1.

ARISTOTLE – famous Greek philosopher who invented the first pinhole camera that was known
later as camera obscura literally translated as dark box.
2. ISAAC NEWTON – English philosopher FORENSIC mathematician and physicist who discovered
and proved that the strongest light is white light; he depended his theory by allowing a white light
to pass through a prism thus refracting and diffracting the light into its component parts.
3. 1839- birth year photography, the year when the science of photography became the public
knowledge.
4. Joseph Nicephore Niepce- produced heliographic drawing (contact-print image of engraving or
other line copy on glass , paper or metal coated with a bitumen varnish that hardens when
exposed)
5. LOUIS JACQUES MANDE DAGUERRE- Parisian painter and theater designer who continued the
efforts of Niepce to perfect a photographic process; in 1839 he was successful enough to have his
invention purchased by the French government and made public.
6. DAGUERREO TYPE – description of the first photograph that were scientifically produced
immediately after the birth of photography.
7. WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT- made the first demonstration on a photographic technique to the
Royal Society of London, the English scientist who pointed out the basis the basis of modern
photography.
8. JOHN F. W. HERSCHEL – coined the word photography (then he introduced the term negative and
positive in the following year) and pointed out that images can be made permanent by dissolving
away unexposed silver compounds with a solution of soda (hypo or sodium thiosulfate) which he
had discovered in 1819.
9. WILLIAM ABNEY – discovered the use of hydroquinone as a developing in 1819.

10. EDWIN LAND – introduced in 1947 the polaroid process (1 step photography) with a self –
processing black and white film that yields a positive print by the diffusion transfer reversal
methods.

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Photography = Derived from the Greek word “Phos” or “Photos” which means “light” and “Grapho”
means “Writing” or “Graphia” meaning “to Draw”.

Sir John F. W. Herschel coined the word photography when he first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot.
= Is the art and science of reproducing image by means of light through some sensitized material with the
aid of a camera, Lens and its accessories and the chemical process required in order to produced a
photograph.

Forensic
- Derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means “a market place” where people gathered for public
discussion.
- When used in conjunction with other science connotes a relationship to the administration of justice. It
is sometimes used interchangeably with the word legal.

Police Photography - Is the application of the principles of photography is relation to the police work and
in the administration of justice.
Photograph - Is the mechanical and chemical result of Photography. Picture and photograph are not the
same for a picture is a generic term is refers to all kinds of formed image while a photograph is an image
that can only be a product of photography.

B. USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Personal Identification is considered to be the first application of photography is police work.
Alphonse Bertillion was the first police who utilized photography in police work as a
supplementary identification in his Anthropometry system.
2. For Communication - Photograph is considered to be one of the most universal methods of
communication considering that no other language can be known universally than photograph.
3. For Record Purposes - Considered to be the utmost used of photography in police work.

Different Views in photographing

General View - taking an over-all view of the scene of the crime. It shows direction and location of the
crime scene.
Medium View = Is the taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into section. This
view will best view the nature of the crime.

Close-up View = Is the taking of individual photograph of the evidence at the scene of the crime. It is
design to show the details of the crime.

Extreme Close-up View = Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using some magnification such
as Photomacrography and photomicrography.

4. For Preservation= Crime scene and other physical evidence requires photograph for preservation
purposes. Crime scene cannot be retained as is for a long period of time but through photograph
the initial condition of the scene of the crime can be preserved properly.
5. For Discovering and Proving
= Photography can extend human vision in discovering and proving things such as:

A. The use of Magnification

Photomicrography - Taking a magnified photograph of small object through attaching a camera to the
ocular of a compound microscope so as to show a minute details of the physical evidence.

Photomacrography - Taking a magnified (enlarged) photograph of small object by attaching an extended

Microphotography - is the process of reducing into a small strips of film a scenario. It is first used in
filmmaking.

Macrophotography - used synonymously with photomacrography.

Telephotography - is the process of taking photograph of a far object with the aid of a long focus and
Telephoto lens.
b. Used of Artificial Light such as X-ray, Ultra-violet and Infra-red rays to show something which may
not be visible with the aid of human eye alone.

6. For Court Exhibits - Almost all evidence presented in court before formally be accepted requires
that they satisfy the basic requirements for admissibility which is relevancy and competency. A
question of relevancy is usually proved by proving the origin of the evidence and its relation to
the case and this is usually supplemented by photograph of the evidence giving reference as to
where it came from. Evidence presented in court once accepted became known as Exhibit. Either
Exhibit 1,2,3 etc. for the defense or Exhibit A, B, C etc for the prosecution.

7. Crime Prevention - with the use of video camera (hidden camera) and other advanced
photographic equipment crimes are being detected more easily and even to the extent of
preventing them from initially occurring.
8. Police Training - Modern facilities are now being used as instructional material not only in police
training as well as in other agencies.
9. Reproducing and Copying - With the use of photography any number of reproduction of the
evidence can be made those giving unlimited opportunity for its examination and even allow
other experts or person to examine the specimen without compromising the original.

B. ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1. Light = is an electromagnetic energy that travels in a form of a wave with the speed of 186,
000 miles per second.
2. Camera = a light tight box designed to block unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching
the sensitized material.
3. Lens = is the light gathering mechanism of the camera that collect the reflected light coming
from the object to form the image.
4. Sensitized material = composed of a highly sensitized chemical compound which is capable
of being transformed into an image through the action of light and with some chemical
processes. (Film and Photo Paper).
5. Chemical Process = is the process necessary for reducing silver halides into a form so as a
latent image and a positive image be made resulting to what we called Photograph.