22, 23) Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xi) 1, POLYNOMIALS (a+b)’= a? + 2ab+b? (a-b)’= a?-2ab+b? a’ -b? = (a+b) (a—b) a+b? = (at+b)*-2ab a+b? = (a-b)?+2ab (a+b) +(a-by=2( +b’) (a+b) -(a-b)’= 4ab (a-b)’-(a+b)?= - dab (a+b) = (a-b)'+4ab (a-by = (a@+b)?-4ab (x+a)(x+b}=x?+(a+b)x +ab . (atbto? =a’ +b? +c? + 2ab + 2be + 2ca = (a +b? +c?) + 2(ab + be + ca) . (a+b)= a’ + 3a°b + 3ab?+b® (a+b)? = a+b? +3ab (a+b) (a-b)>= a°-3a’b +3ab?-b? . (a-b)’ = a?-b?-3ab(a-b) a+b’ = (a+b)(a?-ab+b?) a+b? = (a+b)?-3ab(a+b) a-b> = (a-b) (a? + ab+b4) a-b? — =(a-b)?+3ab(a-b) . a+b? +c?—3abc =(a +b + c)(a’ + b? +c? - ab - be - ca) Ifatb+c =0, then a+b? +c? =3abe (a+b)* = a‘ + 4a°b + 6a” b+ dab’ + b* 24. (a-b)' = at - 4a’b + 6a”b?- dab?+ b* 25. a—b*=(a?-b?) (a? +b?) 26. at—b* =(a+b) (ab) (a? +b’) 27. at+a’b’+b! = (a? - ab +b’) (a? + ab +b’) 28. a’ +b* =(@ + V2 ab + b% (@?- V2 abt b’) 29. 4a*+b* = (2a? + 2ab +b?) (2a? - 2ab +b») 30. a°—b°=(a°—b) (a? +b’) 3 Spe = (a+ b)(a- b)(a* ab + b*)\(a” + ab +b?) 32. a°—b°= (a?- b’)(a* + ab? +b’) 33. aP + b°= (a? + b*)(a"- a? b? + b+) 34. ab—b*= (a*- b+) (at +4) 35. a®—b° = (a+b) @—b) (a +b?) (a +b4)a Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXtoXil) 3 2, QUADRATIC EQUATION General Form: ax’ + bx +¢=Owhere a, b,c ¢ Randa #0. on Hs Quadratic Equation: A real number k is a root of a equation p(x), if p(k) = Discriminant Quadratic equation D=b’ —4ac is known as discriminant quadratic equation ax’ + bx + c= 0 D=b?-4ac Nature of Roots 1] D<0 No real roots 2|D>0 Real roots 3] D=0 Two equal real roots 4/D>0 Two distinct real roots 5 | D>0 & Perfect square Real, distinct & Rational roots 6 | D>0& Non perfect square | Real, distinct & Irrational roots Symmetric Functions of roots (1) a?+B?=(a+)?-2 08 @) a? +B*=(a+B)'-3aB(a+B) (G) a'+B*=(a?+B%)?-2(ap (4) a-B=+Y(a+fy—4ah (5) a?-B?=(a+B)(a-B) (6) a°-B*=(a-B) +3 af(a- B) (1) (@+B)?=a? +B? +2 a8 (8) (a-B)?=a"+B*-2 af Relationship between roots and coefficients of a equation If wand f are roots of ax” + bx +c = 0 then —b _ - (coefficiant of x) Sum of the roots 9 =at+B= = = eet c constant term Product of the roots =aB ape The required quadratic equation is x? — (Sum of the roots)x + (Product of the roots ) = 0 x°— (a+ Bx + (aB)=0Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xi) 3. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS (AP) Let a = first term d = common difference(C.D) / = last term n_= number of terms SN | Details Formula a,a+d,a+2d...a+(n-1)d... 1 | General Form of an AP a = first term d = common difference(C.D) 2 | n™ term from beginning t,=a+t(n-1)d(or) 4, =S,-S,, 3 | n™ term from end t,=1+ (n-1)(-d) ee (when n is odd) 4 | Middle term of an AP 1 t, and t, (when n is even) 2. aed S,="[2a +(n-Dd] 5 | Sum of first n-terms of an AP . n S,=—lat+l = Mat] 3-terms a - d,a,at+d 6 | Selection of terms in an AP | 4-terms a - 3d,a-d,a+ d,at+3d 5-terms a - 2d,a-d,a,at+d,at+2d 7 _| Sum of first ‘n’ Sr= n(n +1) natural Numbers a) g | Sum of squares of first ‘n’ > 2 _n(n+l)(2n+1) Fc cae natural numbers 7 6 9 Sum of cubes of first ‘n’ al n(n+1) : natural numbers zi a 2 Sum of first ‘n’ Wer nh uy odd natural numbers 2 (at ln DR Sum of first ‘n’ Yr=n(n+1) even natural numbMarvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xil ) 4, COORDINATE GEOMETRY Let the points be A(x:, yi), B(x, ¥2), C(x, ¥3)s D(a, ys), O(0, 0) and P(x y) Distance between A andB d= AB=BA= y(x,-x)' +0, —y,) Three Points (Triangles) SN | Type Condition 1. | Scalene Triangle All sides are unequal (AB # BC # CA) 2. | Isosceles Triangle Any two sides are equal Right angled 2 2 aca =90° 3: act AB’+BC’=AC’ ZB =90' 4, | Right angled AB=BC __| isosceles Triangle | AB?+BC?=AC? 7p =90° 5. | Equilateral Triangle | All sides are equal 6. | Collinear AB+BC=AC 7. | Parallelogram Opposite sides are equal Opposite sides are equal and the oF laine diagonals are also equal 9. | Rhombus All sides are equal 10. | Square All sides are equal and the diagonals are equal 5 Internal section formula ( External section formula ( Mid-point formula ( Centroid of A ABCG ( mx, + nx, my, +ny, mtn” mtn TE TOR DT m+n > m+n Ath Nt Dt fa ar Wat ia ae oe 7") a 1 . Area of triangle A ABC = e [xi(¥2 — ys)+ x0(ys = y1)+ xs(y1 — yo)] sq. units MARVEL Educare: NET, AlIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 008 0086 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xil ) 5, TRIGONOMETRY Trigonometric Ratios «9 — Opposite Side y g =—Hypotenuse _r 4 Hypotenuse 4 Opposite Side y 993 6 SURE SHE Fog 9 HDG = Hypotenuse 7 Adjacent Side x | ite Side y _ Adjacent Side _ x tan 9 = OPPosi =2 cote=- eee = ‘—_ Adjacent Side x Opposite Side y Note: In any right triangle ABC if A =90" then by Pythagoras Theorem AB? + AC’ = BC? Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles ‘ Trigonometric Identities sin (90° - 8) =cos @ 1 1 cos (90° - 6) =sin @ sin@= cos @ = Meo sec (90° - 8) = cosec @ Seed = g e cosec (90° -0)= sec@ | cosecf=— sec@ = —— pi tan (90° - 8) = cot 8 sap Se wi, cot (90° - 6) = tan 8 sin @cosecO =1 cosOsecO = = sin’ +cos?9=1] Se O-tan’ =I) cosec9—cot9=1 sin? @=1-cos*@] see” =1+tan*6 —cosec*@=1+ cot? cos’=1-sin?@| tan’@=sec?A-1] —_ cot? @ = cosec’O-1 Trigonometric ratios of particular angles Degrees Or 4| 30° 45° 60°" | 90° | 180° | 270° sin 6 0 1/2 v2 | 3/2 1 0 -l cos 8 es3/2 | 1/2 13 0 -l 0 tan 6 0 | Ws i RB! co 0 = cosec 8 © 2 aor | Oye 1 © -l sod | eal 2 @ DRA cot 6 | | ve 1 W/y3 0 Ce)Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to XII ) 6. MESURATION OF PLANE FIGURES 7 SN Diagonal = s v2 Type Figure Formulas i Triangle with 1 1 * | base and height Area = 5s bxh sq units =a Perimeter = b+h+d units 2. | Right Triangle | + Des Area = 3x bx eq units 6 d=Vb' +h units Perimeter = 3a units ‘ : ASE 2 3, | Equilateral ’ Altitude h = yt units ~ | Triangle \ a 4 Area = Be sq units F ‘i Perimeter =3a units isosceles . D , = Triangle me Area = Boog units Perimeter = a+b+c Scalene iz Area= [s(s—a)(s—b)(s—c) 5. | Triangles atbt+e where s=———— Perimeter = 2(a + b) units 6. | Parallelograms Ait ‘Area =axb sq.units Rectangle Diagonal = VP +e units 7. > | Perimeter = 2(/ +b) units Area =/xbsq.units Perimeter = 4s units 8. |lsqiere * | Area =s?sq.units 4 MARVEL Educare: NET, AIIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 008 008Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class 1X to XII) 8 MESURATION OF PLANE FIGURES SN Type Figure Formulas 10. Quadrilateral KA Perimeter = 4a 1, _| Rhombus yYv] 1 | yA * | Area = —did, 2 12, ene Perimeter 2ar pe Area = 7° sq units Perimeter = zr units : a ; 13. | Semi Circle ee dar! ee 1 Ring Perimeter = 27(R+7r) units 4. : (shaded region) Area = a(R? -r) sq units Perimeter = wie. 2r units 180 Sector of a aro : Bs Circle Area = 360 sq units 1 (or) Area = mee sq units Perimeter = 270 + arsin’ 16, | Minor Segment units "| of a Circle ora Area = aa 73M sin8 sq units sf MARVEL Educare : NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 005 005Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to XI! ) 7. MESURATION OF SOLID FIGURES SN Type Figure Formulas LSA = 2h(1-+b) sq. units. i cu TSA = 2(lb+bh+lh) sq. units. Volume = /.bh cu. units. Diagonal = Vi? +b? +A? units. LSA = 4a’ sq. units. oe é a mae TSA = 6a 4, with Volume = a” sq. units. Diagonal = V3a units CSA =2-rh sq. units 3, | Right circular i TSA = 2ar(h+r) sq. units. Cylinder Volume =xrh cu. units. Each base Area = 11° sq. units. | CSA=2n(R+Nh sq. units a Hollow TSA =2n(R+1)(h+R-r) squn ‘ Cylinder Volume =7(R®-1) hcu. units. Base Area = (R’-r’) sq. units. Slant height (I)= Vr? +A’ units 1 : : CSA = ml sq. units Right Slant height a 2 Dall eae TSA =m an) sq. units. mseelt. 7 E-es Volume: en A cu. units Surface Area = 4m1’sq. units 6. | Solid Sphere j Volume = Sar cu. Units< 10 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xi!) MESURATION OF SOLID FIGURES SN Type Figure Formulas CSA = 2ar’sq. units TSA = 3r°sq. units 7. | Hemi Sphere 203 ; Volume = qT cu. units Spherical Shell Thickness = (R- r) units. TSA = 4n(R’-1) sq. Units 8. or 401. : Hollow Sphere 8 oy Volume = a x(R°- r’) cu. Units i ; Thickness = (R-1) units. eae TSA = n(R2+ r) + x(R’- 1’)sq. Units 9 suet Volume = Fath P) cu. Units 1 =i? +(R-r) units Frustum ofa CSA= 2(R+r)/ sq units ag bia a TSA= a(R+r)l +AR° +77’ sq units Volume = F(e +r? +Rr)h cu units LSA= 3ah sq units 10. | Right Prism pS aaa I of base) sq uni Volume = 2 ah cu units LSA = a sq units TSA=LS.A ll Right + (Area of the base) sq units Pyramid 1 Volume = 3 (base) x (height) = 3B 4 —ah 12 ahcuu MARVEL Educare : NET, AlIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 005 005Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXtoXil) 11 8. STATISTICS Measures of Central Tendency: 1, Mean for ungrouped data _ oa oe n 2. Mean for grouped data Method 1: Direct Method watt Sipe x= 2h Method 2: Assumed mean method samen el X=At# dh where d,=X,-A, A assumed mean Method 3: Step deviation method A is assumed mean and his class size. Median : A median is the value in the series of data, which divides it exactly in two equal parts when the data are arranged in ascending order (or descending order) 1. Median for ungrouped data Arrange the data in ascending order (or descending order) (a) When nis odd ‘i Median = (4) observation (b) When nis even: Median = (2) opsevation + {+1} obsevation 21K J 2. Mean for grouped data N Median = 74] 2 eo xh Where N=)" f, Mode 1. Mode for ungrouped data Mode = Data which occurs most frequently 2. Mode for Discrete Frequency Distribution Mode = Data with maximum frequently 3. Mode for Continuous Frequency Distribution Mode = MARVEL Educare: NEET, AIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 008 00812 Set: A set is a collection of well- defined distinguishable objects. i.e. the objects follow a given rule or tules. Notation: A set is always denoted by capital letters A, B, C etc, Elements of a set: The members of a set are called its elements. Notation: Elements of a set are generally denoted by lower case letters a, b,c, d etc. Representation of a Set: Roster Form (or) List Form Gy IN Seton} B= {1,2,3,4,5, 6} Set Builder Form (or) Rule Form eg A= {x/xisavowel of English alphabet} B= {x/x<7,xeN} ‘Types of Sets Empty set / Null set /Void set: The set containing no element is called the empty set. It is denoted as ¢ or { }. Singleton Set: A set containing exactly one element is called singleton set Finite Set: A set containing finite number of elements is called finite set. Infinite Set: A set is called an infinite set, if the number of elements in it is not finite, Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xil) 9. SETS 13. 195 20. ai Universal set: A universal set is a set that contains all the elements for any specific discussion. Subset: Set P is a subset of a set Q, symbolized by P R defined by y = f(x) =x, for allx € R. y Domain : R - {0} Range : R- {0} Domain : R Range : {k} Domain : R Range: R 3 Cube Function: Square Function: y= fx) =x? y=fix)=x? a x, yr x Range : [0, 00) Domain : R ___Range : R Reciprocal Function: Positive Square root Function: 1 y= f(x) = — y= fe) =x =x? 4 | A Domain : [0, 00) Range _: [0, 00) MARVEL Educare : NET, AIIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 005 005Marvel Mathematics Formulas (Class IKtoXi) 15 Definition, Domain, Range and Graph of Certain functions. Soe eee Modulus (or) Absolute Value Function: mee =x x x20 y= Vx =x uggenle { ane | he x<0 YY faye. fir)=x Domain: R- Domain : R Range : R Range : [0, 0) Signum Function: 1 if+>0 Greatest Integer (or) Floor Function: f(x) = sgn(x)= 4 0 if x=0 perils Lx] -1 if x<0 Domain : R Range : Z Least Integer (or) Cans Bunexo: Fractional Part Function y=ftx) =@)= [>] Domain : R Range : Z MARVEL Educare: NEET, AlIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 008 008 y = f(x) = &x} =x- Ex] Domain : R Range : [0,1)16 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to XII) Definition, Domain, Range and Graph of Certain functions. Sine Function: y = f(x) =sinx Y Cosine Function: y = f(x) = cos x F y Domain :R Deuaia-® Range : [-1, 1] Range: [-1, 1] Tangent Function: : y = f(x) =tanx Cosecant Function: vo p Domain: R -{(2n4:nez}, Range : R y = f(x) = cosec x tee Domain : R — {nz:neZ} Range : R-(-1, 1) Secant Function: y = f(x) =sec x Domain : R - {on+S:nez], Range_: R-(-1, 1) Cotangent Function: y = f(x) =cotx = Domain: R- {ka}, k eZ Range : RMarvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IKtoXil) 17 11. TRIGONOMETRY (Class 11 & 12) Relation between degrees and radians mradians = 180° 1 radian = =57° 16 (app.) 1 degree (1°) = i020 = 0.01746 radian (app.) 1°=60' (60 minutes) 1 =60! (60 seconds) sin? 8-+cos? 9 = | Sec’ 9 tan” 8 =| sin? 9 =1—cos* 6] sec’ 0 = 1+ tan? 8 cos’ 9 =1-sin® 6] tan’ @ = sec” 0-1 cosec’@—cot” 0 =1 cosec’9 =1+cot” cot” @=cosec’O-1 Functions of Related Angles sin (90 - @) =cos 6 cos (90 - 6) = sin @ tan (90 - 0) = cot ® cosec(90 - 6) = sec sec (90 - 0) = cosec 0 cot (90 - 6) = tan ® sin (180 + 0) =- sin cos (180 +0) tan(180+6)= tanO cosec(180+ 6)= -cosec® sec (180 + 6) = cot (180+8)= cotO sin (360 - 0) = - sin® cos (360-8)= cos@ tan (360 - @) =- tan® cosec(360 - 0)= -cosec 8 sec (360 - 0) = sec cot (360 - @)= -cot® sin(90+0)= cos @ cos (90 + 8) =-sin® tan (90 + 0) =- cot 0 cosec (90 + 0) = sec 8 sec (90 +0) =- cosec 0 cot (90 + 6) = - tan 8 sin (270 - 0) =- cos cos8 cos (270 - 8) tan (270-0)= cot® cosec (270 - 6 sec® —_sec(270 - @) = - cosec ® sec (-0)= sec cot (- 0) = - cot® Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles sin (A + B)=sinA cosB + cosA sinB sin (A - B)=sinA cosB - cosA sinB cos (A + B) =cosA cosB - sinA sinB cos (A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB sin (180-6)= sin® cos (180 - 8) =- cos 8 tan (180 - 6) =- tan® - cot sin (270 + 0) =- cos® sin® cos (270+ 8)= sin® cot (180 - 0) tan (270 + @) =- cot cosec (270 + 0) = -secO sec (270 +0) = cosec® cot (270 + 6) =- tan® -sec Al ec tan A+tanB tan(Att B)i=oee——__——_ ‘ ? 1-tan AtanB Raa B) = tan A—tanB 1+tan Atan B18 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to XII ) sin (A +B) sin (A - B) = sin’A — sin’B _ cot Acot BI sin (A +B) sin (A-B)=cos’B—cos’A °Ot(A+B)= cos (A + B) cos (A -B) = cos”A — sin’B {(A-B)= cot Acot B+1 ConA -B) =a cos (A + B) cos(A - B) = cos’B = sin?A cot B—cot A Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles Multiples of 2A cos 2A = cos’A — sin"A i =m 1—cos2A4 Se oer SE oye aes oiein? A (oceania ee , 2tan A Z sine a 1+cos2A 1 ta cos 2A 2 ety e (Gr); conte ea 2tan A 2 tan2A\= = a 1—tan’ A 1—tan* A CO a 1+tan* 4 Multiples of 3A. sin3A =3sin A-4sin’ 4] | cos34=4cos’ A—3cos A ey 54 ; tan 4—tan cnt 4= 38nd sin34 i 4— esd 0884 ten Aerie Sub Multiple Angles A Ae pyniais cos A = cos*— 2 i oa 2 2 2 2tan 4 cos A= 1-2 sin®4 (or) 1 cos =2sin?4 sin A= 2 2 2 ee A PS 8A 2 oot ~ Hor) 1+ cosa = 20s? A oe tan 5 fh arcacd ‘an dhe a cos A = —__2. tan( Ex) = Ltt eis I+tan? 4 4 1-tanx © 1—tan x a l-tanx tan| ——x |= > e215 5 } 1+ tanx wa(§ +) 1+tanx MARVEL Educare : NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 005 005—_— Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXto xi) 19 Important Values sin18° = cos72° = ——— | sin36°= cos 54°= sin 54° = cos36°= sin 72° = cos 18°= ——>—_ io -2V5 4 10+ 2V5 4 Transformation of a Product Into Sum or Difference sin (A+B) +sin (A -B) = 2sinA cosB sin(A+B)-sin (A—B)= 2cosA sinB cos (A+B) + cos (A -B) = 2cosA cosB cos (A +B) —cos (A - B) = - 2sinA sinB C+D 2 i0CaD. cos 2 C+D , C-D a=. 2 2 C+D C-D ne C+D 5. Cae sin 2 sinC+sinD = 2sin sinC-sinD = 2cos cosC + cosD = 2cos cosC—cosD = -2sin Trigonometric Equations 1 | sind =0 0 =nz neZ cos8 =0 8 =@nt1) % neZ tan@ =0 §=n7 ,»neZ neZ 2 @=nz+(-lIi a |neZ cos@ =cosa@ when 0< @ < 7 Q@=%nz ta@ |neZ 2 Bi; 4 | sin® =sina@ when = @=nt+a@ neZ20 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to XII ) 12. COMPLEX NUMBERS 1. Definitions A number in the form of a + ib, where a, b are real numbers and i = V1 , is called a complex number, may be written as (a, b), where the first number denotes the real part and the second number denotes the imaginary part. Ifz=a +t ib, then the real part of z is denoted by Re(z) and the imaginary part by Im(z). 2. Abouti i=VS0 eet 0 ,ifnis odd i*+—= 2 ,ifnisa multiple of 4 i —2 , ifn is not a multiple of 4 3. Equality of Complex Numbers Z = 2 <> Re (z,) = Re (z,) and Im (z,) = Im (z)). 4. Algebraic operations with complex numbers Addition : (a + ib) + (¢ + id) =(a+c)+i(b+d) Subtraction: (a+ ib) -(c + id) =(a—c) +i (bd) Multiplication : (a + ib) (c + id) = (ac —bd) + i (ad + be) 5. Conjugate of a complex number and the properties The conjugate of a complex number z=a + ibis Z =a—ib Ifz=a+ibthen ZZ =a? +b? Conjugate of Z is z z+ Z=2Re(z) and z-Z = 2i Im(z) if and only if z is real. it erat N IMarvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXtoXil) 21 Multiplicative inverse of z Wud atwa rs -b atib a+b a +P? Ifz=a+ib ,then Modulus of a complex numbers and properties Definition: Ifz=a+ ib thenz= Va? +B” [2 221= lal lel = lal | endive 3| |z| =0 if'and only ifz=0 leP =zzand le] a zz la +z,[= z+ lz? + 2Re(z, z,) lal'+ [zal -2Re(z, 2) Ifz, =1(cos@ ; +i sinO }) and z, =r, (cos, +i sin) then Re(z)< |z|and Im(z)< |2| +2] < lal + lal jz = zi =distance between the points represented by z), 2) l+z If |2| =1then —= =z since 1+z Ie |o+ i] = 1then= H+ See 1+(a—ib) Polar form or amplitude modulus form of z Polar form or amplitude modulus form z=r(cos@ + isin@) where r is the modulus of z and @ is the argument or amplitude of z Ifz=x + iy where x and y are real is called the Cartesian form of the modulus of zis _|z| = |x + iy| = yx’ + y’, ae arg (2) = amp(2) = 8 = tan"10. 12. 13. 14. Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xit) Properties of arguments of a complex number For any two complex numbers 2;, 2, 1, arg(ziz2) = arg (21) + arg (2) % 2. arg (3) = argz — arg Z, 2 3. arg(Z)=-arg(2) ie. arg (2) +arg (2) =0 Exponential form of z Ifz=r(cos@ + isnO) Then the exponential form of z= e” . Ordered pair form If a and b are real number, the complex numbers z= a + ib can be represented by the order pair (a, b) which is called the ordered pair form Demoivre’s theorem and its applications If n is any integer (positive, negative or zero) then the value of (cos@ +isin@)"=cosn@ +isinn@ If n is a rational number (positive or negative) then cosn@ + i sinn@ is one of the values of (cos@ +i sin@)" Roots of a complex number The complex number wis called the n" root of a complex number z ifz=@" n™ roots of a complex number If z= r(cos 6 +i sin 8) , then glia = pln [oo(He*2) no HE+2)) n n where k=0,1,2, (n-1) Only these values of k will give n different values of 2!" provided z #0Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to XII ) 23 13. PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION PERMUTATIONS Fundamental Principles of Counting Fundamental Principles of Multiplication: If there are two jobs such that one of them can be completed in m ways, and when it has been completed in any one of these m ways, second job can be completed in n ways; then the two jobs in succession can be completed in m x n ways. Fundamental Principles of Addition: If there are two jobs such that they can be performed independently in m and n ways respectively, then either of the two jobs can be performed in (m + n) ways. Meaning: _—_ The word permutation means arrangement. Definition: The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where 0 < r< nand the objects do not repeat is n(n—1)(n—2).. (n—r+ 1), which is denoted by "P_ Notation: "P (or) ,P, (or) P(n,r). Note: In permutations the order of arrangement is taken into account, when the order is changed, a different permutation is obtained. "P = Total number of permutations of n distinct things taken r at a time. Theorems: 1. Ifrandn be positive integers such that 0 < r< n, then the number of all permutations of n distinct things taken r at a time is given by n(n - 1)(n- 2)... @-r-l) yest ! "P = n(a-1){a-2)...(0-7=1) (on) *P=— (n-r)! The number of all permutations of n distinct things, taken all at a time is n! Properties of Permutations De Qe pal 3 BPen 4.0 Rai 1) 5. "R=n(n-1)(n-2) 6. "P =n(n-1)(n-2)...(0- F—1) ‘ "P= @-pPr+¥. o-Pe-1y 1+1.P,+2.P,+3,P;+...+nP,=(n+ 1)! where P,, stands for ,Pm24 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to XI!) COMBINATIONS Meaning: — The word permutation means arrangement. Definition: The number of all combinations of n distinct objects, taken rata time is given by n! Cc =—— (n-r)!r! Difference between Permutation and Combination: 1. Ina combination only selection is made whereas in a permutation not only a selection is made but also an arrangement in a definite order is considered. i.e. in a combination, the ordering of the selected objects is immaterial whereas in a permutation, the ordering is essential. n ie Notation: "C, (or) C(n, 1). [ } 2. Usually the number of permutation exceeds the number of combinations. 3. Each combination corresponds to many permutations. Properties of Combinations () "Gaal Qh cae Q) "Caco 0 eran (4) For any positive integers x andy, "C, ="C, => a=b(ora+b=n Theorem : *P="C.r! 0 Ss) (5) Ifnand rare positive integers such that r< n, then "C +"C_, =""9C. (6) Ifnand rare positive integers such that 1< r< n, then "C, (2), ‘ r (7) Ils rSn,then nC =(n-r+l)"C_, Standard Results , Number of line segments obtained by joining the "vertices of a n sided polygon taken 2 at a time } Number of diagonals of the polygon } = "Gon 2 (Out of these lines, n lines are the sides ofthe polygon) x Number of triangles formed by joining the n points, taken 3 at a time } MARVEL Educare : NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 005 005 =GMarvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXtoXil) 25 14, BINOMIAL THEOREM Binomial theorem for a positive integer index: For any natural number n. (xta)" 4O%8 tiem 6 yo taf + ame pean atta Oy x” at = x'+ Cx yal +... +5C, xt taht... + uCnaix! aba” Important remark: 1. (x +a)" has (n + 1) terms 2, Generalterm(r+1)*term Ty+1="C,x" Ta! r=0, 1,2, 3, The degree of x in each term is decreases, and the degree of in each term is increases, and the sum of the indices in each term is equal to ‘n’. 4. "Cy, "C,...."C, are called Binomial co-efficients 5. Properties of Binomial co efficients. (i) Sum of the binomial coefficients = 2" (ii) Sum of the coefficients of the odd terms = Sum of the coefficients of the even terms 1.65 ACy 4 "O, NC, + sam ee Cr. (iii) The beginning of coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal "C, = "C,,_, 6. Middle term in the expansion of (x + a)". If ‘n’ is even then middle term = T,, ‘ If ‘n’ is odd, then middle term = T,,,, and Trt nel a a1 Te (en alP="Cyx® IC xt tats. + CD! "Cx a +t CaP BR (tx Pa 1 Cx + "Cx? Cixi tC RH. + CR 9. (-x)=1-"Cx+ "Cx ie Bem Ce PAG’ Ca MARVEL Educare: NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 008 00826 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xil) 15. STRAIGHT LINES & CIRCLES STRAIGHT LINES SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE 1 Slope of a straight line f e = Ven (i) Slope m= tan 0 (ii) Slope m= oye _ coefficient ofx _ a ae (iii) Slope m= -= (iv) Slopem= © coefficient ofy — b 2. Important Remarks Slope of x- axis is 0 Slope of line parallel to x- axis (or L to y — axis) is 0 Slope of y- axis is not defined Slope of line parallel to y- axis (or | to x — axis) is not defined If the angle 0 is acute, then slope is positive. If the angle 0 is obtuse, then slope is negative. 3. Condition for Parallel and perpendicular Let /, and /, be two straight lines with slopes m, and m, respectively If /, and J, are parallel then m, =m, If /, and /, are then m,x m,=-1 Equation of the line parallel to ax +by+c=Ois ax+by+k=0 (Le. parallel lines differs only by constant term) Equation of the line perpendicular to axt+by+c=Ois bx-ay+k=0 4. Condition for Collinearity of three Points A, B and C Slope of AB = Slope of BC = Slope of CA ah For Parallelogram : Slope of AB = Slope of CD Slope of BC = Slope of AD MARVEL Educare : NEET, AIMS, IPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 005 005Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXtoXil) 27 4, EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE | Equations of a straight % lines parallel to y axis | *~ # 2 Equations of a straight sail lines parallel to x — axis | ¥~ 3 | Slope — intercept form | y=mx+ce a slope c=y —~ intercept 4| Point- slope f -y, =m(x- ae slepe ‘oint- slope form We Vika ce Xe) ( On arent tadius of the circle is Teal and hence the circle is also real 8. If g +f-c= 0, then the radius of the circle is Zero. Such a circle is called point circle. 9. Ifg?+f-c<0, then the radius Je? +f? —¢ of the circle is imaginary circle, but centre is real 10 Ifa#b, then the equation ax? + ay? + aby + 2dy +e= expressed in the form of the equation and hence does not circle. ~ constant 0 cannot be Tepresent aMarvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXtoXil) 29 16. PARABOLA, ELLIPSE & HYPERBOLA PARABOLA y =- 4ax y= 4ax y’=-4ax aan x*=- day 1 | Equation y= 4ax y =-4ax x’ = day x=- day Open Open Open Open oa Rightwards | Leftwards | Upwards | _Downwards Vertex V(0,, 0) VO, 0) VO, 0) V(0, 0) 3. | Focus F(a, 0) F(-a, 0) F(,a) FQ, -a) 4. | Directrix x=-a x=a y=-a y=a 5. | Axis y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0 Length of a 6. 4 4a Latusrectum a a 7, | Ends of L(a, 2a), L (a, 2a), LQa,a), L(a,-a), ~| Latusrectum | _L/ (a, -2a) L (a, -2a) L' (-2a,a) L(-2a,-a) Equation of ie et 8, | Equation of fos ES a y Latusrectum mie a Le 9. | Eccentricity e=1 e=1 e=1 e=l 10, | Line of Positive Negative Positive Negative {| symmetry x-axis X-axis y-axis y-axis MARVEL Educare: NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 008 008Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to XII) 30 ELLIPSE y x=ale i sae x M x # ae Ko» ELLIPSE 2 1. | Equation ee =f aes 2A 2. | Eccentricity 3. | Centre C(O, 0) C@, 0) Aq Netiges A@a, 0), A’(-a, 0) A(@, a) 1A(@, -a) 5. | Foci Fi(ae, 0), F,(-ae,0) | F, (0, ae) , Fy (0, - ae) Length of 7a & major axis AA'= 2a AA’ =2a Length of ra 7 | minor axis BB = 2b BB’ = 2b Equation of = : 8. | major axis Y= O(x- axis) x=0(y- axis) Equation of 3 2 em axis X= O(y- axis) y = 0(x- axis) Length of a5 2B 1D | ieoecaee LL = oa Pi = Equations = 11. | tatusrectum x= tae y= tae Equation eae. a 12. Directrices xe=t y= teMarvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXto Xi) 31 HYPERBOLA 1. | Equation Ae ii Va agate rane © 2 | Eccentricity e>l e>l 3. | Eccentricity Formula Mat +b one iit a a 4. | Centre CO, 0) CO, 0) 5. | Vertices ‘A(a, 0), A‘(-a, 0) ‘A(0, a) 1 A((0, -a) 6. | Foci F,(ae , 0), F, ae, 0) | Fi ©, ae), Fi @, -ae) 7. | Length of transverse axis | AA’ = 2a AA’ =2a 8. | Length of conjugate axis BB’ =2b BB = 2b 9, | Eqn. of transverse axis | y= O(x- axis) x = O(y- axis) 10. | Eqn.of conjugate axis x = 0(y- axis) y = 0(x- axis) 2 be 11. | Length of Jatus rectum ee Wess a a 12. | Eqn of latus rectums x= tae y= tae a 13. | Equations of directrices | x= ° y=32 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xi!) 17. LIMITS 1. Indeterminate forms: a He sinx bi Forms such as x90 x Dee ,0x0,a-=a0, 1° , 0°, 0° 5 m SGX _@ 0’ 00 ‘ a, Bx B are called indeterminate form. 4 iol . a -b a 4. lim = log] — 2. L’Hospital’s Rule ne If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that x20 (i) f(%)=Oand tim g(x) =0 and aa ze es lim ocean 0 y (i) | f(a) and ge exist then 1 e-l 1 COE OG) ee Sa g(x) 3a &'(x) log(1 +x) 8. lim —=—— =] } 3000 y 3. Some important values logx log © =a log 0=- 00 9 lim —=—=0 20 +0=00 FIE_X sae 10. lin (1-4 Be e@ =a x00) x i eat —=0 ey : u Jim(-t) 24 eS 1 a 12, lim(1+x): =e (a is finite and positive) a 4. Standard Results: 13, tim (4 = x0l y 1 bx 14. tim (vz =e x90( | x"-a" ee lim =ng™ (@#0) “915% im! (4) =e xa xg x90( gi. 2 16. tin(1+4) =e MARVEL Educare : NEET, AllMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 005 cosMarvel Mathematics Formulas (Class IXtoXIl) 33 18. DERIVATIVES (ye) =n"! (n#-1) “15. dx £(5)-au 16. nye ae d —(c)=0 Te dee d eet 18. me) d — (kx) =k 19. el ) a *) owe 20. axe \ xX) Be d 1 21 rab d [ 1 )- 1 22. | ale es oe 2x? 2. dei “@- a® log* ‘i 25. le) acs dx a 26. = ()=-6 . a7 gf ee 28. fe) =-ae™ 1 2 d — (log) = ae (log.") “ (log,*) = 1 log.’ 4 (sinx) = cosx 4 (cosx) = -sinx *. (tanx) = sec’x d — (cotx) = -cosec”x dx ce (secx) = secx . tanx dx d — (cosecx) = -cosecx .cotx dx dai = ae (sin’ x) =e a (cos'x) = Bi dx eax d a ae ete 14-27 dia -1 Bat ms 1+x al a (cosec"'x) = dx xvx’ -1 1 xvx? -1 £ (sec'x) =— (4 34 Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IX to Xi) f 19. INTEGRALS nal 1. |i Es ;* 46 ftanx dr =log(secx) +¢ nt dx (Where n #-1) ‘Ts Jeosec x ES = -log(cosec x+cotx)+e (or 2. free ( pi iG) x (n-1)x 18. Joosee x dx = log{ tn re (Where n # 1) 2 ae Jar=xte 19. Jsecx dx = log(secx + tanx)+c oo 0. | sec x dx = logtan| ~+—|+e a J eg ( :) 2 AM, [sec? x dx =tanx-+e ‘ 3 AE. 2 x dx = - x [vide i is Joosec x cotx+c . see x tan x de =.secx+¢ 2 ee cot x dx =-cosecx+c x a, x fatdx= ae aj liga Le [edr=e* +c 26 = dx = cot" x+¢ dx =tan' x+e . ford =-e*+e . dx =sin' x+c Te ee x(log*-1)+¢ 1-x? a sinx de = -cosx+e 78. ieee cos x+e Mae Joosx dr= sin x+e eee ee — 14, Joot x dx =log(sin.x) +e ae J et or sec'x+c 15. f tanx dx =-log(cosx) +c 0. [oeeae cosec'x+cSar 32. 3 34. 353 36. Sis 38. 39) 40. 41. 42. 43. Marvel- Mathematics Formulas (Class IXtoXIl) 35 [PR t= loo (r+ VF -a Jee x -a 2 Jv? ~¥ d= 2 Na? +5 sin (}+< a NP nee Eh ele 2 J a +e dea Ve? +x" +S tog[ + Vat +3? | +e & e™ ‘ Je cosbx dx = eo (a cosbx +b sin bx) se e* TT fe sinbx dx = are (a sinbx~b cos bx) i la - Jasin” x de = 1,= —sin”' xcosx+ ali n n 4 . feos’ x de =I, = —cos"' x sinx+ abe n n Bornoulli’s formula: Tf u and v are functions of x, then Judy =uv— uly, + uly, ule + act C1) ut vate where u’,u’, u"’ ......are successive derivatives of u. and Yi, V2, V3 are repeated integrals of v. MARVEL Educare: NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER | JEE Main | Foundations | 7092 008 008