Lighting

What is Lighting
Basic function of lighting is illumination. Apart from that
now a days there are other aspects of lighting as well.
Some of them are using light emotional activities and
biological requirements. Therefore broadened aspect of
lighting known as Human Centric Lighting.
 Lighting

Natural
Lighting
Artificial
Human Centric Lighting
Basic Parameters used in lighting
Luminous flux (φ)

Luminous flux
The luminous flux
describes the quantity
of light emitted by a
light source.
Units for luminous
flux is lumen (lm)
Basic Parameters used in lighting
Luminous Intensity (I)
The luminous intensity
describes the quantity of light
that is radiated in a particular
direction. This is a useful
measurement for directive
lighting elements such as
reflectors. It is represented by
the luminous intensity
distribution curve .Units of
Luminous Intensity is Candela
(cd)
 Solid Angle units Steradian (sr)

Amount of solid angle (sr) = Area subtended (m2)

radius2 (m2)
Luminous Flux (lm)
Luminous Intensity (cd) =
Solid Angle (sr)
 Luminous Intensity Distribution
Curve/Iso-lux cures
Upper
part of
the light

Recessed
type light
Ceiling
Luminaire

Lower
part of
the light

cd/1000lm
Illuminance (E)
• Illuminance describes the
quantity of luminous flux
falling on a surface.
• E= Normal Flux(lm)/unit Area
(m2)
Basic Parameters Luminance is the only basic
used in lighting lighting parameter that is
Luminance perceived by the eye. It
describes on one hand a
light source’s impression of
brightness. On the other
hand light intensity on a
area in a particular
direction.
Luminance = Luminous Intensity/ area
Standard Illuminance Levels
Inverse Square Law
The inverse
square law
describes the
intensity of light
at different
distances from
a light source. The
intensity of light is
inversely
proportional to
the square of the
distance.
 Laws of Illuminance (E)for a Point
Source- Cosine Law
Light source
EαI
θ
r
E α 1/ r 2
E α Cos θ
h
Illuminance at B = I Cos θ
r2
A x B
Illumination at A = I/h 2
Illumination at B = Illumination at A x Cos 3θ

EB=EA Cos3 θ
 Luminous Efficacy lumens /Watt
• Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a
light source produces visible light. It is the
ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in
lumens per watt in the International System of
Units.
Luminous Efficacy lumens /Watt
 Lighting Design Techniques
• Lumen Method • https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v
• Point by Point =YQVb5fcEPlA
Method
• Watts per square
area method
 Ex
• An incandescent lamp
having a luminous
intensity of 40cd in all
directions gives an
illumination of 15 lux at
the surface of a table
vertically below it.
• 1) What distance is the
lamp from table?
• 2)What illumination would
be given if 60 cd lamp is
replaced by a 100cd same
type light?
 Some Factors Used in Lighting Design
• Utilization Factor (U)= Lumens Actually
Received on working plane/lumens emitted by
light source
• Maintenance Factor(m) = illumination when
everything is perfectly clean/illumination
under actual conditions
 Ex
• A workshop area is 10mx12m and is lighted by
20 lamps of 100W each. Taking depreciation
factor as 0.75 and utilization factor is 0.6
efficiency of lamps as 15lm/W, find the
illumination on the plane
Electromagnetic waves
 Visible Light
• Light is the common name for electromagnetic waves
with wavelengths just below a micrometer that is (400
nm - 800 nm). Energy coming from
the sun
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible Radiation
Consider the effect of heating a piece of
soft iron in a fire. If the iron is heated
for a short time,
It will radiate heat energy (curve 1). This radiation is
not visible.
If the iron is heated further it will glow red (curve
2),
then white (curve 3)
and eventually blue (curve 4).

The radiation peaks have moved across

the spectrum from red to blue as the
temperature increases and have
increased in magnitude.
Sensitivity of the Human Eye
The human eye has evolved
over millennia under the
influence of natural light. Figure
shows the sensitivity of the eye
to different frequencies.
The eye therefore, is most
sensitive to colours at the
center of the visible
spectrum.
 Spectrum of a lamp
A low pressure sodium vapour • Artificial light from sources such as
lamp, has a very high candles, tungsten filaments and gas
efficacy - up to 180 lumens per discharge lamps, has a different
watt because its output is mix of frequency components and they
concentrated at the produce a different colour light.
centre of the spectrum. It is not,
however, capable of rendering
colours
at the periphery of the visible
spectrum.
The colour red for example will
look brown under this lamp
because there is no
red in its light output.
 Colour of an Object
• Since we have white light(has all the
components of visible spectrum) around in
daytime we can see objects in their real
colours. In order to see a certain colour, that
colour has to be there in the spectrum of light.
• If not we see different colour to the original
colour
Colour Rendering
• Is how capable of
visualizing the
original colours of
objects.
• In equal energy
graph all the
wavelengths of visual
spectrum are there.
Therefore we can see
the original colours
in the objects
• In right hand graph
red and green are
missing in the light
spectrum. Therefore
we cannot see red
and green colours
 Spectra of different lights

Incandescent lamp Fluorescent lamp

 Some useful videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=60ZQpsP5ux8

https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=HUlI_u5o-Bk
How Light Behaves- Reflection

Specular reflection is Diffuse reflection is

a type of the reflection of light
surface reflectance oft or other waves or Spread reflection is
en described as a particles from a when light
mirror- surface such that a is reflected into a
like reflection of light ray incident on the cone of light rays
from the surface. surface is scattered at from surfaces such
In specular reflection, many angles rather as corrugated or
the incident light than at just one angle etched metal,
is reflected into a as in the case of plastic or glass
single outgoing specular reflection.
direction.
Refraction
• When light passes between
dissimilar materials, the rays
bend and change velocity
slightly.
• This phenomena is called
refraction.
• Refraction is dependent on
two factors: the incident
angle, θ and the refractive
index, n of the material, as
• given by Snell’s law of
refraction:
Total Internal Reflection

• If the incident
angle is more than
the critical angle,
reflection takes
place is called total
internal reflection
Diffraction
Diffraction is another wave
phenomenon that is
dependent on wavelength.
Light waves bend as they pass
by the edge of a narrow
aperture or slit. This
effect is approximated by:
θ=λ/D
where θ is the diffraction
angle, λ the wavelength of
radiant energy, and D the
aperture diameter.
Refraction and Total Internal Reflection
 Interference
• The effect of the superposition
of two equal waves is
called interference. It can be
constructive or destructive.
• When wave fronts overlap in
phase with each other, the
magnitude of
the wave increases. When the
wave fronts are out of phase,
however, they
cancel each other out.
• Interference filters use this
effect to selectively filter
light by wavelength.
Constructive Destructive