 3
1
⇒ 𝑓 −1 ′
2 =
𝑓′ 0
1
D 𝑒
1
⇒ 𝑓 −1 ′
2 =
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 𝜋ൗ
2
If function 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies the relation 𝑓 𝑥 − 3 න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑥
0
Then 𝑓 𝑥 is :
Solution: Given, 𝜋ൗ
2
𝑓 𝑥 − 3න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑥
0
𝜋ൗ
2
𝑓 𝑥 − 3න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑥
0
𝜋ൗ
2
𝑓 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 න cos 𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑥
0

𝑘
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 3𝑘 + 1 𝑖
𝜋ൗ
2
𝑘=න cos 𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝜋ൗ
2
=න cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 (3𝑘 + 1) 𝑑𝑡
0
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 𝜋ൗ
2
If function 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies the relation 𝑓 𝑥 − 3 න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑥
0
Then 𝑓 𝑥 is :
Solution: Given,
𝜋ൗ
2
𝑘=න cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 (3𝑘 + 1) 𝑑𝑡
0

𝜋ൗ
3𝑘 + 1 2
= න sin 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0

𝜋
3𝑘+1 cos 2𝑡 2
= −
2 2 0

3𝑘+1
⇒𝑘=
2

⇒ 𝑘 = −1 put into equation first, then we get

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 = −2 sin 𝑥

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 2
Show thatන sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑐 cos 𝑐 , for some 𝑐 ∈ 0,2
0
2
Solution: Given, න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑐 cos 𝑐
0

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = නsin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 is continuous and differentiable in (0,2)

2
∴ න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 2 − 𝑓(0)
0

By L.M.V.T

𝑓′ 𝑐 = 𝑓 2 −𝑓(0)
for some 𝑐 ∈ 0,2
2−0

⇒ 2𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 𝑓 2 − 𝑓(0)
2
2 sin 𝑐 cos 𝑐 =න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
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 For 𝑎 ∈ ℝ (the set of all real number, 𝑎 ≠ 1,
1𝑎 + 2𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑎 1
60 . Then 𝑎 =
lim 𝑎−1
=
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛𝑎 + 1 + 𝑛𝑎 + 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑛
IIT JEE Advanced 2013
Solution: Given,
1𝑎 +2𝑎 +⋯+𝑛𝑎 1
lim = 7
𝑛+1 𝑎−1 𝑛𝑎+1 + 𝑛𝑎+2 +⋯+ 𝑛𝑎+𝑛 60
𝑛→∞
A 5 B
𝑛
෍ 𝑟𝑎
𝑟=1 1
⇒ = 15 17
C D
𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑛+1 𝑎−1 ⋅ 𝑛2 𝑎 + 60 − −
2 2 2

𝑛 𝑟 𝑎
2෍
𝑟=1 𝑛 1
⇒ 1 𝑎−1 =
1+
𝑛
⋅ 2𝑛𝑎 + 𝑛 +1 60

2 𝑛 𝑟 𝑎
෍
𝑛 𝑟=1 𝑛 1
⇒ 1 𝑎−1
=
1+ ⋅ 2𝑎 + 1 +
1 60
𝑛 𝑛

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 For 𝑎 ∈ ℝ (the set of all real number, 𝑎 ≠ 1,
1𝑎 + 2𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑎 1
60 . Then 𝑎 =
lim 𝑎−1
=
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛𝑎 + 1 + 𝑛𝑎 + 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑛
IIT JEE 2013
Solution: Given,
2 𝑛 𝑟 𝑎
෍ 7
⇒
𝑛 𝑟=1 𝑛
=
1 A 5 B
1 𝑎−1 1 60
1+ ⋅ 2𝑎 + 1 +
𝑛 𝑛

1 15 17
2 න 𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 C −
2 D −
2
0 1
⇒ =
2𝑎 + 1 60

2 1
⇒ =
(2𝑎 + 1) 𝑎+1 60

⇒ 120 = (2𝑎 + 1) 𝑎 + 1

⇒ 2𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 119 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 = 7, −17/2
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 2
If 𝑆 be the area of region enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
1. Then
IIT JEE 2012

1
A 𝑆≥
𝑒

1
B 𝑆 ≥1−
𝑒

1 1
C 𝑆≤ 1+
4 𝑒

1 1 1
D 𝑆≤
2
+
𝑒
1−
2

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 2
If 𝑆 be the area of region enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
1. Then
IIT JEE 2012
Solution: Given,
1
2
Let,𝑆 =න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 1 1
A1 = 2
−𝑥 2 ≤ 0
2
⇒ 𝑒 −𝑥 ≤ 1 1
𝑒 −2 A2 =
1
1−
1
𝑒 2
1
2 𝑆
⇒ න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 1
0
1
2 2 0 1
𝑥 ≤𝑥 ⇒−𝑥 ≥−𝑥 2

2
⇒ 𝑒 −𝑥 ≥ 𝑒 −𝑥
1
−𝑥
⇒ 𝑆 ≥ න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 1
0 =−
1
−1 ⇒𝑆 ≥1−
1
0 𝑒 𝑒

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 2
If 𝑆 be the area of region enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
1. Then
IIT JEE 2012
Solution: 1
−𝑥
⇒ 𝑆 ≥ න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0
1
1
1 1 A1 =
= − 𝑒 −𝑥 0 =− −1 2
𝑒

1 1
⇒𝑆 ≥1− 𝑒 −2 1 1
𝑒 A2 = 𝑒
1−
2

A1 =
1 𝑆
2

1 1 1
A2 = 1− 0
𝑒 2 2 1

A1 + A2 ≥ 𝑆

1 1 1
⇒𝑆≤ ×1+ × 1−
2 𝑒 2

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 2
If 𝑆 be the area of region enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
1. Then
IIT JEE 2012

1
A 𝑆≥
𝑒

1
B 𝑆 ≥1− 𝑆≥
1
𝑒
𝑒

1 1
C 𝑆≤ 1+
4 𝑒

1 1 1
D 𝑆≤
2
+
𝑒
1−
2

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 −5
2/3 2 2
Evaluate න 𝑒 𝑥+5 2 9 𝑥−
+ 3න 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
1/3
−4

Solution: Given,
−5
2/3 2 2
𝑥+5 2 9 𝑥−
𝐼= න 𝑒 + 3න 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
2
−4
1/3
𝑒 𝑡 is non integrable
−5 2/3 𝐼2 → Let 3𝑥 − 2 = −𝑡
𝑥+5 2 3𝑥−2 2
= න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 3 න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
−4 1/3 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −
3
𝐼1 𝐼2 2
Upper limit 3 ⋅ − 2 = −𝑡 → 𝑡 = 0
𝐼1 → Let 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑦
3
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 Lower limit 3 ⋅ − 2 = −𝑡 → 𝑡 = 1
3

Upper limit −5 + 5 = 𝑦 → 𝑦 = 0
Lower limit −4 + 5 = 𝑦 → 𝑦 = 1
0 0
2 2
⇒ 𝐼 = න 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − න 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
1 1
Return To Top Because both the integrals are same.
 1 1
𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑡
If න 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎, then find the value of න 2
𝑑𝑡 in term of 𝑎.
0 1 + 𝑡 0 1+𝑡

Solution: Given,
1
𝑒𝑡
𝑎=න 𝑑𝑡
0 1 + 𝑡
1
1 𝑑𝑢
= න 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∵ ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬ 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑢 ׬‬− ‫׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬
𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑡
𝐼
𝐷
1
1 𝑡
1 𝑒𝑡
𝑎= 𝑒 +න 2
𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡 0 0 1+𝑡
1
𝑒 𝑒𝑡
⇒ 𝑎 = − 1 +න 2
𝑑𝑡
2 1+𝑡
0
1
𝑒𝑡
⇒න 2
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 + 1 − 𝑒
0 1+𝑡 2

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 ∞
𝑑𝑥
Compute න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 −𝑛 log 𝑥
0 𝑥
Solution: Given, ∞
𝑑𝑥
Let, 𝐼 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 −𝑛 log 𝑥
0 𝑥

𝑑𝑡
0
−𝑛 𝑛
1 − 𝑡2 Let 𝑡 =
1
⇒𝑥=
1
= න 𝑓 𝑡 +𝑡 ln
𝑡 1 𝑥 𝑡
∞
𝑡 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡
∞ 𝑡2
𝑑𝑡
= − න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑛 + 𝑡 −𝑛 ln 𝑡 Lower limit 𝑥 → 0 , 𝑡 → ∞
0 𝑡
Upper limit 𝑥 → ∞ , 𝑡 → 0
=−𝐼

⇒ 2𝐼 = 0

⇒𝐼=0

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 ∞
𝑑𝑥
Computeන 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 −𝑛 log 𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2

1
2
A 1 B C 0 D 𝑒

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 ∞
𝑑𝑥
Computeන 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 −𝑛 log 𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2

∞
𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐼 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 −𝑛 log 𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2
1 1
𝑑𝑡 Let 𝑡 = ⇒𝑥=
𝑡
0
−𝑛 𝑛
1 − 𝑡2 𝑥

= න 𝑓 𝑡 +𝑡 ln
𝑡 1+ 1 1
∞ ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2 𝑡2

∞ Lower limit 𝑥 → 0 , 𝑡 → ∞
𝑑𝑡
= − න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑛 + 𝑡 −𝑛 ln 𝑡
0 1 + 𝑡2 Upper limit 𝑥 → ∞ , 𝑡 → 0

=−𝐼

⇒ 2𝐼 = 0

⇒𝐼=0 2 1
A 1 B C 0 D 𝑒
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 𝑒
1 1
Compute න sin 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
1/𝑒 𝑥 𝑥

𝑒
1 1
Solution: Let 𝐼 = න sin 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
1/𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
1ൗ
𝑒 1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = න 𝑡 sin −𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 𝑡 𝑡2
1 1
1ൗ
𝑒1 1 Let 𝑡 = ⇒𝑥=
𝑡
𝑥
= න 𝑡
sin 𝑡 −
𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑒 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
𝑒 1
1 1 Lower limit 𝑥 → 𝑒 , 𝑡 → 𝑒
= −න sin 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡
1ൗ 𝑡 𝑡 1
𝑒
Upper limit 𝑥 → 𝑒 , 𝑡 → 𝑒
=−𝐼

⇒ 2𝐼 = 0

⇒𝐼=0
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 𝑥
2
If 𝑓 𝑥 = න 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, ∞ , then
0
IIT JEE 2012

A 𝑓 has a local maximum at 𝑥 = 2

B 𝑓 is decreasing on (2,3)

C 𝑓 has a local minimum at 𝑥 = 3

There exists some 𝑐 ∈ (0, ∞) ,

D such that 𝑓 ′′ c = 0

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 𝑥
2
If 𝑓 𝑥 = න 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, ∞ , then
0
IIT JEE 2012
Solution: Given,
𝑥
2
𝑓 𝑥 = න 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, ∞ A 𝑓 has a local maximum at 𝑥 = 2
0

Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 B 𝑓 is decreasing on (2,3)

2
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3 = 0
+ − +
C 𝑓 has a local minimum at 𝑥 = 3
⇒ 𝑥 = 2,3
2 3 There exists some 𝑐 ∈ (0, ∞) ,
∴ 𝑓 has a local maxima at 𝑥 = 2, local minima at 𝑥 = 3 D such that 𝑓 ′′ c = 0
and decreasing on (2,3)

𝑓′(𝑥) is continuous and differentiable

𝑓′ 2 = 𝑓′ 3 = 0

∴ 𝑓 ′′ 𝑐 = 0 for some 𝑐 ∈ (2,3) → by Rolle′s theorem

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 𝑥
2
If 𝑓 𝑥 = න 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, ∞ , then
0
IIT JEE 2012

𝑓 has a local maximum at

A 𝑥=2

B 𝑓 is decreasing𝑆on 1
≥ (2,3)
𝑒

𝑓 has a local minimum at

C 𝑥=3

There exists some 𝑐 ∈ (0, ∞)

D
, such that 𝑓 ′′ c = 0

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