The Earth

By: Ms. Maria Niña R. Cresencia

Learning Competency:

Describe the characteristics

of Earth that are necessary
to support life.
 EARTH
• It is the third planet from the Sun and
the fifth largest planet in the solar
system in terms of size and mass.
• Its near-surface environments are the
only places in the universe known to
harbor life.
 EARTH
• It is located in the Orion-Cygnus Arm,
one of the four spiral arms of the
Milky Way, which lies about two-
thirds of the way from the center of
the Galaxy.
 EARTH
• Earth and other planets in the solar
system formed about 4.6 billion years
ago. The early Earth had no ozone
layer and no free oxygen, lacked
oceans and was very hot.
Characteristics
of the Earth
1. Shape of the Earth
• The shape of the Earth is oblate spheroid.
• Astronomers believed that because of the
shape of the Earth, if affects the weight
of the person, motions of the moon and
other artificial satellites as the Earth is
on its rotation.
2. Motions of the Earth
2.1. ROTATION
• The Earth moves around
its imaginary line
known as axis.
• 23 hours & 56 minutes
or 24 hours (complete
solar day or one day)
2. Motions of the Earth
2.2 REVOLUTION
• The Earth orbits around the Sun.
• 365 and ¼ days (one solar year or one
year)
• APHELION – the Earth is far from the Sun
• PERIHELION– the Earth is near to the Sun
Revolution of the Earth around the Sun
3. Earth’s Seasons
• The Earth is tilted on its axis at an
angle of 23 and ½ degrees with the
North Pole that points to the same
direction.
• Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter
3. Earth’s Seasons
Spring (Vernal)
• Begins on 20th or21st of March
in the Northern Hemisphere.
The daytime and night time of
the Earth is same as 12 hours.
Summer
• Begins on 20th until 22nd day of
June. Northern Hemisphere is
directly exposed in the Sun hence,
days become warmer and longer.
Autumn (Fall)
• Begins on 22nd or 23rd day of September.
The Sun is directly above the equator in
the Northern Hemisphere.
• There is a 12-hour of days and nights all
over the globe.
Winter
• Begins on 21st until 22nd day of December.
Nights are longer compared to days. The
longest night occurs every 22nd day of
June in the South while 22nd day of
December in the North.
Solstice vs. Equinox

• Solstices are the longest and shortest

days of the year, while equinoxes occur
when the day and night are equally as
long.
4. Magnetic Field of the Earth
• Earth is considered as a “giant magnet”.
• It enables or protects every living and non-
living matter against harmful coming from
the Sun.
• It is also the reason why we are able to see the
beautiful auroras at night in the thermosphere
as the layer of the atmosphere.
5. Earth’s Moon
• LUNA – The only moon of the Earth. It is
a natural satellite of the Earth.
• It orbits around the Earth travelling at a
speed of 3,679 km/hr. Distance varies from
about 356,334 kms.
5. Earth’s Moon
• Its perigee (closest approach to Earth)
is 405,503 kms while its apogee
(farthest point) is 384,392 kms.
• It revolves together with the Earth
every year.
5. Earth’s Moon
• CRUST – composed of lighter
materials
• MANTLE – rich in silica
• CORE – with high presence of metallic
materials
Phases of the Moon
Solar Eclipse
• It happens when the moon is between
the Sun and the Earth having
alignment on the same plane.
• The moon casts a shadow on Earth
causing the sun to go dark.
Solar Eclipse
• PENUMBRA – space of partial
illumination
• UMBRA – central dark part of a
sunspot.
Lunar Eclipse
• It happens when the Earth is between
the Sun and the moon having the
alignment on the same plane.
• The Earth casts a shadow on the
moon causing the moon to go dark.
Solar and Lunar Eclipse
6. Earth’s Composition
• Earth is composed of bodies of
water and areas of land which
also make up its outermost
structure.
 The Earth
Subsystems
By: Ms. Maria Niña R. Cresencia
Learning Competency:
Explain that the Earth
consists of four subsystems,
across whose boundaries
matter and energy flow.
 SYSTEM
It is defined as a set of
interconnected components that are
interacting to form a unified whole.
Earth Science looks at the entire
planet as a system of interacting
parts called SUBSYSTEMS.
 CLOSED SYSTEM
It is a system in which there is only
an exchange of heat or energy and
no exchange of matter.
 The Earth
Subsystems
 1. GEOSPHERE
• The geosphere refers to the solid
Earth.
• The lithosphere refers to the crust
and uppermost mantle.
Earth’s
Layer
 Layers of the Earth
• CRUST – continental & oceanic
• MANTLE – upper & lower
• CORE – inner and outer
 CRUST
• It’s the light and very thin outer
skin of the Earth.
• Two types: a. Continental (land)
b. Oceanic (water)
 Element Amount in %
OXYGEN 46.60 %
SILICON 27.72 %
ALUMINUM 8.13 %
IRON 5.00 %
CALCIUM 3.63 %
SODIUM 2.83 %
POTASSIUM 2.59 %
MAGNESIUM 2.09 %
TITANIUM 0.40 %
HYDROGEN 0.14 %
 MANTLE
• Less dense layer
• Made up of silicate rocks, mostly
made of the elements:
Si, O, Fe, Mg
CORE
• Denser layer
• The Earth’s magnetic field
strengthens the idea that the Earth’s
outer core is molten/liquid and the
inner core is solid.
 2. HYDROSPHERE
About 70% of the Earth is covered
with liquid water (hydrosphere) and
much of it is in the form of ocean
water.
2. HYDROSPHERE
It is the totality of Earth’s water,
including the permanently frozen
parts called cryosphere.
2. HYDROSPHERE
Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh:
two-thirds are in the form of ice,
and the remaining one-third is
present in streams, lakes and
groundwater.
Hydrologic/ Water Cycle
1. Evaporation
2. Condensation
3. Transpiration
4. Precipitation
5. Infiltration
6. Surface Runoff
EVAPORATION

It is the process by which water

changes from a liquid to a gas
or vapor.
CONDENSATION

It is the process by which vapor

in the air is changed into liquid
water.
 TRANSPIRAT ION

It is the evaporation of water

through minute pores, or
stomata, in the leaves of plants.
PRECIPITAT ION

It is water released from clouds

in the form of rain, freezing
rain, sleet, snow or hail.
INFILTRATION
It is the process by which
precipitation or water soaks into
subsurface soils and moves into
rocks through cracks and pore
spaces.
SURFACE RUNOFF
It is water, from rain, snowmelt, or
other sources, that flows over the
land surface, and is major
component of the water cycle.
3. ATMOSPHERE

It is the thin gaseous layer that

envelopes the lithosphere.
3. ATMOSPHERE

It is the mixture of gases that

surround the planet such as N,
O, Ar, CO2 and water vapor.
3. ATMOSPHERE
The present atmosphere is
composed of 78% nitrogen (N), 21%
oxygen, 0.9% Argon and 0.1% trace
amount of other gases.
TROPOSPHERE
It is the lowest and thinnest layer.
The boundary between the
troposphere and stratosphere is
called the tropopause.
STRATOSPHERE
It is less dense (less water vapor),
temperature increases with altitude,
almost no weather occurrence,
contains high level of ozone.
MESOSPHERE
Gases are less dense. Temperature
decreases as altitude increases. This
is where meteorites burn up before
they reach the Earth.
THERMOSPHERE
Temperature increases with
altitude. Readily absorbs solar
radiation.
THERMOSPHERE

• EXOSPHERE – is where the

satellites orbit Earth
THERMOSPHERE
• IONOSPHERE – contains a high
concentration of ions and free
electrons and is able to reflect
radio waves.
4. BIOSPHERE
It includes all life forms, even
organic matter that has not yet
decomposed.
4. BIOSPHERE
Most life on Earth exists within a zone
no wider that 20 km where interactions
between the lithosphere, hydrosphere,
and atmosphere create a habitable
environment.
THANK
YOU!